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The Big 4! For HeifersUnderstanding and Preventing Heifer LamenessA. Gomez

Zinpro Corporation

Hoof Trimming

Bone and

Ligaments

Hoof Horn

DiseasesDigital

DermatitisMetabolic

Adapatation

Growth and

Development

Transition

ManagementHygiene

UBC Cow Comfort Audit

Survey(Von Keyserlingk et al., JDS 95: 7399-7408, 2012)

ParameterBritish

ColumbiaCalifornia

New

York/Pennsyl

vania

N 42 39 40

Mean Herd Size 170 1,796 826

High Group Lameness

Prevalence % (>2, 5-pt

scale)28 31 55

% Severe Lame (4 and 5) 7.1 3.6 8.2

Hock Injuries % 42 56 81

Mean Lying Time (h/d) 11 10.4 10.6

305ME lb (kg)25,815

(11,734)

26,464

(12,029)

26,924

(12,238)

½

LAME?

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2

5 most common lesionsa:

Clinical Cases

0

5

10

15

20

%

Días en Leche

Lactation 1 Lactation 2 Lactation 3+

a Number of lesions differs across DIM range for Lact 1, Lact 2 and Lact 3+, P < 0.01DG - 1238

Foot Rot Occurrence

0

5

10

15

20

%

de v

acas

rev

isad

as

DIM

Lactacion 1 Lactacion 2 Lactation 3+

DG - 1231

DD in heifers?

1000 VL Holstein. Logettes avec sable recyclé

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11

Nu

mb

er

of

Ev

en

ts

Lactation Number

Digital Dermatitis Purulence Ulcer

DC - 445

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3

300 €

Hoof Trimming

Hoof Horn

DiseasesDigital

DermatitisMetabolic

Adapatation

Transition

Management

Hygiene

Bone and

Ligaments

Growth and

Development

Hoof Wall

Pedal Bone

Digital CushionCorium

Deep Flexor

Tendon

Hoof Sole

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When do we

start creating

and feeding

our best

replacement

heifers?...

HERE!

Effect of maternal lactation embryogenesis on

adult performance

González-Recio O, Ugarte E, Bach A (2012) Trans-Generational Effect of Maternal Lactation during Pregnancy: A Holstein Cow

Model. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51816. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051816

http://127.0.0.1:8081/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0051816

= Level of NON LACTATING COWS (Reference)

Milk Yield Life Span Fat/Protein Ratio

Nutrition Before Birth - THE DAM

Nutrition Before Birth - Why the Dam…

1. Nutrient Partitioning

2. Mineral Deposition

3. Embrio Development

6/3/2019

5

30

31

32

33

34

35

0 1 2 3 4 5

Wit

he

r H

eig

ht,

in

Week

CI CZPM AI AZPM

Effect Of Plane Of Nutrition And Trace Mineral

Source On Wither Height Of Dairy Bull Calves

DAIRY CALF STUDY – U OF IL

33

34

35

36

37

6 7 8 9

Wit

he

r H

eig

ht,

in

Week

Liquid Stage Weaning Stage

PN x TM (P < 0.05)

ZPM vs. I (P < 0.05)PN x TM (P < 0.05)

DRP - 135

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

Normal Mild Moderate Severe Deformed

Nu

mb

er

of

Bu

lls

Poor Fertility

Control

Persson et al. 2007. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 49:31

STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS

Number Of Bulls With Joint Lesions

Graded As Normal To Deformed

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

Normal Mild Moderate Severe Deformed

Nu

mb

er

of

Bu

lls

Poor Fertility: 2 yr

Control: 4.5 yr

Persson et al. 2007. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 49:31

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LONG BONE DEVELOPMENT

(Spiral Fracture in Turkeys)

PT - 110

Proportion Of Tom Turkey Mortality

Due To Femur Spiral Fracture

PT - 109

43z

10y

3y

0

10

20

30

40

50

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f M

ort

ality

Du

e

to S

pir

al

Fra

ctu

re,

%

Sulfatea Treatment 1 Treatment 2

Hoof Trimming

Hoof Horn

DiseasesDigital

DermatitisMetabolic

Adapatation

Transition

Management

Hygiene

Bone and

Ligaments

Growth and

Development

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TRIMMING AND DD

• TOO LITTLE ?

◦ STEP 3/MODELLING

◦ CHRONIC LESIONS

◦ TOE NECROSIS/HAIRY ATTACK

• TOO MUCH ?

◦ OVER TRIMMING OF THE TOE

◦ OVER TRIMMING OF HEALTHY CORION

Let’s Trim

How much can we trim?

How much can we trim?

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-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

11

83

55

26

98

61

03

120

137

154

171

188

205

222

239

256

273

290

307

324

341

358

375

392

409

426

443

460

477

494

511

528

545

562

579

596

613

630

647

Gro

wth

an

d W

ear

(mm

)

Growth, Wear and Net Growth for 650 Heifers for 1 - 6 months follow-up period

Wear

Growth

Net Growth

61% HEIFERS HAD A NEGATIVE GROWTH

TRIMMING Too Much?

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1525354045

Lateral Toe Profile

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

15 25 35 40 45

Medial Toe Profile

Distance from lateral hoof wall (mm)

Dis

tan

ce

fro

m h

ori

zo

nta

l lin

e-f

loo

r (m

m)

Trauma Pedal Bone

Gomez et al. 2015

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TRIMMING AND DD

• TOO LITTLE ?

◦ STEP 3/MODELLING

◦ CHRONIC LESIONS

◦ TOE NECROSIS/HAIRY ATTACK

• TOO MUCH ?

◦ OVER TRIMMING OF THE TOE

◦ OVER TRIMMING OF HEALTHY CORION

Second Example…

STEP 3 - RANDOMIZED TRIAL

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Right Foot Left Foot

Am

ou

nt

of

Mo

de

lin

g o

n t

he

L

ate

ral

To

e (

% t

ota

l w

idth

) Large Modeling

Short Modeling

(N= 121)

(N= 103)

TYPE OF STEP 3

LARGE SHORT

n Healthy DD n Healthy DD

# of cows with

lesions121 110 12 103 90 18

% over total 90 10 82 17*

TRIMMING AND DD – Too Little?

* P-value 0.01

A larger step 3 of the lateral toe reduced the occurrence of DD

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Hoof Trimming

Hoof Horn

DiseasesDigital

DermatitisMetabolic

Adapatation

Transition

Management

Hygiene

Bone and

Ligaments

Growth and

Development

Digital Dermatitis (DD)…

Pictures Cows Chiavassa95 % DD !

70 % DD !

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Active Treponema spp.

Cystic

Treponema spp.

Encystation Spirochetes

Pictures Cows Chiavassa

HEIFERS!

HEIFERS!

HEIFERS!

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METHODES - PROTOCOLE

PREMIERE LACTATION

VELAGE TARISSEMENT

>305 jours de suivi

FIN ETUDE: MARS 2014

Vélages de : DECEMBRE 2011- NOVEMBRE

2012

GénissesClassées en

Type I, II, III au Vélage

Élevage

DD = - 335 L

RESULTS – MILK PRODUCTION

~ 335 KG + 200 KG

1160011700118001190012000121001220012300124001250012600

Cow DD Cow NO DD Cow NO DDAVAILA-PLUS

Milk

Pro

duction (

kg

) in

305

days

Milk production during the first lactation by DD occurrence before calving

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Type I Type II Type III

% c

ow

s trim

med

3+ DD

2 DD

1 DD

No DD

RRisk = 5 (3-8)

67%

RRisk = 13 (8-21)

13%

45%

Results – DD Lesions During the first Lactation(n)

Conception Rate 1st AI

Mean OR (95% IC)

Days Open

Mean (SD) DIFF

Type I 42 % Reference 132 (73) Reference

Type II 36 % 0.82 (0.52, 1.26) 134 (73) 0.4 (-16, 17)

Type III 29% 0.55 (0.33, 0.89)** 157 (90) 25 (5, 43)***

** p-value <0.05 *** p-value<0.01

Results – Reproductive Performance

THE IDEAL HOOFBATH?

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Field Observation Sites, Change In Digital Dermatitis Prevalence After ~ 150 d Of

Supplementation With specific Formula

DD FIELD OBSERVATION PROJECT

a Site 5 did not have 160 d evaluation as heifers went on pasture prior to the 160 d evaluation;

All but one site that started on the product continued using the product; Represents data from ~ 9250

animals

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

DD

Pre

vale

nce,

%

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Average

> 60%

HEIFERS and DIGITAL DERMATITIS

1.PEDILUVE

2.TREATMENT PRÉCOCE

3.NUTRITION

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0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1.J

uly

20

11

2.A

ug

20

11

3.S

ep 2

01

1

4.O

ct 2

011

5.N

ov

20

11

6.D

ec 2

01

1

7.J

an 2

01

2

8.F

eb 2

01

2

9.M

ar 2

01

2

10

.Ap

r 2

01

2

11

.May

20

12

12

.Ju

n 2

012

13

.Ju

l 20

12

14

.Au

g 2

012

15

.Se

p 2

01

2

. M

ay 2

01

4

%

DD Infection Evolution after a successful prevention program

N= 214 180 246 366 424 524 502 530 448 540 282 412 258 178 92 227

% animals with Active DD

% animlas with Proliferative DD

% animals with Chronic DD

Hoof Trimming

Hoof Horn

DiseasesDigital

DermatitisMetabolic

Adapatation

Transition

Management

Hygiene

Bone and

Ligaments

Growth and

Development

Managing Transition Cows for

Profitability [Summary US Transition

Management Surveys]

1. Dry Matter Intake. Bunkspace, prefresh & fresh pen.

(Avoiding Heat Stress)

2. Comfortable resting space. (Avoiding Heat Stress)

3. Limiting social interactions. Move to calving pen (≤2 days >

3+ days)

4. Absence of Disease. Constant BCS.

5. Zero Lameness

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Newsome 2016, JDS

Why do we see lameness coming from multiple

reasons?

INFLAMMATION !!

HUMANS AN EXAMPLELigaments And Tendons…

IMMUNE SYSTEM → KEY POINT FOR

REGENERATION

Sole Thickness by DIM

1. Heifer LMS do not follow this pattern

2. Suggestive of causality but lesions were not

identified

a Newsome et al, 2017b

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Lameness Problem Early Lactation

(Locomotion Score)

LMS 5 wk

Before

Calving

1 2 3 4 5

Cows 36% 45% 14% 5% 0%

Heifers 87% 22% 1% 0% 0%

LMS Early

Fresh1 2 3 4 5

Cows 21% 32% 26% 11% 11%

Hefers 26% 47% 21% 5% 0%

Reduction In DMI And Digestive Upsets

(SARA, HBS, Hindgut …)!!!!

Intestinal Integrity - DMI - Inflammation

1553 – 483 = 1070 gr/12h

(6015- 1871 = 4144 Kcal/12h)

GLUCOSE FOR IMMUNITY !!!!

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a Duarte et al, CJPS. 2004

Level of

MD

A

(Malo

nyl

Dia

lde

hyd

e,

Cell

Death

)

Increased Standing Time, lnsulin Resistance

And Lower DMIa

0

500

1000

1500

2000

No Hypoxia Hypoxia

GLUCOSE

NO GLUCOSE

Summary…

GOAL LAME HEIFERS IN CLOSE UP PEN

0%

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Heifer Hoof Health prevention!!!

o Heifer Lameness Prevention starts with the Dam and early growth

o Trim heifers APPROPIATELY to adapt to new facilities and lactation

o Set a goal to « eliminate » Digital Dermatitis in heifers

o Use nutritional strategies to prevent Infectious and Non-Infectious hoof heifer lesions

MERCI!