The Big Bang!The Big Bang!

OriginsOrigins How and when did the:

universe form?

solar system / Earth form?

Moon form?

What were early Earth conditions?

How Do We Know?

How and when did the:

universe form?

solar system / Earth form?

Moon form?

What were early Earth conditions?

How Do We Know?

Origin of the UniverseOrigin of the Universe

Big Bang occurred 15 billion years ago model for the beginning of the universe

Big Bang occurred 15 billion years ago model for the beginning of the universe

http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/7.html

- infinitely dense point not governed by our physical laws or time

- all matter and energy contained in one point

Building a UniverseBuilding a Universe

http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/7.html

- instantaneous filling of space with all matter

Building a Universe

Edwin HubbleEdwin Hubble

Universe is continuously expanding

Galaxy’s velocity is proportional to its distance (galaxies that are twice as far from us move twice as fast) taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting position to its current position

Universe is continuously expanding

Galaxy’s velocity is proportional to its distance (galaxies that are twice as far from us move twice as fast) taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting position to its current position

Hubble’s EvidenceHubble’s Evidence

Doppler shifting - wavelength emitted by something moving away from us is shifted to a lower frequency

Sound of a fire truck siren - pitch of the siren is higher as the fire truck moves towards you, and lower as it moves away from you

Visible wavelengths emitted by objects moving away from us are shifted towards the red part of the visible spectrum

The faster they move away from us, the more they are redshifted. Thus, redshift is a reasonable way to measure the speed of an object (this, by the way, is the principal by which radar guns measure the speed of a car or baseball)

When we observe the redshift of galaxies outside our local group, every galaxy appears to be moving away from us - universe is expanding.

Doppler shifting - wavelength emitted by something moving away from us is shifted to a lower frequency

Sound of a fire truck siren - pitch of the siren is higher as the fire truck moves towards you, and lower as it moves away from you

Visible wavelengths emitted by objects moving away from us are shifted towards the red part of the visible spectrum

The faster they move away from us, the more they are redshifted. Thus, redshift is a reasonable way to measure the speed of an object (this, by the way, is the principal by which radar guns measure the speed of a car or baseball)

When we observe the redshift of galaxies outside our local group, every galaxy appears to be moving away from us - universe is expanding.

Evidence for Big BangEvidence for Big Bang

Red shift - as light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched

In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin that came from all directions at once - radiation left over from the Big Bang

In June 1995, scientists detected primordial helium in the far reaches of the universe - consistent with an important aspect of the Big Bang theory that a mixture of hydrogen and helium was created at the beginning of the universe

Red shift - as light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched

In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin that came from all directions at once - radiation left over from the Big Bang

In June 1995, scientists detected primordial helium in the far reaches of the universe - consistent with an important aspect of the Big Bang theory that a mixture of hydrogen and helium was created at the beginning of the universe

Building a

Universe

Building a

Universe

•10-43 s - gravity separates from other forces - 10-28 centimeters

•10-35 to 10-32 s - fundamental particles - quarks and electrons - softball

•10-6 s - quarks combine into protons and neutrons - solar system

•1 s - electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces separate

•3 minutes - protons and neutrons combine into atomic nuclei

•105 years - electrons join nuclei to make atoms; light is emitted

•105-109 years - matter collapses into clouds, making galaxies and stars

Orion Nebula - http://stardate.utexas.edu/resources/ssguide/planet_form.html

When Did the Universe Form?

When Did the Universe Form?

10 to 20 billion years ago (15)

How do we know? spreading (Red Shift) know distances, rates of retreat, relative positions

pervasive background radiation of 2.7°C above absolute zero

afterglow of the Big Bang

10 to 20 billion years ago (15)

How do we know? spreading (Red Shift) know distances, rates of retreat, relative positions

pervasive background radiation of 2.7°C above absolute zero

afterglow of the Big Bang

Orion Nebula - http://stardate.utexas.edu/resources/ssguide/planet_form.html

How old is the universe?How old is the universe?

Speed x time = distance (distance of a particular galaxy) / (that galaxy’s velocity) = (time) or

4.6 x 10^26 cm / 1 x 10^9 cm/sec = 4.6 x 10^17 sec ~ 15 billion years

Speed x time = distance (distance of a particular galaxy) / (that galaxy’s velocity) = (time) or

4.6 x 10^26 cm / 1 x 10^9 cm/sec = 4.6 x 10^17 sec ~ 15 billion years

Features of Our Solar System

Features of Our Solar System

in a spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy

Sun 9 planets 101 known moons (satellites) a tremendous number of asteroids

most orbit the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter

millions of comets and meteorites interplanetary dust and gases

in a spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy

Sun 9 planets 101 known moons (satellites) a tremendous number of asteroids

most orbit the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter

millions of comets and meteorites interplanetary dust and gases

Relative Sizes of the Sun and Planets

Relative Sizes of the Sun and Planets

Solar System ConfigurationSolar System Configuration

Origin of Our Solar System

Origin of Our Solar System

Solar nebula theorySolar nebula theory

formed a rotating diskcondensed and collapsed due to gravity

forming solar nebula with an embryonic Sun surrounded by a rotating cloud

cloud of gases and dust

planetesimals have formed in the inner solar system

large eddies of gas and dust remain far from the protosun

planetesimals have formed in the inner solar system

large eddies of gas and dust remain far from the protosun

Embryonic Sun and Rotating Cloud

Embryonic Sun and Rotating Cloud

The PlanetsThe Planets

Terrestrial Planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars

small, composed of rock, with metal cores

Terrestrial Planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars

small, composed of rock, with metal cores

Jovian PlanetsJupiter SaturnUranusNeptune

large, composed of hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane, relatively small rocky cores

– Pluto?