the biochemica genesis_vol 12

February-July Newsletter

2015-2016 Volume XII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

The Biochemica Genesis

Editorial’s Desk 1

2

Artificial Blood or synthetic RBC 3

The Interview 5

7

Algal Fuel 9

In-violation 2016 10

ADIOS 2K16 11

Test your knowledge 12

DNA Digital Data Storage

Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody Market

EDITORIAL DESK “Engineering is not only study of 45 subjects but it is moral studies of intellectual life “ ——Prakhar Shrivastav Welcome to the 12th edition of “ The Biochemica Genisis”.

As always, the Biochemical Engineering Department is on continuous progress. Besides mandated curriculum, every semester it conducts and presents activities and events for the out and out development of students. Which I would like to share with you. This time we got opportunity to have an interview with Dr. Manoj Kandpal. We are very pleased to present these all chit– chat in this edition.

Globally pioneers are looking on specialized biochemical engineers. Manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, design and construction, pulp and paper, petrochemicals, food processing, specialty chemicals, polymers, biotechnology, effluent treatment and environmental health and safety industries are among some of the fates of Biochemical Engineering. Within these industries, biochemical engineers rely on their knowledge of mathematics and science, particularly chemistry, to overcome technical problems safely and economically and they draw upon and apply their engineering knowledge to solve any technical challenges they encounter.

To jump on these fates campus placement helps like a starter. At the end of this edition placement status of 2012-16 batch is presented. Have a look on this edition, hope you would enjoy it.

Editor

Editorial Board: Newsletter Incharge: Ms. Neha Chausali A/Prof. BCE Dept. Editor : Mohit Singh Rana B.Tech. IV Year (BCE) Prashant Pokhriyal B.Tech. IV Year (BCE) Associate Editor: Neha Mishra B.Tech. III Year (BCE)

Designed By: Mohit Singh Rana B.Tech. IV Year (BCE)

The Biochemica Genesis 1

DNA Digital Data Storage By: Neha Sijwali (BCE IIIYear)

DNA digital data storage refers to any scheme to store digital data in the base sequence of DNA. This technology uses artificial DNA made using commercially available oligonucleotide synthesis machines for storage and DNA sequencing machines for retrieval. This type of storage system is more compact than current magnetic tape or hard drive storage systems due to the data density of the DNA. These features have led to researchers involved in their development to call this method of data storage "apocalypse-proof" because "after a hypothetical global disaster, future generations might eventually find the stores and be able to read them." It is, however, a slow process, as the DNA needs to be sequenced in order to retrieve the data, and so the method is intended for uses with a low access rate such as long-term archival of large amounts of scientific data. The idea and the general considerations about the possibility of recording, storage and retrieval of information on DNA molecules were originally made by Mikhail Neiman and published in 1964–65 in the Radiotekhnika journal, USSR, and the technology may therefore be referred to as MNeimONics, while the storage device may be known as MNeimON (Mikhail Neiman Oligonucleotides). On August 16, 2012, the journal Science published research by George Church and colleagues at Harvard University, in which DNA was encoded with digital information that included an HTML draft of a 53,400 word book written by the lead researcher, eleven JPG images and one JavaScript program. Multiple copies for redundancy were added and 5.5 petabytes can be stored in each cubic millimetre of DNA. An improved system was reported in the journal Nature in January 2013, in an article lead by researchers from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI). Over five million bits of data, appearing as a speck of dust to researchers, and consisting of text files and audio files, were successfully stored and then perfectly retrieved and reproduced. Encoded information consisted of all 154 of Shakespeare's sonnets, a twenty-six-second audio clip of the "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King, the well known paper on the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick, a photograph of EBI headquarters inHinxton, United Kingdom, and a file describing the methods behind converting the data. All the DNA files reproduced the information between 99.99% and 100% accuracy. The main innovations in this research were the use of an error-correcting encoding scheme to ensure the extremely low data-loss rate, as well as the idea of encoding the data in a series of overlapping short oligonucleotides identifiable through a sequence-based indexing scheme. Also, the sequences of the individual strands of DNA overlapped in such a way that each region of data was repeated four times to avoid errors. Two of these four strands were constructed backwards, also with the goal of eliminating errors. The costs per megabyte were estimated at $12,400 to encode data and $220 for retrieval. However, it was noted that the exponential decrease in DNA synthesis and sequencing costs, if it continues into the future, should make the technology cost-effective for long-term data storage within about ten years. The long-term stability of data encoded in DNA was reported in February 2015, in an article by researches from ETH Zurich. By adding redundancy via Reed–Solomon error correction coding and by encapsulating the DNA within silica glass spheres via Sol-gel chemistry, the researchers predict error-free information recovery after up to 1 million years at -18 °C and 2000 years if stored at 10 °C. By adding the possibility of being able to handle errors, the research team could reduce the cost of DNA synthesis down to ~$500/MB by choosing a more error-prone DNA synthesis method. In a news article in the New Scientist the team stated that if they are able to further decrease the cost they would store an archive version of Wikipedia in DNA. The above methods of DNA storage had the disadvantage that the whole strand of synthetic DNA has to be sequenced in order to retrieve only one of several data sets that were previously encoded. On April 2016 researchers at the University of Washington published an encoding, storage, retrieval and decoding method that enables random access of any one of the data sets.


The Biochemica Genesis 3 1

Artificial Blood or Synthetic RBC By: Tarun Pant (BCE IIIYear )

Artificial blood is a product made to act as a substitute for red blood cells. While true blood serves many different functions, artificial blood is designed for the sole purpose of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Depending on the type of artificial blood, it can be produced in different ways using synthetic production, chemical isolation, or recombinant biochemical technology. Development of the first blood substitutes dates back to the early 1600s, and the search for the ideal blood substitute continues. Various manufacturers have products in clinical trials; however, no truly safe and effective artificial blood product is currently marketed. It is anticipated that when an artificial blood product is available, it will have annual sales of over $7.6 billion in the United States alone.

BACKGROUND

Blood is a special type of connective tissue that is composed of white cells, red cells, platelets, and plasma. It has a variety of functions in the body. The white blood cells are responsible for the immune defense. The red cells in blood create the bright red color. These cells are responsible for the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Currently, artificial blood products are only designed to replace the function of red blood cells.

History

The first successful human blood transfusions were done in 1667. Unfortunately, the practice was halted because patients who received subsequent transfusions died.

In 1868, researchers found that solutions containing hemoglobin isolated from red blood cells could be used as blood replacements. In 1871, they also examined the use of animal plasma and blood as a substitute for human blood. Both of these approaches were hampered by significant technological problems. First, scientists found it difficult to isolate a large volume of hemoglobin. Second, animal products contained many materials that were toxic to humans..

In 1966, experiments with mice suggested a new type of blood substitute, Perfluorocarbon (PFC). These are long chain polymers similar to Teflon. It was found that mice could survive even after being immersed in PFC. This gave scientists the idea to use PFC as a blood thinner. In 1968, the idea was tested on rats. The rat's blood was completely removed and replaced with a PFC emulsion. The animals lived for a few hours and recovered fully after their blood was replaced. Research in this area was further fueled in 1986 when it was discovered that HIV and hepatitis could be transmitted via blood transfusions.

Design

The ideal artificial blood product has the following characteristics. First, it must be safe to use and compatible within the human body. It means that artificial blood can be processed to remove all disease-causing agents such as viruses and microorganisms. Second, it must be able to transport oxygen throughout the body and release it where it is needed. Third, it must be shelf stable. Unlike donated blood, artificial blood can be stored for over a year or more. This is in contrast to natural blood which can only be stored for one month before it breaks down. There are two significantly different products that are under development as blood substitutes. One is based on PFC, while the other is a hemoglobin-based product.


Perfluorocarbon (PFC)

PFC are biologically inert materials that can dissolve about 50 times more oxygen than blood plasma. They are relatively inexpensive to produce and can be made devoid of any biological materials. This eliminates the real possibility of spreading an infectious disease via a blood transfusion. From a technological standpoint, they have two significant hurdles to overcome before they can be utilized as artificial blood. First, they are not soluble in water, which means to get them to work they must be combined with emulsifiers—fatty compounds called lipids that are able to suspend tiny particles of PFC in the blood. Second, they have the ability to carry much less oxygen than hemoglobin-based products. This means that significantly more PFC must be used.

Hemoglobin Based Products

These hemoglobin products are different than whole blood in that they are not contained in a membrane so the problem of blood typing is eliminated. There are also problems with the stability of hemoglobin in a solution. The challenge in creating a hemoglobin-based artificial blood is to modify the hemoglobin molecule so these problems are resolved. Various Strategies involves either chemically cross-linking molecules or using recombinant DNA technology to produce modified proteins.

The Future

Currently, there are several companies working on the production of a safe and effective artificial blood substitute. The various blood substitutes all suffer from certain limitations. For example, most of the hemoglobin-based products last no more than 20-30h in the body. This compares to transfusions of whole blood that lasts 34 days. Also, these blood substitutes do not mimic the blood's ability to fight diseases and clot. The current artificial blood technology will be limited to short-term blood replacement applications. In the future, it is anticipated that new materials to carry oxygen in the body will be found.

The Interview

Dr. Manoj Kandpal (2002-06)

Its our great pleasure to have an interview with Dr. Manoj Kandpal , a graduate in B.E. in Biochemical Engineering from Kumaon Engineering College (BTKIT) Dwarahat, currently working as a Post Doctoral Fellow in Fienberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University USA.

Please tell something about your professional journey from KEC to onward and challenges you have faced? After my BE from KEC, I did my M.Tech in Bio-chemical from IT-BHU, Varanasi and PhD from National University of Singapore. I personally did not apply for any job after B.E. so I cannot comment on challenges faced during job search. However, due to our undergraduate major being biochemical engineering, one of the problems that most of our batch’s student faced was lack of practical knowledge in the field of genetics or molecular biology or chemical engineering. It gave other students from biotechnology or chemical background a competitive edge during interviews, or during their coursework for MS/PhD. Please mark some highlights about your job profile. Although I am still in biological domain, my research field has changed from biochemical engineering to data-analysis to bioinformatics. Nowadays, I process and analyze next generation sequencing data from various public domains and research collaboration. Though I have worked on data from various disease sources, my focus is on cancer informatics. After your B.E. you are contributing toward research as a PG student and now as a researcher. What would you like to say about the R&D and our relations with industries during academic research? Although research experience and publications at UG could be huge plus points in career, I have noticed that UG is more about learning (not research), especially in India. Knowledge gained at UG helps you to get into higher institution or job. However, if one is really interested, summer internship at companies is the best way through which one can get a hand-on experience of various tools and techniques that are used in industries but are unavailable at college. Having such experience could provide advantage during interviews for jobs or higher education. What is your scenario about impact of higher studies degree to make our career in industrial and academic job? I think that unless you have determination and good patience you cannot survive long in the core area after your bachelor’s degree. Your growth will be very slow and salary would be much less for quite some time (compared to your IT placed batch-mates). Plus, there will be very high completion from BSc and MSc candidates at entry level. Higher degree helps you to enter at upper level position and you can grow much higher. A technical degree will help you in core research while a management will take you to administrative roles in biotech/pharmaceutical companies. If you want to have a career in academics (in reputable institutes), higher education and good publications are essential requirements.



What do you think about current job market and specialized fields for a fresh biochemical engineers? To be honest, I do not have much idea about current Biochemical markets. However, I can say that Biochemical Engineering market is not same as it used to be about couple of decades back when its graduate could have got core jobs in European markets, and the main completion was from Fermentation technology and Environmental engineering researchers. The market has broadened a lot. Most of the top companies are indulging into their own research and developments taking advantage of genetic engineering, data analysis and bioinformatics as well. During college days what was your scenario regarding BCE department career prospects? During our time (before 2006) there was no active T&P section and as far as I remember campus placement was nil for all branches. Many students used to target CAT, GRE, or GATE. What are current research fields and interesting projects in biochemical engineering? As mentioned earlier, biochemical engineering research field has broaden a lot so one can choose from a wide variety of research topic related to enzyme engineering, biomaterials, process optimization, drug delivery etc. However, because the basic job of a biochemical engineer is to make chemicals in an environmentally friendly way, I would suggest (to those who wants to remain in core) green and clean biology research e.g. biodegradable plastics, fuel cell, environmental remediation etc. What is your idea on role of biochemical engineering and current ongoing biochemical/biotechnological/chemical work in “Make in India” concept? With the current “Make in India” concept, India could soon become one of the major production houses of the world (similar to China). However, becoming a major producer with the help of rapid industrialization could worsen the enormous problem of air, water and land pollution. Along with setting up and operating production plants, biochemical engineers can also help in minimizing the environmental loss. You had enjoyed life at KEC, at prestigious institutes IT-BHU, NUS Singapore as a student and in other prestigious universities as a research professional. What you think about implementations should be make in KEC culture and mindset of students for success of KEC family? Always remember that there is no shortcut to success. If you want to excel in your field, you will have to outperform others. I am not saying that one should compromise with your fun time at college; however, it is very important to keep a study-life balance. Further, even if you wish to work in wet lab environment try to learn basic programming in R/python. You are continuously working in foreign. What you think about your career and research interest in India? So that you could contribute in Indian R&D and economic development. Because one-side morals say each person should contribute in its nation's development. From the very first day of moving out I have plans to return back and work in India. Working outside India has provided me exposure to latest research along with lot of experience (I am still learning). Once I feel that I have gained enough research experience and I could get a good opportunity in India, I would love to come back and contribute in the best way possible.


Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody Market By: Mohit Singh Rana (BCE IV Year)

Since the development of the first monoclonal antibody (Orthoclone OKT3) in 1975 and licenced in 1986 for its commercialization, this class of biopharmacuitical product has grown significantly in order to treat crucial diseases and provide therapies at molecular level. The global market for monoclonal antibodies for cancer is expected to grow to $33 Billion by 2017. Still in traditional FDA approved monoclonal antibodies, there is some market barriers by virtue of its functioning, lack of efficacy and consequently by cost. Due to such market competition, technology obsolescence and economic issues the respective industries are keep on looking on Improvements and modification in traditional monoclonal antibodies for their better existence. In this line of continuous research and development 55 years ago Nisonoff and Rivers introduced first bispesific monoclonal antibody. Nevertheless the concept was restricted up to academic/ research level. Bi-specific monoclonal antibodies (bsMAb) are unique and artificially engineered macromolecules with two distinct binding specifiocities, and are capable of binding two different antigens non-covalently. However, the traditional methods of diagnosis such as virus or bacterial isolation, and PCR amplification are quite expensive and time consuming. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsMAb) are versatile, and can increase the specificity and sensitivity of detection in the suspected individuals. Therefore, immunodiagnostic assays using bsMAb are less expensive, and a large number of clinical samples could be analyzed at a faster rate for the detection of pathogens within a stipulated time. To exploit these advantageous properties of BsMAb industrialists and researchers keep striving hard and the first demonstration of potential of using bispecific antibodies to retarget effector cells toward tumor cells was done in the 1984. Through the results of consequent hardwork the first BsMAb Catumaxomab (Removab®) was approved in 2009 and another was in December 2014. Due to a huge potential in the diagnostic assays for the early detection of pathogens of human infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), chikungunya (CHIKV), tuberculosis (TB) and dengue around 40 different competing formats of BsMAb are under development up to till date. These are listed in Table 1. 8-9 are expected to be launched by the end of this decade. The BsMAb market is in growing phase. By 2024, the BsMAb are expected to be valued at USD 5.8 billion per annum in global market. Table 1: Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody under pipeline and respective companies; Source: Drug Discovery Today, July 2015


In the following years it would be obvious that BsMAb can be used to redirect immunological effector cells or molecules toward tumor cells. Targeting an immune response to the tumor site has evolved as an attractive concept since it recruits many effector cells and obviates several drawbacks connected with classical antitumor responses. Industries and scientists are currently focusing on exploitation of BsMAb in crucial areas like; cancer therapy, inflammatory diseases, and immunodignastic assay. The major goal is to address simultaneously different targets involved in pathophysiological processes and thereby increase therapeutic efficacy. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, affecting approximately 13 Million people in 2012 and is expected to grow to 17 Million by 2020. The dramatic increase in the cancer affected population reflecting the need to highly effective and lifesaving biopharmaceuticals like BsMAb. Such a large cancer treatment market prompted investors to invest in the oncology sector with major focus on BsMAb. By 2023, the bispecific antibodies market is estimated to be worth USD 4.4 billion. Oncology dominates the field of bispecific antibodies. In the line of advancement another most successful and market oriented BsMAb is Bispecific T-cell engager antibodies (BiTEs), having ability of engaging T-cells for tumor cell elimination. Bispecific T-cell engager antibodies (BiTEs) are single chain antibodies designed for polyclonal activation and redirection of cytotoxic T-cells to tumor cells. Flexibility in its desigining is helpful in genereting various BsMAb formats. BsMAb is more specific and efficient targeting. It has optimal selectivity for activator/down-regulatory molecules. It makes high interaction and supportive in tissue peneteration. BiTEs have increased specificity and affinity toward adoptive cellular therapies. These special features show its huge market potential. Companies such as Trion Pharma, Amgen, AbbVie, Ablynx, Affimedand MacroGenics, Elli lilly and company are involved in BsMAb production. Different types of BsMAb are being produced on the basis of chemical crosslinking, hybrid hybridomas, with the latest being recombinant techniques. About 68% of the industry sponsored molecules are being directed against oncological diseases; with almost two-third of them targeting solid tumors. The global oncology drugs market is expected to reach at $111.9 billion by 2020 registering a CAGR of 7.1% from 2014 to 2020. Patent expiration of key oncology medicines such as Herceptin, Erbitux, Rituxan and Avastin, is expected to boost the growth of cancer biosimilars market by 2020. Going further, the biological therapies are expected to dominate the cancer market by 2020, due to their high efficacy, target specific action and less toxicity. A number of different BsMAb based on different technologies are in pipeline and their market can be assured on the basis of overall bio-therapies market. Particularly, the global market for biological therapies for cancer was worth $37.9 billion in 2009 and $53.7 billion in 2014. This number increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2%. The U.S. market for biological therapies for cancer was worth $17.7 billion in 2009, down from $18.8 billion in 2008 and expected to reach $23.9 billion in 2014 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2%.The market for biological therapies for cancer in Europe and the rest of the world was worth $15.6 billion in 2009, down from $17.6 billion in 2008. This number is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% to reach $22.8 billion in 2014. An overall previous and expected market status is depicted in Fig. 1. North America accounted for about ~38% share in the overall oncology drugs market in 2013 owing to the heavy investments in immune therapeutics, bio-based drugs. Similarly, Asia- Pa-cific market is expected to grow at the promising CAGR of 8.7% during the forecast period.

Fig. 1. Bio-based Therapies Market status ; Source: IMS Health Market Prognosis, March 2015

The Biochemica Genesis 9 1

Algal Fuel Double Singh Karayt (BCE: III Year)

“Algal fuel” is a term used for a marine source of Omega-3 fatty acids not extracted from fish, a source of Docosahexaenoic acid used as a dietary supplement. Algae fuel or algal biofuel is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Several companies and government agencies are funding effort to reduce capital and operating cost and make algal fuel production commercially viable. Like fossil fuels, algae fuel release CO2

when burnt, but unlike fossil fuel, algae fuel and other biofuel only releases CO2 recently removed from the atmosphere via photosynthesis as the plant or algae grew. The energy crisis and the World food crisis have ignited interest in algaeculture for making biodiesel and other biofuel using land unsuitable for agriculture. Among Algal fuels attractive characteristics are that they can be

grown with minimal impact on fresh water. Resources can be produced using saline and wastewater, have a high flash point and are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled.

Algae cost more per unit mass than other second generation biofuel crops due to high capital and operating costs but are claimed to yield between 10 and 100 times more fuel per unit area.

The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuels in the US, it would requires 15,000 sq. miles (39,000 km^2), which is only 0.42% of the US map, or about half the land area of Maine. This is less than 1/7 the area of corn harvested in the US in 2000.

According to the head of the algal biomass organization, algae fuel can reach price parity with oil in 2018 if granted production tax credits.

Algae can be converted into various types of fuels, depending on the technique and part of the cells used. The lipid, or oily part of the algae biomass can be extracted and converted into biodiesel through a process similar to that used for any other vegetable oil , or converted in a refinery into “drop-in” replacements for petroleum based fuels.

Example of Algae fuel :-

Biodiesel :- Biodiesel is a diesel fuel derived from animal or plant lipids (oils and fats). Studies have shown that some species of algae can produce 60% or more of their dry weight in the form of oil. Because the cells grown in aqueous suspension, where they have more efficient access to water, CO2 and dissolved nutrients, microalgae are capable of producing large amount of biomass and usable oil in either high rate algal ponds or photobioreactors. This oil can then be turned into biodiesel which could be sold for use in automobiles.

Biobutanol:- Biobutanol can be made from algae or diatoms using only a solar powered biorefinery. This fuel has an energy density 10% less than gasoline, and greater than that of either ethanol or methanol. In most gasoline engine, with no modifications. In several tests, Butanol consupstion is similar to that of Gasoline, provides better performance and corrosion resistance than that of ethanol E85.


In-violation 2016 An Intellectual Property Rights Awareness Program

(3rd-5th March, 2016) &

Intellectual Property Rights Day (26 April, 2016)

In-violation 2016 was organized by biochemical engineering department in association with IPR Cell, BTKIT, Dwarahat. Under the flagship of In-violation 2016 an IPR awareness program was conducted from 3rd to 5th March, 2016. In this 3 day event poster competition, essay competition, quiz competition and power point presentation on various cases in IPR arena was conducted. The event was open for all the students of BTKIT Dwarahat, GPGC Dwarahat, GPC Dwarahat. Around 200+ students joined this program as participants. This event was sponsored by Uttarakhand State Council for Science & Technology, Dehradun. This three day event got success with approx. 500+ eyeball. Dr. R K. Singh, Director BTKIT, Dwarahat delivered special lecture on Intellectual Property Rights, focused on its features and need. On 26th April, Intellectual Property Rights Day was also celebrated under the banner of In-violation 2016. The celebration day got blessings with the presence of Dr. S. C. Sarkar , Dr. Jyoti Saxena, Ms. Rachna Arya, Dr. Kuldeep Kholiya and members of IPR cell, BTKIT Dwarahat. On this occasion remarks were made on various aspects of IPR by students and faculty members as well. Dr. S. C. Sarkar highlighted on Institute's progress toward research and also marked on some future plan. Dr. Jyoti Saxena, Coordinator IPR Cell, BTKIT Dwarahat remarked on the need of such awareness program, on Intellectual Property Rights and on the various activities of IPR cell. Winners and top participants of IPR Awareness Program was rewarded by faculty members with certificates and valuable prizes. The celebration day was closed with Vote of Thanks addressed by Mohit Singh Rana, Event Manager– In-violation 2016 (BCE IV year).

Glimpses of In-violation 2016


ADIOS 2KI6 Farewell Party B.Tech.– BCE (2012-16 Batch)

Photo Gallary

1.Which one of the following amino acids in proteins does not undergo phosphorylation:

a. Ser b. Thr

c. Pro d. Tyr

2.The first humanized monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of breast cancer is:

a. Rituximab b. Cetuximab

c. Bevacizmab d. Trastuzumab

3.Which one of the following is an ABC transporter:

a. Multi Drug Resistance Protein b. Acetylcholine receptor

c. Bacteriorhodopsin d. ATP Synthase

4.In nature Agrobacterium tumifaciences mediated infection of plant cell leads to

a. crown gall disease in plants b. hairy root disease in plants

c. transfer of Ri plasmid into the plant cell d. none of these

a. 1.66 * 104 IU b. 60 IU

c. 6 * 107 IU d. .106 IU

5.The activity of an enzyme is expressed in International Units (IU). One Katal is:

6. The helix content of the protein can be determined by:

a. an infrared spectrophotometer b. a fluorescence spectrophotometer

c. a circuilar dichroism spectrophotometer d. a UV– Visible spectrophotometer


7. Protein—DNA interaction in vivo can be studied by:

a. gel shift assay b. southern hybridization

c. chromatin immune precipitation assay d. fluorescence in situ hybridization assay

8. Nude mice refers to:

a. mice without skin b. mice without thymes

c. knockout mice d. transgenic mice

9. Embryonic stem cells are derived from:

a. fertilized embryo b. unfertilized embryo

c. sperm d. kidney

10. Apoptosis is characterized by:

a. necrosis b. programmed cell death

c. membrane leaky syndrome d. cell cycle arrest process

11.Restriction endonucleases which recognize and cut same recognition sequences are known as:

a. isochizomers b. isozymes

c. isoaccepting endonucleases d. abzymes

12. The study of evolutionary relationships is known as:

a. genomics b. proteomics

c. phylogenetics d. genetics

14. The product commercially produced by animal cell culture is:

a. insulin b. tissue plasminogen activator

c. interferon d. hepatitis B vaccine


13. First discovered enzyme:

a. diastase b. zymase

c. invertase d. endogluconase

15. In ABO blood group system, antigenic determinant are:

a. nucleic acid b. carbohydrate

c. lipid d. protien

1. c, 2. d, 3. a, 4. a, 5. c, 6. c, 7. c, 8. b, 9. a, 10. b, 11. a, 12. c, 13. c, 14. b, 15. b,

Published By: Biochemical Engineering Department Bipin Tripathi Kumaon Institute of Technology, Dwarahat

Name AIR College (Program)

Prashant Pokhriyal 431 Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai (M.Tech. in Bioprocess Technology)

GATE 2016– Biotechnology

Placement 2016

Name Company Post

Mamta Pompeii Technologies Graduate Engineer Trainee

Prerna Pompeii Technologies Graduate Engineer Trainee

Sumedha Shah Pompeii Technologies Graduate Engineer Trainee

Tanuja Sharma Pompeii Technologies Graduate Engineer Trainee

Gaurav Pandey Bio Petro Clean Pvt. Ltd. Process Engineer

Shivam Bhatt Reliance Group Executive

the biochemica genesis_vol 12

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