The Biological Basis of BehaviorChapter 2

Objectives• Describe the structure of a neuron, the resting potential and

action potential of a neuron• List and describe how the nervous and endocrine systems

use chemicals to direct everything our bodies do?• Describe the two major subdivisions of the peripheral

nervous system and how they initiate bodily activity and regulate bodily functions.

• Describe the purpose of the spinal cord.• List and describe the major structures of the brain.• Analyze the roles the structures of the brain play in behavior. • Describe and analyze the way researchers study the brain. • Discuss and analyze some of their findings.

Objectives 2/13Objectives 2/13 To review your To review your

assessments.assessments. To draw the brainTo draw the brain To Describe the To Describe the

structure of a structure of a neuron, the resting neuron, the resting potential and action potential and action potential of a potential of a neuronneuron

Before the Bell:Before the Bell:

• Get out any assessments you owe me, a piece of paper, and your notes.

What is your reaction?

Draw A Brain• There is no right or wrong. • Don’t open your book.• Draw it as best you can with as many

details as you think you have.

Brain Lab for this chapter See Brain lab sheet

The Nervous System

I. NeuronsA. Our central nervous system – regulates our

internal functions and controls our reactions to the external world.

B. Two Parts 1. Central nervous system – brain and the spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system – nerve cells that send

messages between the central nervous system and the other parts of the body.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGxho71tScM

Objectives: 9/24Objectives: 9/24• Describe the structure of

a neuron, the resting potential and action potential of a neuron

• List and describe how the nervous and endocrine systems use chemicals to direct everything our bodies do?

Before the Bell:Before the Bell:• Reminder Brain October 8.• Have something with which to

write and write on. =)• Go around the table and share

your weekend.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM

I. NeuronsC. Neurons – each of us has more than 100 billion (most are in our brain)

1. They send and receive messages2. They can reorganize if there is a brain

injury3. Components

a. cell body – produces energy that fuels the neuron’s activity

b. dendrites – thin fibers that receive information from other neurons and pass the message through the cell body.

I.I. NeuronsNeurons

c. c. axon axon – transmits the – transmits the message message away from the cell body away from the cell body (usually (usually only one)only one)

d. d. myelin myelin – the covers axons. – the covers axons. A A fatty substance that insulates fatty substance that insulates and and protects the axonprotects the axon

ee. axon terminals . axon terminals – smaller – smaller fibers fibers that branch outthat branch out

f. f. synapsesynapse – is a junction – is a junction between between the axon terminal of one the axon terminal of one neuron neuron and the dendrites of and the dendrites of another. another.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-NgGKSNiNw

II. Neurotransmitters: The Body’s Chemical MessengersA. Neurons send messages across synapses through the release of Neurotransmitters .B. What our neurotransmitters?

1. Chemicals that are stored in sacs in the axon terminal .

2. Neuron fires (sends a message) much like spraying a bottle3. Each message is converted in to an

electrical impulse that travels length of the neuron.

4. Takes a fraction of a second and neurons can fire hundreds of times every secondhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGjgfhsTyCM 3 d image neuro

Objectives: 9/24Objectives: 9/24• List and describe how the

nervous and endocrine systems use chemicals to direct everything our bodies do?

• Complete body reaction lab

Before the Bell:Before the Bell:Find your new table.Find your new table.• You need your notes• Review hand motions for all the

parts of the neuron be ready to practice them.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM

Lab - Reaction TimePartner up with someone. (get 7 element)Do distractions overload the nervous

system and change reaction time? You are going to measure reaction time, or how long it takes to prepare and complete an action.

The Nervous System

II. Neurotransmitters: The Body’s Chemical MessengersC. Types of neurotransmitters

1. each as own structure and fits into a receptor site on the next neuron (key into lock)

2. Acetylcholine – control of muscles, learning and memory (it decreases memory is impaired)

3. Dopamine – involved in motor behavior (Parkinson's disease-too little; Schizophrenia

– too much)4. noradrenalin – prepares body for action5. serotonin – emotional arousal and sleep

(too little – depression) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkwyLOZD9FE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haNoq8UbSyc&feature=related

Objectives: 2/15Objectives: 2/15• What is the difference

between the autonomic and somatic systems?

Before the Bell:Before the Bell:

• Take out a blank sheet of Take out a blank sheet of paper.paper.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM

The Nervous System

III. Central Nervous SystemsIII. Central Nervous Systems

A. Spinal ReflexesA. Spinal Reflexes

1. Body’s automatic response to a trigger 1. Body’s automatic response to a trigger without input from the brain.without input from the brain.

2. Nerve impulses are received from the 2. Nerve impulses are received from the body’s body’s sense sense organs.organs.

3. These impulses pass immediately into 3. These impulses pass immediately into the the spinal cord.spinal cord.

4. Many of our actions are reflexive; 4. Many of our actions are reflexive; blinking, blinking, sneezing, sneezing,

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EmCV-aVQOQ

IV. The Peripheral Nervous System

A. Two divisions1. Somatic Nervous System

a. transmits sensory messages to the central nervous system.

b. carries messages from the voluntary muscles and sense organs.

c. activated by touch, pain, changes in temperature, changes in body’s position

The Nervous System

2. 2. The Automatic Nervous SystemThe Automatic Nervous Systema. occurring involuntarilya. occurring involuntarilyb. regulates the body’s vital functions – b. regulates the body’s vital functions –

heartbeat, breathing, digestion, heartbeat, breathing, digestion, blood blood pressure. pressure. ((take heart rate)take heart rate)

c. we generally don’t have to think c. we generally don’t have to think about about thesethese

d. two divisions:d. two divisions:11.. sympathetic sympathetic sexual arousal,

reaction to emergencies, increasing your heart rate, boosting your blood pressure, and speeding up your breathing. It's responsible for the classic "fight-or-flight" response, which is mediated by two main chemical messengers, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

2. 2. parasympatheticparasympathetic primarily counters the sympathetic one by mediating the body's calming and relaxing functions. Eat a big meal, take a nap, meditate, and the parasympathetic is kicking in, slowing down your heart rate, breathing, and so on.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmNQdLkkJHM

V. The Brain: Our Control CenterA. Parts of the Brain: Three Sections

1. The Hindbrain a. medulla – functions of heart rate,

blood pressure, and breathingb. pons – located in front of the

medulla and regulates body movement, attention, sleep , and alertness.

c. cerebellum – (little brain) balance and coordination

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIbT1BFytZo

http://abcnews.go.com/Health/surgeons-remove-half-boys-brain-stop-100-seizures/story?id=18705165

The Nervous System

2. The Midbrain (between hindbrain and forebrain)

a. control vision and hearing, eye movementb. reticular activating system –

(starts in hind and moves into mid) important for attention, sleep and arousal.

The Nervous System

3. The Forebrain1. thalamus – (inner chamber)

serves as relay station for sensory stimulation moving on to the higher levels of the brain (thinking and reasoning); also sends info from eyes and ears

2. hypothalamus – (under) tiny helps control some behavior and physiological functions. Regulates temperature, storage of nutrients, motivation and emotion, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, caring for offspring, aggression. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BiCNkU

GIG0

Objectives 2/25Objectives 2/25 Label parts of the brain

and describe brain function

Before the Bell:• Get out your notes and your

brains.

The Nervous System

3. The Forebrain3. limbic system – fringe along

inner edge of cerebrum: memory, emotion, hunger, sex, and aggression, Evolutionary psychologists believe limbic system controls behaviors for survival. Forms emotional memories of situations to help a person respond and adapt.

4. cerebrum (brain) – 70% of size, site of most conscious and intellectual activities.

5. Wrinkled area is cerebral cortex – out later like bark – the part that thinks

memory, language, emotions , complex motor functions, perception.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ4mdXAtnEs

The Nervous System

VI. The Cerebral CortexA. Composed of two halves/hemispheres

1. look almond shaped, left and right hemispheres

2. corpus callosum – is the structure that connects the two hemispheres.

3. Information gathered by one side is transmitted to the other side.B. Lobes – each hemisphere is divided into four parts called lobes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVGlfcP3ATI&feature=fvw

The Nervous System

VI. The Cerebral CortexVI. The Cerebral CortexC. Association AreasC. Association Areas

1. Most of Cerebral cortex is composed of 1. Most of Cerebral cortex is composed of areas areas that that involve sensory and motor involve sensory and motor functions.functions.

2. Other areas shape information into 2. Other areas shape information into something something meaningful. meaningful.

3. This is the executive center. Where we 3. This is the executive center. Where we solve solve problems and make decisions. problems and make decisions. D. Language AbilitiesD. Language Abilities

1. left and right hemispheres do many of 1. left and right hemispheres do many of the the same same functions, functions,

i.e.right handed people lang. i.e.right handed people lang. Functions Functions based in left hemisphere and based in left hemisphere and for for about 2/3 of left handed. about 2/3 of left handed.

D. Language AbilitiesD. Language Abilities

2. Two key areas:2. Two key areas:

1. 1. Wernicke’s area- Wernicke’s area- pieces together pieces together sounds and sounds and sights (damage (difficult to sights (damage (difficult to understand speech)understand speech)

2. 2. Broca’s area Broca’s area – in frontal lobe; – in frontal lobe; controls controls the areas of the face used the areas of the face used for speaking for speaking (damaged, speak (damaged, speak slowly)slowly)

E. Left and Right Hemispheres E. Left and Right Hemispheres

1. Same hemisphere used for speaking is also 1. Same hemisphere used for speaking is also used used for logic, problem solving, and for logic, problem solving, and mathematical mathematical computations.computations.

2. Right hemi – primarily imagination, art, 2. Right hemi – primarily imagination, art, feelings, feelings, and spatial relationships. and spatial relationships.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9WrTnDaMKE

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2011/jan/10/gabrielle-giffords-shooting-injury-graphic http://abcnews.go.com/Health/bob-woodruff-gabrielle-giffords-recover-brain-injury/story?id=12578057

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdmVFW2WcQY

Good Morning Please take four minutes to write down your thoughts about yesterday?

What did you learn about Brocha’s area after watching Tiki yesterday? What questions did it raise in your mind? What concerns do you have.6 minutes a minimum of 10 sentences. When you are done get out your paper from yesterday. Discuss at your table thoughts on Tiki’s visit.

Drawing on the Right Side of Brain• I’m going to post a picture • DO NOT MOVE from your desk to look at it. • Look at the figure and notice the angles,

shapes, and lines. Try to see how they all fit together.

• Start at the top and copy each line moving from line to line, putting it all together like a puzzle.

• Don’t name things; instead just notice what the lines do, how they curve and flow together.

Drawing on the Right Side of Brain• What does the right brain consciousness

feel like (Type1)?• Did you notice that you were less aware

of the passage of time?• Were you aware of the people around

you?• Did you attend to any environmental

inputs?

Happy Tuesday!• Check your grades to make

sure I got your brain graded.• Get out your notes.

The BrainVII. Methods of Studying the Brain

A. Different ways –1. Accidents 2. Lesions –creating a lesion (destroying a

part of an animal’s brain, allows tracking of how the damage affects behaviors.

3. Electrical Stimulation – can see which areas of the brain respond to visual, auditory, or sensory sensations.

4. Electroencephalogram – electrical brain wave activities transmitted by electrodes

and enables diagnosis of disorders. 5. Brain Imaging – MRI, CAT, PET, fMRI

allow images of the brain

CAT Scan

The Endocrine System

I. CompositionA. Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

1. Hormones stimulate growth and many kinds of reactions and changes in physical moods.

2. Have specific receptor sites like neurotransmitters

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ

The Endocrine System

B. The Pituitary Gland1. The master gland (size of a

pea)2. Responsible for many aspects

of behavior3. Also stimulates other glands

such as adrenals, thyroid, ovaries or testes.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJj_-3dZ4ZQ&feature=related

The Endocrine System

C. Thyroid Gland1. produces thyroxin – metabolism (rate of converting food to energy.2. too much – hypothyroidism (sluggish

often overweight)3. too little – hyperthyroidism (excitability, inability to sleep, and weight loss.)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AFiMipv63k

The Endocrine System

D. The Adrenal Glands1. secrets steroids – increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development2. cause the liver to release stored sugar – energy3. adrenaline and noradrenalin

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06jbq3bxKE0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS_qMHPI0XM&feature=related

The Endocrine System

E. Ovaries and Testes1. produce the hormones that influence

sexual development and functions 2. both product estrogen, progesterone,

and testosterone.3. Differences is the amounts of each

hormone produced for males/females.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEsTIOIufiQ