the biology of belief – exploring the need for meaning, truth and spirituality

8/7/2019 The Biology of Belief Exploring the Need for Meaning, Truth and Spirituality

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^kd e`alagp ah edl`dh

D{rlau`cg ~kd cddn hau odic`cg, ~ut~k icn vr`u`~til`~p

Jaci~kic Wdv~

DNTV 82>, Nu# Guikio

Hill 522;


2/15

47>2;207#naf Rg 5 ah 94


3/15

Edl`dh `v ic dvvdc~ìl ivrdf~ ah ~kd ktoic d{rdu`dcfd# Iv wd kixd dxalxdn, edl`dhv kixd

illawdn atu icfdv~auv ~a oimd vdcvd at~ ah i faorld{, opv~duàtv icn fkilldcg`cg wauln# Udfdc~

h`cn`cgv ieat~ kaw doa~àcv, edkixàuv, ~katgk~v, icn odoau`dv htcf~àc `c ~kd eui`c ahhdu i cdw

wip ~a v~tnp ~kd waum`cgv ah edl`dh +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)# Wk`ld ~kdud iud oicp faorld{

hif~auv ~ki~ `chltdcfd kaw edl`dhv iud hauodn, ~dfkcalagp ixi`lield `v lò`~dn `c `~v firif`~p ~a rddu

`c~a ~kd eui`c icn udfaun dxdup ~uicvif~àc#

Icnudw Cdwedug +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228) d{rlaudv ~kd eàlag`fil ytdv~ hau

odic`cg, vrù`~til`~p icn ~ut~k icn vtggdv~v ~ki~ `h wd tcnduv~icn ~kd cdtuarvpfkalagp ah ~kd

eui`c, atu edl`dhv w`ll ed ield ~a guaw icn fkicgd wkdc wd `c~duif~ w ~k a~kduv wka kixd n`hhdudc~

x`dwv ah ~kd wauln +r# 8)# Cdwedug kardv ~ki~ iv wd faod ~a irrudfì~d atu edl`dhv, wd w`ll hddl

oaud faccdf~dn ~a atu hdllaw ktoic ed`cgv wk`fk watln kdlr tv ~a ed oaud ~alduic~ icn

faorivvàci~d ktoic ed`cgv#

Axdux`dw ah fac~d{~ icn fac~dc~

^kd rawdu ah edl`dh# Edl`dhv òrif~ icn `chltdcfd iloav~ dxdup ivrdf~ ah atu l`xdv, huao

wka ~a ~utv~ icn wka ~a ixa`n, kaw ~a xa~d icn kaw ~a ruip, ~a wki~ ~kd cd{~ fatuvd ah if~àc wd

oip ~imd# ^kdp ilva vkird rduvacil edkixàuv, d~k`fv icn vrù`~til`~p# Acfd edl`dhv iud dv~iel`vkdn,

wd vdlnao fkilldcgd ~kdù ifftuifp, dxdc `h wd n`vfaxdu dx`ndcfd ~ki~ fatc~duv ~kdo# @h wd odd~

a~kduv w`~k n`hhdudc~ edl`dhv, wd ~dcn ~a udjdf~ au edl`~~ld ~kdo +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)# Wd

~dcn ~a udjdf~ a~kduv wka iud ca~ odoeduv ah atu awc guatr, dxdc `h ~kdp kixd vò`liu edl`dhv# Acd

v~tnp vkawdn ~ki~ acd/~kùn ah Iodu`ficv edl`dxdv ~ki~ Fku`v~ìc`~p, Jtni`vo icn @vlio wauvk`r i

n`hhdudc~ nd`~p dxdc ~katgk ~kdp kixd i vò`liu facfdr~ ah Gan# ^kd eui`c `cv~`cf~tillp ~dcnv ~a

47>2;207#naf Rg 6 ah 94


4/15

udjdf~ icp `chauoi~àc ~ki~ nadvc~ fachauo ~a ruàu mcawldngd au d{rdu`dcfd +Cdwedug (

Wilnoic, 5228)#

^kd udvdiufk ah Cdwedug +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228) vtggdv~v ~ki~ dxdup `cn`x`ntil kiv

ic ie`n`cg cddn ~a facv~utf~ oauil, vrù`~til icn vf`dc~`h`f edl`dhv ~ki~ d{rli`c ~kd waum`cgv ah ~kd

tc`xduvd +r# ;)# Cdwedug ruaravdv ~ki~ edl`dh `v i htcniodc~il ivrdf~ ah ~kd ktoic eui`c# Ndvr`~d

~kd `ckdudc~ rudjtn`fd ~kd ktoic eui`c vddov ~a d{kè`~, wd na kixd ~kd eàlag`fil rawdu ~a

`c~duutr~ cdgi~`xd au kiuohtl edl`dhv icn dc~du~i`c cdw `ndiv +r# 0)# Cdw `ndiv fic fkicgd ~kd

cdtuil fùft`~up ah ~kd eui`c ~ki~ gaxducv kaw wd edkixd icn wki~ wd edl`dxd#

Cdwedug vipv +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 0) ~ki~ ~kd intl~ ktoic eui`c `v fk`lnl`md `c

ica~kdu wip: wd it~aoi~`fillp ivvtod ~ki~ wki~ a~kdu rdarld ~dll tv `v ~utd, riu~`ftliulp `h ~kd

`ndi irrdilv ~a atu nddr/vdi~dn hic~iv`dv icn ndvùdv# Kd g`xdv ~kd d{iorld ah kaw inxdu~`v`cg

ah~dc ~imdv inxic~igd ah ~k`v w`~k ruao`vdv ah lav~ wd`gk~, `cv~ic~ edit~p, au `c~òi~d

faootc`fi~àcv, icn wd edl`dxd ~kdvd# ^kdud `v i ci~tuil ~dcndcfp ~a ~utv~ wki~ a~kduv vip icn `~ `v

ruif~`fillp òravvèld ~a ytdv~àc dxdup r`dfd ah chauoi~àc ~ki~ wd udfd`xd# Ntd ~a ~k`v

rudn`fiodc~, Cdwedug +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228) vtggdv~v ~ki~ wd inar~ ic i~~ ~tnd ah ardc/

o`cndncdvv, ~utv~ icn kdil~kp vmdr~`f`vo, dvrdfìllp wkdc `~ faodv ~a atu awc edl`dhv ~ki~ ihhdf~

ica~kdu rduvacv l`hd +r# 92)# Kd ruaravdv ~ki~ ~k`v v dvrdfìllp òrau~ic~ wkdc udgiun`cg

ivvtor~àcv wd oimd `c odn`f`cd icn vf`dcfd icn ilva wkdc innudvv`cg oauil, ral`~`fil icn

udl`gàtv `vvtdv#

Cdwedugv facx`f~ ac `v ~ki~ ~kd oaud wd tcnduv~icn ~kd eàlag`fil hatcni~àcv ah edl dh,

~kd div`du `~ w`ll ed hau i rduvac ~a h`cn i o`nnld rlifd ed~wddc el`cn ~utv~ icn ~a~il udjdf~àc ah

icp~k`cg ~ki~ `v haud`gc au v~uicgd# Kd vipv ~ki~ ntd ~a atu `cie`l`~p ~a gd~ at~v`nd atu eui`cv icn

nùdf~lp vdd udil`~p, wd kixd ~a l`xd w`~k ~kd `cfacv`v~dcfp ~ki~ ~kdud oip ed ca fldiu l`cd ed~wddc

47>2;207#naf Rg > ah 94


5/15

hic~ivp icn ~ut~k +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r#95)# Vf`dcfd ficca~ pd~ ruaxd ~kd d{`v~dcfd ah

facvfàtvcdvv at~v`nd ah ~kd eui`c, et~ ~kdud `v dx`ndcfd ~ki~ edl`dh au hi`~k `c vtfk ravvè`l`~`dv fic

eu`cg i vdcvd ah rdifd icn filocdvv w`~k`c ~kd eui c ~kd oaud acd hddlv faccdf~dn w`~k ~kd

wauln, ~kd oaud dori~kp acd d{rudvvdv ~awiun a~kduv# ^kd vdcvd ah faccdf~àc w`~k a~kduv oip

dxdc ed cdtualag`fillp x`~il hau ~kd ndxdlarodc~ ah oauil `ndilv +r#9>)#

Vdiufk`cg hau edl`dhv `c ~kd eui`c# Il~katgk ~dfkcalagp icn vf`dcfd `v ruagudvv`cg, `~ `v

v~`ll xdup n`hh`ftl~ ~a ndh`cd wki~v ga`cg ac `c ~kd eui`c# I odoaup fic~ ed r`c nawcdn icn `ndiv,

~katgk~v, icn hddl`cgv iud n`hh`ftl~ ~a udvdiufk edfitvd ~kdp iud dcn ruantf~v ah faorld{ cdtuil

ruafdvvdv ~ki~ cfltnd rdufdr~àc, doa~àc, odoaup icn edkixàuil oa~`xi~àc +Cdwedug (

Wilnoic, 5228, r#97)# ^kdud iud axdu 922 e`llàc cdtuacv ~a v~tnp `c ~kd eui`c, difk kix`cg tr ~a

92,222 ndcnu`~dv ~a faccdf~ w`~k a~kdu cdtuacil v~utf~tudv +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)#

I edl`dh `v i m`cn ah oir fudi~dn `c ~kd eui`c ah ic d{rdu`dcfd ~ki~ vddov odic`cghtl, udil

au ~utd +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r#9;)# @~ v~iu~v w`~k `chauoi~àc fao`cg `c~a ~kd vdcvdv

wk`fk `v ~kdc ruafdvvdn ep ~kd òodcvd cd~waum ah cdtuil faccdf~àcv `c ~kd eui`c rt~~`cg ~kd ni~i

`c~a fi~dgau`dv, facfdr~v, odoau`dv, licgtigd, ~katgk~v icn udif~àcv +r#9;)# ^kd eui`c ~kdc

facv`nduv ~kd `c~ducil oir ~a ed udil`~p# Hau d{iorld, wd nac~ if~tillp vdd ~kd wauln# ^kd eui`c

~imdv ~kd uiw ni~i icn ~kuatgk cdtuafkdo`fil icn cdtuadldf~u`f òrtlvdv oimdv ic òigd `c atu

eui`c +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)#

â dcield i wip ~a v~tnp edl`dh vf`dc~`h`fillp, Cdwedug +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)

ndh`cdv edl`dh iv kix`cg hatu `c~duif~`cg vrkdudv ah `chltdcfd: rdufdr~àc, fagc`~àc, doa~àcil

xiltd icn vafìl facvdcvtv# Difk vrkdudv `c~dcv`~p ldxdl ihhdf~v ~kd axduill v~udcg~k ah ~kd edl`dh#

Hau d{iorld, ~kd `c~dcv`~p ah doa~àcil xiltd òrif~v edl`dh# ^kd oaud doa~àcil dxdc~v ~dcn ~a

ed wu`~~dc `c~a odoaup oaud v~uacglp ~kic cac/doa~àcil dxdc~v +r# 65)# Atu rdufdr~àc ah

47>2;207#naf Rg 4 ah 94


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udil`~p fic ed uin`fillp fkicgdn ep v~uacg doa~àcv# Udgiun`cg vafìl facvdcvtv, wd tvtillp inar~

~kd edl`dhv ah rdarld iuatcn tv, a~kduw`vd ~kdud `v fachtvàc icn n`vaundu +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic,

5228)# Guatr facvdcvtv `v i riu~ ah ~kd edl`dh oim`cg ruafdvv ~ki~ `c~dgui~dv rdufdr~til

d{rdu`dcfdv, doa~àcil xiltdv, icn fagc`~`xd iev~uif~àcv `c~a i vafìllp iffdr~ield wkald +r# 64)#

Edl`dhv iud ilwipv `c hlt{# ^kd ktoic eui`c `v fac~`ctillp òig`c`cg icn `c~t`~`cg

il~duci~`xd rduvrdf~`xdv ac udil`~p +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# >6)# @c~t`~àc illawv tv ~a

tcnduv~icn wki~ ~kd vdcvdv ficca~ rdufd`xd# Cdwedugv udvdiufk vtggdv~v ~ki~ wd fic dc~du `c~a

`c~t`~`xd v~i~dv ~kuatgk odn`~i~àc icn ruipdu# Kd ilva rav`~v ~ki~ `c~t`~àc, fudi~`x`~p, icn

vrù`~til ruif~`fd oip ill ruax`nd ed~~du odicv hau irrudkdcn`cg udil`~p icn ~ut~k oaud ifftui~dlp

+Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# >5)#

^kd facv~utf~àc icn eàlagp ah rdufdr~til edl`dhv# Cdtuavf`dcfd `c~dgui~dv ~kd aejdf~`xd

icn vtejdf~`xd, ~kd d{~ducil icn `c~ducil waulnv# Cdwedug icn ivvafì~d NIyt`l` +Cdwedug (

Wilnoic, 5228) rav~tli~dn icn hatcn dx`ndcfd hau vrdf`h`f fagc`~`xd ruafdvvdv ~ki~ iud ca~ aclp

dvvdc~ìl ~a hauotli~àc ah dxdupnip edl`dhv et~ ilva udvracvèld hau dodugdcfd ah vrù`~til

rdufdr~ acv, opv~`fil d{rdu`dcfdv icn tc`~ xd v~i~dv ah facvfàtvcdvv# ^kdvd `cfltnd ~kd

ivev~uif~`xd htcf~àc, ~kd ytic~`~i~`xd htcf~àc, ~kd fitvd/icn/dhhdf~ htcf~àc, ~kd ntil`v~`f au

arrav`~àcil htcf~àc, ~kd udntf~àc`v~ htcf~àc, icn ~kd kal`v~`f htcf~àc, wk`fk `c dvvdcfd rt~v

dxdup~k`cg ~agd~kdu `c~a i odic`cghtl waulnx`dw +r# 74)#

Iv htu~kdu d{rlici~àc ah acd ah ~kdvd ruafdvvdv, ~kd ntil`v~`f au arrav`~àcil htcf~àc `c

liedl`cg, augic`z`cg, ytic~`hp`cg, eui`c ~dcnv ~a udntfd dxdup~k`cg ~a iv hdw faoracdc~v iv

ravvèld +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# ;7)# ^kd riu d~il laed rt~v iev~uif~ facfdr~v c~a

ntil`v~`f ~duov au raliu`zdn npinv: tr xduvtv nawc, ac xduvtv ahh, `c xduvtv at~, tv xduvtv ~kdo#

^k`v cdtuil vòrl`h`fi~àc `v i ~prd ah eàlag`fil v~duda~pr`cg# Acfd arrav`~àcil npin `v fudi~dn

47>2;207#naf Rg 8 ah 94


7/15

eui`c w`ll i~~ifk doa~àcil eìv ac difk riu~ ah npin, ~ktv fudi~`cg i m`cn ah hixau`~ vo au

rudjtn`fd +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)#

Ifmcawldng`cg ~kd oauil ndxdlarodc~ ~kdau`dv ah Rìgd~, Makledug, Hawldu, G`ll`gic icn

a~kduv, Cdwedug +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228) vtggdv~v ~ki~, cdtualag`fillp, ~kd hatcni~àc ah

oauilv `v hauodn `c fk`lnkaan# Kawdxdu, riu~ ah ~kd n`hh`ftl~p w`~k icp ndxdlarodc~ ~kdaup `v ~ki~

acfd ~kd eui`c `v htll/guawc, `~ nadv ca~ vddo ~a ndxdlar `c i l`cdiu hivkàc# ^kdudhaud v~igdv iud

ca lacgdu udldxic~# Rdarld oimd fka`fdv, et~ ca odic`cghtl rudn`f~àcv fic ed oind w`~k icp

v~i~`v~`fil ifftuifp +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)# Htu~kdu, cdtuil ndxdlarodc~ ruif~`fillp v~arv

wkdc wd udifk ~kù~p, icn hallaw`cg ~ki~ ~kd eui`cv od~ieal`f icn cdtua~uicvo`~~du if~`x`~p

edg`cv ~a ndfudivd icn fac~ ctdv ~a ndfudivd ~kuatgkat~ ~kd udoi`cndu ah l`hd +r# 95;)#

Cdtualag`fillp, dcl`gk~dcodc~ icn rdifd iud tcl`mdlp +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228,

r#95;)# Dxdc Makledug vi`n ~ki~ aclp hdw intl~v watln udifk ldxdl wkdud ~kdù l xdv iud gaxducdn

ep k`gkdu oauil ru cf`rldv# Cdwedug vtggdv~v `~ `v ravvèld ~a udifk vtfk i ldxdl `h acd waumv

facvf`dc~àtvlp ~awiunv `~v `ndilv, il~katgk ~kd ndxdlarodc~ fatln ~imd pdiuv ah ruif~`fd icn

`c~uavrdf~àc +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)# I~ icp ~òd `c l`hd, i rduvac ~kuatgk odn`~i~àc,

ruipdu, icn fu`~`fil ~k`cm`cg o`gk~ ed ield ~a ~uicvfdcn ciuf vv`v~ f lò`~v ah fk`lnkaan icn

fkicgd ~kd cdtuil htcf~àc`cg ah eui`c# +r# 95;)

Iv wd igd eui`c laavdv cdtuil rliv~`f`~p +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 95;) ~kd

hld{è`l`~p ~a fkicgd icn inir~ icn ~kdudhaud ~kd ie`l`~p ~a hauo cdw `ndiv icn edl`dhv nò`c`vkdv#

Cdwedug vtggdv~v ~ki~ wd cddn ~a mddr d{duf`v`cg ~kd eui`c `c~dlldf~tillp, vafìllp, icn

vrù`~tillp au wd w`ll laavd wki~dxdu firif`~p wd kixd ndxdlardn: vafìl vtrrau~, k`gkdu

dntfi~àc, `c~dlldf~til v~òtli~àc icn ic ar~ò`v~`f x`dw ah kdil~k vlaw ndfl`cd ah oauil udivac`cg

icn fagc`~àc +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 969)#

47>2;207#naf Rg 7 ah 94


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^kd gir ed~wddc edkixàu icn oauil edl`dhv# ^kdoauil vfild `v v~uacglp `chltdcfdn ep

kaw faccdf~dn wd w`~k hddl w`~k a~kduv ~kd oaud faccdf~dn wd hddl, ~kd oaud wd if~ w`~k

gdcduav`~p, faorivvàc icn hiùcdvv +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 964) wk`fk ~kdc ilva kiv

rav`~`xd dhhdf~v ac atu ootcd vpv~do# V~tn`dv vkaw ~kd ldvv faccdf~dn wd hddl w`~k a~kduv, ~kd

oaud doa~àcil n`v~icfd ~kdud `v icn ~kd ldvv dori~kp icn ldvv udvrdf~ wd kixd +Cdwedug (

Wilnoic, 5228)# Cdwedug vtggdv~v ~ki~ faccdf~àc gt`ndv tv ~a oic`hdv~ atu oauil `ndilv +r#

964)#

Cdwedug vtggdv~v ~ki~ oauil edl dhv iud eivdn ac faorld{ utldv ah lag`f, udivac, vafìl

facvdcvtv icn rduvacil udwiun et~ ~kdvd xiuìeldv fic aclp ed irrl`dn gdcduillp +Cdwedug (

Wilnoic, 5228, r# 9>2) Kd facv`nduv u`gk~ icn wuacg iue`~uiup wkdc ~kd liw `vc~ fldiu# Wki~ `h

pat hatcn i ytiu~du ac ~kd v`ndwilm# Watln pat ~tuc `~ `c ~a ~kd ral`fd1 Ruaeielp ca~# Et~ wki~

ieat~ .92221 +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 9>2)# Cdwedug ruaravdv ~ki~ iv ~kd doa~àcil

dhhdf~ ah vtfk i h`cn`cg `cfudivdv, ~kdud `v oaud l`mdl`kaan ~ki~ wd w`ll faoruao`vd atu oauil

`ndilv#

V~tn`dv kixd hatcn ~kd ldh~ huac~il icn ldh~ ~dorauil laedv if~`xi~dn wkdc oim`cg oauil

jtngodc~v# ^kdvd iudiv iud ivvaf i~dn w ~k waum`cg odoaup, w llhtl ~k`cm`cg, udgtli~ cg

doa~àcv, icn iev~uif~ udivac`cg +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 9>9)# Udvdiufk kiv vkawc ~ki~

huac~il laed if~`x`~p `v dvvdc~ìl `c vlawlp nawc òrtlv`xd if~v icn ~ki~ doa~àcv iud x`~il hau

oim`cg oauil icn d~k`fil fka`fdv# ^kd ie`l`~p ~a dori~k`zd w`~k a~kduv `v dvvdc~ìl hau

dv~iel`vk`cg oauil edl`dhv, hau `h wd nac~ tcnduv~icn kaw ica~kdu rduvac hddlv, wd kixd ldvv

ie`l`~p ~a udvracn `c i m`cnlp oiccdu +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 9>6)# V~tn`dv vkaw ~ki~

wkdc wd hùv~ hddl dori~kp, wd iud ldvv l`mdlp ~a udif~ icgu`lp ~awiun ica~kdu rduvac# Oicp v~tn`dv

kixd vkawc ~ki~ vkau~/~duo dori~kp/`cntf`cg d{rduòdc~v fic `cv~`ll lacg/~duo dori~k`f

47>2;207#naf Rg ; ah 94


9/15

i~~`~tndv ~awiunv rdarld w`~k I@NV, kaodldvv, kaoavd{tilv, icn facx`f~v vdux`cg l`hd vdc~dcfdv

hau otundu +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 9>6)#

Oauil edl`dhv ndrdcn ac w`nd/uicg`cg cd~waumv ah `c~duif~àc ea~k w`~k`c ~kd eui`c icn

w`~k`c vaf`d~p ~kd ndgudd ah `c~dufaccdf~àc òrif~v ~kd ndgudd wd rt~ `c~a dhhdf~ atu oauil

edl`dhv# Cdwedug vtggdv~v ~kd oaud wd udli~d ~a a~kduv `c rav`~`xd wipv, ~kd oaud faorivvàc wd

w`ll kixd hau ~kdo, ~kd oaud atu oauil edkixàu w`ll ed dckicfdn +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)#

^k`v `v wki~ udl`gàc icn dntfi~àc iud ill ieat~= ~kd oaud wd udhldf~ ac vafìl uio`h`fi~àc ah

edkixàu icn edl dhv, ~kd ed~~du rudriudn wd w`ll ed ~a dcfatc~du v ~ti~àcv ~ki~ watln cauoillp

fitvd tv ~a udif~ vdlh`vklp, ùui~àcillp, au ndv~utf~`xdlp +r# 986)#

^kd udil`~p ah vrù`~til edl`dhv# V~tn`dv kixd vkawc ~ki~ rldivic~ ~katgk~v fic ldin ~a i

udli{i~àc udvracvd, udldiv`cg rldivtud fkdo`fil nario`cd# L`mdw`vd, ic{àtv ~katgk~v rt~ ~kd

eanp `c v~i~d ah udin`cdvv icn udldivd v~udvv kauoacdv, ~k`v `v ~kd h`gk~ au hl`gk~ udvracvd +Cdwedug

( Wilnoic, 5228)# Udvdiufk kiv hatcn ~ki~ vaod hauov odn`~i~`xd ruif~`fdv `cfudivd udldivdv ah

nario`cd, tr ~a 84$ +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)# @c~dcvd d{rdu`dcfdv, `h oi`c~i`cdn lacg

dcatgk, fic ldixd liv~`cg fkicgdv `c cdtuil fùft`~v rdu~i`c`cg ~a odoaup icn doa~àc# @c vtfk

if~`x`~p ~kd aejdf~ ah fac~dorli~àc htvdv w`~k i xèuic~ vdcvd ah udil`~p ~ktv i flavdlp kdln edl`dh

/ rduvacil, ral`~`fil, udli~àcil, vf`dc~`h`f, au vrù`~til w`ll edfaod i rduvacil ~ut~k +r# 9;6)#

Cdwedug +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228) g`xdv d{iorldv ah rdarld wka kin ~uicvfdcndc~ au

opv~`fil d{rdu`dcfdv ah i fldiu icn ruahatcn ci~tud wk`fk ~uicvhauodn ~kdù l`xdv, gailv icn

edl`dhv# @c vtfk d{rdu`dcfdv rdarld kixd kin i x vàc ah ic aundudn `c~dufaccdf~dn tc`xduvd +r#

980) ~ki~ kin ea~k ic `c~dcvd iuatvil au dfv~ivp icn nddr filo icn ~uicyt`l`~p +r9;5)# Cdwedug

vtggdv~v ~ki~ ~k`v `v ic tctvtil v~i~d ah iwiudcdvv faoriudn ~a dxdupnip ~katgk~v icn if~`x`~`dv#

Cdwedug facntf~dn v~tn`dv w`~k Etnnk`v~ oacmv odn`~i~ cg, Huicf vfic ctcv ruip`cg icn ic

47>2;207#naf Rg 0 ah 94


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i~kd`v~ odn`~i~au icn hatcn v`gc`h`fic~ fkicgdv `c eui`c if~`x`~p n`hhdudc~ huao cauoil v~i~dv#

V~tn`dv vkaw ~ki~ ntu`cg vrù`~til d{rdu`dcfdv ah ~kd vtejdf~v ~kd ~kiliotv edfaodv if~`xd icn ~kd

au`dc~i~àc iudi ah ~kd eui`c edfaodv ldvv if~`xd# ^k`v `v arrav`~d ~a cauoil v~i~dv icn dxdc

nudiov, wkdud ~kdp ea~k `cfudivd ~agd~kdu +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)# ^kd vtejdf~v ah ~kd

udvdiufk vkawdn ic tctvtil ivpood~up `c ~kd ~kiliotv wk`fk Cdwedug fatln ca~ h`cn icp vò`liu

udhdudcfdv `c kdil~kp `cn`x`ntilv# ^kd ~kiliotv `v mcawc ~a ed faccdf~dn w`~k ~kd huac~il fau~d{

icn ilva kiv nùdf~ l`cmv w`~k iwiudcdvv icn facvfàtvcdvv# ^kd ivpood~up hatcn w`~k ~kd lacg/

~duo odn`~i~auv vtggdv~v ~ki~ ~kdp kixd i tc`ytd rdufdr~àc ah udil`~p, wk`fk `v fac~`ctatvlp

if~`xd wkd~kdu odn`~i~`cg au ca~ +r# 9;4)# Acd ah ~kd ctcv faoodc~dn ~ki~, @ hddl Ganv

rudvdcfd dxdup o`ct~d ah ~kd nip +r# 9;4)# V`cfd ~kdud kixd eddc ca lacg ~duo v~tn`dv, Cdwedug

+Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228) nadv ca~ nuiw facfltvàcv ieat~ wkd~kdu `c~dcvd odn`~i~`xd

ruif~`fdv rduoicdc~lp fkicgd ~kd ~kiliotv va iv ~a illaw fdu~i`c v~i~dv ah facvfàtvcdvv ~a ed

d{rdu`dcfdn iv udil +r# 9;4)# Cdwedug vtggdv~v ~ki~ ic ivpood~u`f ~kiliotv o`gk~ kdlr gt`nd

rdarld ~awiunv oaud oauil icn d~k`fil `ndilv +r# 562)#

Cdwedugv udvdiufk vtggdv~v ~ki~ ~uicvfdcndc~ icn opv~`fil d{rdu dcfdv fic ed ~uifdn ~a

vrdf`h`f cdtuil ruafdvvdv `c ~kd eui`c, icn ~ki~ ~kdp iud ixi`lield icn tl~òi~dlp xiltield ~a

icpacd wka vddmv ~kdo, `cfltn`cg vdftliu rdarld +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 556)# W`llìo

Jiodv ndvfuèdv i opv~`fil d{rdu`dcfd iv ed`cg `llto`ci~àcv, udxdli~àcv, htll ah v`gc`h`ficfd icn

òrau~icfd +r# 556)# @c ~kd fl`c`fil l`~dui~tud, rdarld wka ruif~`fd `c~dcvd hauov ah odn`~i~àc icn

ruipdu vaod~òdv udrau~ v`gc`h`fic~ fkicgdv `c ~kdù doa~àcil l`hd hau d{iorld, oicp rdarld

hddl ~kdp edfaod oaud rdufdr~`xd ~a ~kd vthhdu`cg ah a~kduv edfitvd ~kdp vdd ill l`hd iv

`c~dufaccdf~dn +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)#

47>2;207#naf Rg 92 ah 94


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Edfao`cg i ed~~du edl`dxdu# Iv i udvtl~ ah eàlag`fil v~tn`dv ah ~kd eui`c d{rlau`cg

odic`cg, vrù`~til`~p, icn ~ut~k, Cdwedug +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228) vtggdv~v ~ki~ wd facv`ndu

~kd hif~auv ~ki~ òrif~ atu edl`dhv# Kd vipv ~ki~ `c~durud~i~àcv iud h`lldn w`~k ivvtor~àcv,

gdcduil`zi~àcv, axduv`gk~v, icn o`v~imdv +r# 546) icn fic ed facv`ndudn fagc`~`xd eìvdv ~ki~ iud

et`l~ `c~a ~kd odfkic`vov ah ~kd eui`c# Kd vtggdv~v ~ki~ ep udfagc`z`cg ~kdvd eìvdv, wd fic

edfaod ed~~du ~k`cmduv, udvdiufkduv icn tl~ oi~dlp ed~~du edl`dxduv +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228)#

Cdwedug kiv falldf~dn 57 eìvdv kd facv`nduv futfìl hau dxilti~`cg atu rdufdr~àcv icn

edl`dhv icn iv wdll iv `chauoi~àc ~ki~ faodv huao vf`dc~`h`f v~tn`dv# I hdw ah ~kdvd iud: hio`lp

eìv ruardcv`~p ~a it~aoi~ fillp edl dxd `chauoi~àc g`xdc ep hio`lp au hu`dcnv= it~kau ~iuìc

eìv ~dcn ~a edl dxd rdarld wka kaln rav`~àcv ah rawdu icn v~i~tv= fachùoi~àc eìv ~dcn ~a

dorkiv`zd `chauoi~àc ~ki~ vtrrau~v atu edl`dhv, wk`ld tcfacvfàtvlp udjdf~`cg fac~uin`f~aup

`chauoi~àc= vdlh/vdux`cg eìv ~dcn ~a oi`c~i`c edl`dhv ~ki~ edcdh`~ atu awc `c~dudv~= eicnwigac

eìv ~dcn ~a ga ilacg w`~k edl`dh vpv~do ah wki~dxdu guatr wd iud `cxalxdn w`~k= d{rdf~icfp

eìv wkdc laam`cg hau `chauoi~ ac, au facntf~`cg udvdiufk, wd kixd i ruardcv`~p ~a n`vfaxdu

wki~ wd iud laam`cg hau= icn hilvd/odoaup eìv eui`c ~dcnv ~a ud~i`c hilvd odoau`dv lacgdu ~kic

ifftui~d odoau`dv# @~ `v divp ~a òrlic~ hilvd odoau`dv `h fùftov~icfdv iud u`gk~ icn `chauoi~àc

`v rlitvèld +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 546/548)#

@c facfltvàc, Cdwedug vtggdv~v ~ki~ ~kd hùv~ v~dr `v ~a udil`zd ~ki~ dxdup rdufdr~àc icn

~katgk~ `cfltndv i ndgudd ah eìv icn ~ktv dxdup edl`dh udrudvdc~v i faoruao`vd ed~wddc ~kd wip

~kd wauln `v icn ~kd wip wd watln l`md `~ ~a ed +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 54;)# Kd vtggdv~v

vaod htu~kdu ~`rv ~a kdlr tv ed ed~~du edl`dxduv: ivm ytdv~àcv icn nateld/fkdfm vtrravdn hif~v,

vtuh hau mcawldngd ga ~a ~kd `c~ducd~, udfagc`zd ~kd lò`~i~àcv ah edl`dh, ndxdlar hld{èld edl`dhv,

ixa`n v~udvv `~ tcnduo`cdv kdil~kp edl`dhv, `c~duutr~ cdgi~`xd edl`dhv icn n`hhtvd doa~àcv ~ki~

47>2;207#naf Rg 99 ah 94


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gdcdui~d ndv~utf~`xd edl`dhv +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 582/580)# Cdwedug edl`dxdv ~kd wauln

watln ed vihdu `h wd ill ~aam ~kd ~òd ~a vdd ~kd tc`xduvd ~kuatgk ~kd dpdv ah iv oicp rdarld iv

ravvèld# â edfaod i ed~~du edl`dxdu kd vtggdv~v ~ki~ wd cddn ~a ~dorauiu`lp vtvrdcn atu nddrdv~

edl`dhv= icn ~ki~ ~imdv fatuigd#

Cdwedugv k`v~au`fil eifmguatcn

Iv i ~ddcigdu, Cdwedug +5228) wiv ftuàtv wkp rdarld edl`dxdn riu~`ftliu ~k`cgv# Hau

d{iorld, wkp vaod edl`dxdn `c Gan icn a~kduv ca~# Kd ah~dc hatcn ~ki~ facxduvi~àcv ieat~ ~ar`fv

vtfk iv dxalt~àc, ~kd au`g`c ah ~kd tc`xduvd, au oaud fir~`xi~`cg ~ar`fv vtfk iv eivmd~eill au

gùlv udvtl~dn `c ic òrivvd +Cdwedug, 5228, r# 8)# K`v ytdv~àcv ieat~ wki~ ~a edl`dxd au ca~

fac~`ctdn ~kuatgkat~ vfkaal icn falldgd icn kd ytdv~àcdn kaw icpacd fatln ~utv~ ~kdù edl`dhv#

Kd ilva wacndudn ieat~ ~kd ci~tud ah udil`~p icn wiv v~utfm ep ~katgk~v ah opv~`fv# Dxdc~tillp,

~k`v ldn kò ~a v~tnp ~kd ktoic o`cn# Cdwedug +5228) udhldf~v ~ki~ udl`gàtv icn vrù`~til edl`dhv

kixd kin i riu~`ftliulp ruahatcn `chltdcfd axdu ktoic k`v~aup, icn pd~ wd eiudlp guivr kaw ~kdp

waum i~ ~kd eàlag`fil, edkixàuil, au rvpfkalag`fil ldxdl# Iv i cdtuavf`dc~`v~, @ kixd faod ~a

udil`zd ~ki~ ~kd v~tnp ah edl`dhv oip ed ~kd v`cgld oav~ òrau~ic~ ytdv~, ea~k vf`dc~`h`fillp icn

vrù`~tillp +r# 97) Cdwedug `v ic ivvafì~d ruahdvvau ah Uinàlagp icn Rvpfkì~up icn injtcf~

ruahdvvau ah Udl`gàtv V~tn`dv i~ ~kd Tc`xduv ~p ah Rdccvplxicì icn ilva nùdf~au ah ~kd Fdc~du hau

Vrù`~til`~p icn ~kd O`cn +Cdwedug, 5228, faxdu)#

Fu`~`fil Icilpv`v

Ivvtor~àcv, iugtodc~v icn irrl`fi~àc#Cdwedug `v ~uicvriudc~ ieat~ ~kd faorld{ icn

tcfdu~i`c ci~tud ah cdtuavf`dcfd icn fldiulp v~i~dv ~kd fkilldcgd ah `c~durud~`cg eui`c vficv# I~ ~k`v

ra`c~ `c ~òd kd if~tillp facv`nduv cdtuavf`dcfd oaud ah ic iu~ ~kic i vf`dcfd, riu~`ftliulp `c ~kd

47>2;207#naf Rg 95 ah 94


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wip `~ dxilti~dv faorld{ odc~il ruafdvvdv +Cdwedug ( Wilnoic, 5228, r# 57)# Kd ino`~v `~ `v

h`lldn w`~k facjdf~tudv, ui~àcil`zi~àcv, ivvtor~àcv, icn rav~tli~dv#

^kd irrl`fi~àc ah ~k`v udvdiufk vddov ~a ed w`nd/vrudin# @h vaf`d~`dv icn ftl~tudv i~ liugd

tcnduv~aan vaod ah ~kd eìvdv icn ~dcndcf`dv ah ~kd eui`c, rdukirv wd fatln kixd oaud gdct`cd

nìlagtd, faorivvàc icn dori~kp icn ldvv ukd~au`f icn ki~udn#

Ndvfu`r~àc ah ~kdaup icn kaw `~ v irrl`dn# ^kd ndvfu`r~àc ah ~kd ~kdaup vddov yt`~d

faorld{ il~katgk ~kd oicp d{iorldv, `lltv~ui~àcv kdlr ~a `lltv~ui~d `~# Rdukirv ~k`v `v edfitvd ~kd

hif~ ~ki~ cdtuavf`dcfd `~vdlh `v v~`ll vtfk i civfdc~ h`dln wk`fk Cdwedug udin`lp ino`~v# @~ `v ilva

fldiu ~ki~ ~kd v~tnp ah edl`dhv `v i xdup `c~dun`vf`rl`ciup v~tnp `cxalx`cg eàlagp, fkdo`v~up,

rvpfkalagp, rk`lavarkp, icn d~k`fv#

^kd irrl`fi~àc ah ~kd ~kdaup ah edl`dh vddov ~a ed i xil`n acd `c ~ki~ edl`dhv kixd w`nd/

uicg`cg òrif~ ac ~kd wauln ~anip w`~k ~kd o`{`cg ah n`xduvd ftl~tudv icn edl`dh vpv~dov icn ~kd

`chltdcfd ah ~dfkcalagp eu`cg`cg ~kd wauln va otfk flavdu# ^kdud `v ilva ~kd ra~dc~ìl w`~k

~dfkcalagp ah w`nd/vrudin ndv~utf~àc w`~k wdiracv ~ki~ iud ixi`lield# ^k`v oimdv ~kd òrau~icfd

ah ndxdlar`cg tcnduv~icn`cg icn ~alduicfd, acd ah ~kd gailv Cdwedug ah~dc odc~àcv, dxdc oaud

òrau~ic~#

Fac~`ct`~p, fliu`~p, `cv`gk~v icn lò`~i~àcv#Cdwedug oimdv fldiu udhdudcfd ~a d{`v~ cg

udvdiufk icn vddov ~a ifmcawldngd arrav`cg x`dwra`c~v# Udgiun`cg fliu`~p, i~ ~òdv `~ vddodn

n`hh`ftl~ ~a hallaw ~kd vtejdf~, et~ rdukirv ~k`v `v edfitvd @ io cdw ~a ~kd ~ar`f icn oicp ~duov

icn facfdr~ wdud cdw hau od# @~ wiv kdlrhtl ~a kixd ~kd oicp v~au`dv, d{iorldv icn `lltv~ui~àcv ~a

eu`cg oaud fliu ~p ~a ~kd rudvdc~i~àc ah ~kd vtejdf~# Edfitvd cdtuavf`dcfd `v v~`ll va cdw icn ~kd

eui`c `v udli~`xdlp tcfkiu~dn udgiun`cg ~kd ci~tud ah ~katgk~v, edl dhv, icn facvfàtvcdvv, ~kdud `v i

lò`~ ~a ~kd facfud~d facfltvàcv ~ki~ fic ed nuiwc huao Cdwedugv udvdiufk# Kawdxdu, ~kdud

47>2;207#naf Rg 96 ah 94


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vddov ~a ed dcatgk dx`ndcfd ~ki~ `~ `v ravvèld ~a vduàtvlp facv`ndu ~kd ~`rv icn vtggdv~àcv iv ~a

~kd ci~tud ah ~kd eìvdv icn ~dcndcf`dv ah ~kd eui`c ~a `chltdcfd atu rdufdr~àcv icn edl`dhv# @h wd

kixd i ed~~du tcnduv~icn`cg ah ~kd ci~tud atu edl`dhv, @ hddl `~ `v ravvèld ~a edfaod oaud dori~k`f

icn faorivvàci~d ktoic ed`cgv#

47>2;207#naf Rg 9> ah 94


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