The Birth of the Cold WarThe Birth of the Cold War

Power point compiled by Robert MartinezPrimary Content Material: Americans (McDougal Littell)Images and photographs as cited.

Rock and RollRock and RollA form of American popular music that evolved in A form of American popular music that evolved in

the 1950s out of rhythm and blues, country, the 1950s out of rhythm and blues, country, jazz, gospel, and pop: this American music jazz, gospel, and pop: this American music

spread worldwide (diffusion) having significant spread worldwide (diffusion) having significant impacts on social dancing, clothing fashions, impacts on social dancing, clothing fashions,

and expressions of protest.and expressions of protest.

The end of World War II left the United The end of World War II left the United States and Soviet Union as the States and Soviet Union as the

world’s two superpowers. The United world’s two superpowers. The United States had tremendous economic States had tremendous economic power and control of the atomic power and control of the atomic

bomb, while the Soviet Union had the bomb, while the Soviet Union had the world’s largest army.world’s largest army.

http://news.softpedia.com/news/Cold-War-Released-Today-9554.shtml

Although allies during World War II, the Although allies during World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union United States and the Soviet Union soon became rivals in a “Cold War.” soon became rivals in a “Cold War.” The war was “cold” only in the sense The war was “cold” only in the sense that, because of nuclear weapons, the that, because of nuclear weapons, the

two superpowers never fought one two superpowers never fought one another directly in open warfare.another directly in open warfare.

www.russiablog.org

The roots of the Cold War lay in the two The roots of the Cold War lay in the two powers’ competing ideological powers’ competing ideological

systems. Under Soviet communism, systems. Under Soviet communism, the state controlled all property and the state controlled all property and

economic activity, while in capitalistic economic activity, while in capitalistic America, private citizens controlled America, private citizens controlled

almost all economic activity.almost all economic activity.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gruenemann/2074743520/

In America, people elected a president In America, people elected a president and a congress from competing and a congress from competing

political parties. In the Soviet Union, political parties. In the Soviet Union, the Communist Party established a the Communist Party established a

totalitarian government with no totalitarian government with no opposing parties.opposing parties.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/14097896@N06/1434119192/

In early 1945, American, Soviet, and In early 1945, American, Soviet, and British leaders met at the British leaders met at the Yalta Yalta

ConferenceConference to plan to plan for thefor the reorganization of Europe after the reorganization of Europe after the

war.war.

http://www.speedace.info/ww2.htm

They They agreed to form the United Nationsagreed to form the United Nations and to and to divide Germanydivide Germany into separate into separate occupation zones. They also agreed occupation zones. They also agreed to to create democratic governments create democratic governments andand toto allow free elections in the allow free elections in the countries they freed from German countries they freed from German

rulerule..

United Nations flag

http://www.candw.ky/users/cay11394

After the war, hopes for world peace After the war, hopes for world peace was high. On June 26, 1945, the was high. On June 26, 1945, the

representatives of 50 nations met in representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco to establish a new San Francisco to establish a new

peacekeeping organization called the peacekeeping organization called the United NationsUnited Nations..

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/united-nations.htm http://www.candw.ky/users/cay11394

After Roosevelt‘s death, President After Roosevelt‘s death, President TrumanTruman met with Soviet dictator met with Soviet dictator

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin at the Potsdam at the Potsdam Conference late in 1945. At this Conference late in 1945. At this conference serious differences conference serious differences

emerged, Stalin would not permit free emerged, Stalin would not permit free elections in Eastern Europe.elections in Eastern Europe.

http://www.dictatorofthemonth.com/Stalin/pictures_of_stalin.htm

The U.S. industry boomed during the The U.S. industry boomed during the war, making the United States the war, making the United States the

economic leader of the world. economic leader of the world. American businesses wanted access American businesses wanted access

to raw materials and markets in to raw materials and markets in Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/94559979@N00/2051503027/

The The Soviet Union emerged from WWI with Soviet Union emerged from WWI with enormous economic and military strengthenormous economic and military strength. .

Unlike the U.S., the Unlike the U.S., the Soviet Union had Soviet Union had suffered heavy destruction on its own soilsuffered heavy destruction on its own soil. . Soviet deaths are estimated at 20 million, Soviet deaths are estimated at 20 million, half of whom were civilians. half of whom were civilians. By dominating By dominating Eastern Europe, the Soviets felt they could Eastern Europe, the Soviets felt they could

stop future invasions from the weststop future invasions from the west..

http://www.flickr.com/photos/7732974@N04/463221651/

Stalin installed communist Stalin installed communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, governments in Albania, Bulgaria,

Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland. These countries became and Poland. These countries became know as know as satellite nationssatellite nations, countries , countries

dominated by the Soviet Union.dominated by the Soviet Union.

Soviet tanks in Hungary.http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS122/USSR.html

Faced with the Soviet threat, Faced with the Soviet threat, Truman initiated a policy of Truman initiated a policy of

containmentcontainment, measures taken to , measures taken to prevent any spreading of prevent any spreading of

communism to new areas. communism to new areas.

http://www.towson.edu/polsci/irencyc/T9840238/truman.html

Europe was now divided into two Europe was now divided into two political regions, a mostly democratic political regions, a mostly democratic

Western Europe and a communist Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.

http://www.saunalahti.fi/~amulari/syberia/real_world.php

The phrase “The phrase “iron curtainiron curtain” came to ” came to represent the division of Europe. represent the division of Europe.

The term “iron curtain” was The term “iron curtain” was taken from a speech given by taken from a speech given by

Winston Churchill.Winston Churchill.

http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/hst332_p5.htm

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Announced by President Harry S. Truman in Announced by President Harry S. Truman in

1947, of providing economic and military 1947, of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents. external opponents. Truman promised U.S. Truman promised U.S.

support to any country fighting support to any country fighting Communism.Communism.

In an effort to prevent communist takeovers In an effort to prevent communist takeovers in Turkey and Greece, Truman gave these in Turkey and Greece, Truman gave these countries aid in the form of countries aid in the form of weapons and weapons and

moneymoney..

http://www.americanhistory.abc-clio.com/reel2real/View.aspx

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan, a program proposed by , a program proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947,

under which the United States supplied under which the United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help economic aid to European nations to help

them rebuild after World War II. 16 them rebuild after World War II. 16 countries received $13 billion in aid. By countries received $13 billion in aid. By

1952, Western Europe was flourishing, and 1952, Western Europe was flourishing, and the Communist Party had lost much of its the Communist Party had lost much of its

appeal to voters.appeal to voters.

http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war8.htm

At the end of WWII, Germany was At the end of WWII, Germany was divided into four zones occupied by divided into four zones occupied by the United States, Great Britain, and the United States, Great Britain, and

France in the West and the Soviet France in the West and the Soviet Union in the east. In 1948, Britain, Union in the east. In 1948, Britain,

France, and the U.S. decided to France, and the U.S. decided to combine their three zones into one combine their three zones into one

nation.nation.

http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/classroom/pages/projects/grade12/lesson8/06-berlin-crisis.htm

This western part of Berlin, which had This western part of Berlin, which had been occupied by the French, Great been occupied by the French, Great

Britain, and the U.S. was surrounded Britain, and the U.S. was surrounded by Soviet-occupied territories by Soviet-occupied territories

(satellites.)(satellites.)

http://cnn.com/US/9805/11/berlin.airlift

The three nations had intended to unify The three nations had intended to unify their zones, they had no written their zones, they had no written

agreement with the Soviets agreement with the Soviets guaranteeing free access to Berlin by guaranteeing free access to Berlin by road or rail. Stalin saw an opportunity road or rail. Stalin saw an opportunity

to take over Western Berlin.to take over Western Berlin.

http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/marshall/stalin.htm

In June 1948, Stalin closed all highway In June 1948, Stalin closed all highway and rail routes into West Berlin. As a and rail routes into West Berlin. As a

result, no food or fuel could reach result, no food or fuel could reach that part of the city. The 2.1 million that part of the city. The 2.1 million

residents of the city had only enough residents of the city had only enough food to last for approximately five food to last for approximately five

weeks.weeks.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/pyrodood/466850895/

Berlin AirliftBerlin AirliftIn an attempt to break the blockade, In an attempt to break the blockade, American and British officials started American and British officials started

the Berlin airlift to fly food and supplies the Berlin airlift to fly food and supplies into West Berlin. For 327 days, planes into West Berlin. For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes, took off and landed every few minutes,

around the clock.around the clock.

http://www.wissen.at/wde/generator/wissen/ressorts/geschichte/Jahrhundertrevue/1941~20-~201950

In 277,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 In 277,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 million tons of supplies – everything million tons of supplies – everything

from food, fuel, and medicine to from food, fuel, and medicine to Christmas presents that the plane’s Christmas presents that the plane’s crews bought with their own money.crews bought with their own money.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/12369179@N00/324169990/

West Berlin survived because of the airlift. In West Berlin survived because of the airlift. In addition, the mission to aid Berlin boosted addition, the mission to aid Berlin boosted

American prestige around the world. By May American prestige around the world. By May 1949, the Soviet Union realized it was 1949, the Soviet Union realized it was

beaten and lifted the blockade.beaten and lifted the blockade.

http://www.music.us/education/B/Berlin-Blockade.htm

In the same month, the western part of In the same month, the western part of Germany officially became a new nation, the Germany officially became a new nation, the

Federal Republic of Germany, also called Federal Republic of Germany, also called West Germany. A few months later, the West Germany. A few months later, the

Soviet Union created the German Soviet Union created the German Democratic Republic, called East Germany Democratic Republic, called East Germany

from the zone it had occupied. The city was from the zone it had occupied. The city was divided by the divided by the Berlin WallBerlin Wall..

Berlin wall construction, 1961.http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/classroom/pages/projects/grade12/lesson8/06-berlin-crisis.htm

The Berlin blockade increased Western The Berlin blockade increased Western European fear of Soviet aggression. Ten European fear of Soviet aggression. Ten

Western European nations joined with the Western European nations joined with the United States and Canada on April 4, 1949, United States and Canada on April 4, 1949, to form a defensive military alliance called to form a defensive military alliance called

thethe North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).(NATO).

NATONATOThe twelve members of NATO pledged The twelve members of NATO pledged

military support to one another in military support to one another in case any member was attacked. For case any member was attacked. For the first time in history, the United the first time in history, the United States had entered into a military States had entered into a military alliance with other nations during alliance with other nations during

peacetime.peacetime.

http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9606/03/nato.talks

Warsaw PactWarsaw PactThe Soviet Union responded by The Soviet Union responded by creating the Warsaw Pact with creating the Warsaw Pact with

its Eastern European satellites in its Eastern European satellites in 1955.1955.

Warsaw Pact members indicated in red.

Red ChinaRed ChinaJust when American statesman Just when American statesman believed they had checked the believed they had checked the

spread of Communism in Europe, spread of Communism in Europe, the world’s most populous the world’s most populous

nation turned Communist in nation turned Communist in China.China.

http://www.ibnlive.com/news/combat-mood-dont-do-drugs-tattoos/8773-13.html

In 1949, Communists, led by Mao In 1949, Communists, led by Mao Zedong, defeated the Chinese Zedong, defeated the Chinese Nationalist government. Mao Nationalist government. Mao

then created the world’s largest then created the world’s largest Communist state in China. Communist state in China.

http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/1378outlines.htm

The Korean WarThe Korean WarAfter WWII, Korea had been divided After WWII, Korea had been divided

into two zones: in North Korea a into two zones: in North Korea a Communist government was Communist government was

established; South Korea was given a established; South Korea was given a non-Communist government. In 1950, non-Communist government. In 1950,

North Korea invaded South Korea.North Korea invaded South Korea.

http://www.indiana.edu/~ealc100/Group4/Chris_Hilton_battles/battles.html

Truman ordered U.S. forces to South Truman ordered U.S. forces to South Korea to resist the invasion. The Korea to resist the invasion. The

United States also got a resolution United States also got a resolution passed in the United Nations to send passed in the United Nations to send multinational troops to South Korea.multinational troops to South Korea.

http://www.ntxe-news.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/search.cgi?cat=9&start=14&perpag

Truman sent Truman sent General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur to to Korea to command United Nations forces. Korea to command United Nations forces.

Soon after arriving, MacArthur’s forces Soon after arriving, MacArthur’s forces attacked North Korea. His armies advanced attacked North Korea. His armies advanced

to the border between North Korea and to the border between North Korea and China. This brought China into the war, China. This brought China into the war,

forcing MacArthur to retreat.forcing MacArthur to retreat.

http://archives.cnn.com/2000/US/09/14/inchon.invasion

General MacArthur wanted to use General MacArthur wanted to use atomic weapons to defeat the atomic weapons to defeat the

Communist Chinese. Fearful of a Communist Chinese. Fearful of a global nuclear war, Truman refused global nuclear war, Truman refused

his request.his request.

http://www.freewebs.com/german_melissa_a/majorleaders.htm http://www.geocache-forum.de/viewtopic.php?t=2244

When MacArthur openly criticized the When MacArthur openly criticized the President, Truman fired MacArthur President, Truman fired MacArthur

from his command, successfully from his command, successfully asserting civilian control over the asserting civilian control over the

military.military.

http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/korea_howfartogo.htm http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5367075

In 1952, In 1952, Dwight EisenhowerDwight Eisenhower was was elected President on a campaign elected President on a campaign pledge to end the Korean War. In pledge to end the Korean War. In

1953, an armistice (treaty) ended the 1953, an armistice (treaty) ended the war, leaving Korea divided as it had war, leaving Korea divided as it had

been before the war started.been before the war started.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomwatson/1449922/ http://ejw.i8.com/ike/ike.html

Please write a short essay describing the message of this illustration.

Incorporate the ideas of the Cold War and “containment.”