The Blood and Endocrine Systems

Rene Mejia, Juan Lozano, Ariel Velez

Overview of Blood

● Nourishes cells● Fights diseases● Transports waste from the cells● Composed of plasma

and blood cells

Components in Blood

● Red blood cells(erythrocytes)● White blood cells(leukocytes)● Blood plasma● Platelets(thrombocytes)

Red Blood Cells/Erythrocytes

● concave-shaped● transports oxygen,

hormones and nutrients to cells

● Originates and matures in the bone marrow

● removes CO2 from cells

White Blood Cells/Leukocytes

● fight infections and pathogens● 3 types: T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and

neutrophil

T lymphocytes

● regulate immune cell production● attack pathogens● Originate in the bone

marrow● Mature in the thymus● ball shaped

B lymphocytes

● produce antibodies and proteins● their products target foreign invaders● Originate and mature in the bone marrow● ball shaped

Neutrophil

● responds to an infection

during the first stage● most produced white blood cell type● Is a granulocyte

Blood plasma

●regulates pH and body temperature● consists of water, fat, proteins, sugar, and salts●designed to transport cells and fluids

Platelets/thrombocytes

● small and fragmented● used to clot cuts or

wounds

Hematopoiesis

● the process in which blood cells are formed● Occurs in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue● Blood is typically made in the bone marrow● Form from stem cells

Hormones in Hematopoiesis

● Glucan is a stimulator● Cytokines are also a stimulator● Inhibitors include thymosin beta4

Cell Count

● provide the count of erythrocytes and platelets

● provide the amount of hemoglobin and hematocrit found in erythrocytes

● can detect blood related diseases

Erythropoiesis

● the formation of red blood cells in a yolk sack● can occur in the bone marrow after 7 months● regulated by erythropoietin

Stages of Erythropoiesis

● Myeloid stem cells turn into erythroblasts● They turn into erythrocytes● Remove nucleus for hemoglobin● Erythrocytes are then placed into the bloodstream

Cell Cycle

● events that lead to the division of a cell● consists of 2 phases:interphase and mitotic● When a cell leaves

the cycle it is quiescent

Clotting

● Is the process in which platelets change from a liquid to a solid● prevents blood from escaping the body● quality is affected by the amount of platelets● too much clotting is life-threatening● 2 types: intrinsic and extrinsic

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Clotting

● Intrinsic clotting is starts by the plasma’s “contact factors”

● Extrinsic clotting begins by the release of tissue factor

Prevention of Excessive Clotting

Blood Types

● the classificationof blood bythe appearanceof antigensand antibodies

Overview of the Endocrine System

● a system of glands that produce hormones● these hormones control much of our bodies’ growth, production, functions, and development

Hormones

● a class of molecules used to communicate between the endocrine system and tissues

● regulate activities● some are water soluble and others are lipid

soluble

Homeostasis

● is the successful regulationof variables and maintainingstability within the body● is kept through hormones and feedback

systems● is ultimately controlled by the nervous and

endocrine systems

Homeostasis

● insulin and glucagon regulate glucose● kidneys remove waste from the blood● hormones and neurotransmitters are

chemical messengers that detect issues affecting homeostasis

Components of the Endocrine System

● Pituitary Gland● Thyroid gland● Parathyroid glands● Adrenal glands● Pancreas● Ovaries● Testicles

● Hypothalamus● Pineal gland● Thymus gland● Kidneys● Uterus

Hypothalamus

● inferior to the thalamus● is the part of the brainthat controls the pituitary gland● connects the nervous

system to the endocrinesystem

Pituitary Gland

● known as the “master gland”● Inferior to the hypothalamus ● secretes the growth

hormone(GH),TSH,ACTH,PRL,MSH, ADH and oxytocin● the hormones it releases control

other glands or water regulation in the body

Pituitary Hormones

Pineal Gland

● small and located on the brain stem● secretes melatonin● affects sleep patterns

Thyroid Gland

● produces and regulates adrenaline, epinephrine and dopamine● controlled by the TSH● Located on the trachea

Parathyroid gland

● controls the body’s calcium levels● secretes calcitonin, which decreases the

calcium absorbed

Thymus

● located in the thorax, in between the sternum and heart● houses T-lymphocytes until they mature● secretes thymosin

Adrenal gland

● secretes cortisol,aldosterone, corticosterone, sex hormones, adrenaline and

norepinephrine● it controls stress, blood pressure and regulates metabolism● located in the abdominal cavity

Kidneys

● located in the posterior of the abdominal cavity● secrete calcitriol, erythropoietin, and renin● remove excess waste from the blood and urine● reabsorb water, amino acids and glucose

Pancreas

● secretes insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, glycogen and pancreatic polypeptide

● helps the digestive process● located in the abdominal

cavity behind the stomach

Ovaries

● produces ovum● located in the pelvic cavity near the uterus● secretes estrogen,

testosterone, and progestogen ● its hormones maintain thereproductive organs and enlarge the chest

Uterus

● hold the ovum during its development● located at the bottom of the pelvic cavity● responds to the hormones given off by the

ovaries

Testicles

● produce sperm● secretes testosterone and

estrogen● protrude from the pelvic

cavity● fosters hair growth and

increases muscle mass

Works Cited

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Feb. 2015. <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196001.php>.

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<http://sepa.duq.edu/regmed/immune/SpecifMaturation.html>.

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formation-of-red-blood-cells/>.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis