The blood vessels. Arteries

2

Cardiovascular system consists of:

1) heart, cor;

2) blood vessels,

vasa sanguinea;

3) lymphatic vessels,

vasa lymphatica.

4

Blood vessels are divided into:

1) arteries (transport blood from theheart);

2) veins (transport blood to theheart).

Lymphatic vessels carry the lymph tothe left and right vein corners.

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Distribution of the extraorganarteries:

1. Arteries are located onthe way of the nerve tube andnerves.

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Distribution of the extraorganarteries:

2. Arteries are divided into:

-parietal

- visceral

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Distribution of the extraorganarteries:

3. Each extremity gets onemain trunk.

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Distribution of the extraorganarteries:

4. Arteries of the trunk savethe segment structure.

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Distribution of the extraorganarteries:

5. Most of the arteries aredistributed as paired arteriesof the soma and visceral.

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Distribution of the extraorganarteries:

6. Arteries go together withveins and the lymphaticvessels, forming the commonvessel complex.

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Regularities of the arteries’ location

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Regularities of the arteries’ location

1. Arteries choose theshortest way to move tothe organ.

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Regularities of the arteries’ location

2. Arteries are locatedon the flexor surfaces ofthe body.

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3. Arteries are locatedin the grooves and canalsformed by bones, musclesand fascia, which protectblood vessels fromcompression.

Regularities of the arteries’ location

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4. Arteries enter theorgan on its concavemedial surface, whichfaces the blood supply.

Regularities of the arteries’ location

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5. Arteries form devicesaccording to the function of thebody:

a) vascular networks, rings andarcuate anastomoses areformed in the organs associatedwith movements.

Regularities of the arteries’ location

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5. Arteries form devices according to thefunction of the body:

b) the caliber of the arteries isdetermined not only by the size of theorgan, but also its function;

c) due to the latter, the endocrine glandshave numerous power sources.

Regularities of the arteries’ location

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Кровоносні судини серця (корозія)

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The wall of an adult arteryconsists of three membranes:

- internal,

- medium,

- external.

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The inner shell (tunica intima) is

formed by a layer of endothelial cells,

a subendothelial layer and a basement

membrane.

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The middle membrane (tunica

media) is formed by circular fibers of

unstriated muscle tissue and elastic

fibers.

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The outer shell (tunica externa)

contains loose connective tissue with

vascular vessels (vasa vasorum) and

vascular nerves (nervi vasorum).

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Inner and outer elastic membranes

(membrana elastica interna et

membrana elastica externa) are

placed between the shells.

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Стінка артерії і вени м׳язового типу. (НЕ х 400).

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Структура кровоносних судин

(середній калібр, м’язовий тип), схема.

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The large arteries (the aorta and its

large branches) are arteries of the elastic

type, because their walls are dominated by

elastic fibers and membranes. They

increase in diameter after the ejection of

blood mass by heartbeat. This expansion

spreads to subsequent arteries, and thus

a pulse wave is formed that travels along

the walls of the arteries in the distal

direction, helping the heart to push blood

to the periphery.

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Artery of elastic type. The aortic wall (НЕ х 80).

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The arteries of medium and small caliber

are dominated by muscular elements

(arteries of the muscular type), the

contractile function of which helps the

further movement of blood to the

periphery. In arteries of muscular-elastic

(mixed) type, there are almost the same

number of muscle cells and elastic fibers

in the middle membrane (for example,

subclavian and femoral arteries).

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By the nature of the branches, the

arteries are distinguished by the main type

of branches, loose and mixed types of

branches.

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According to the main type of branches,

the lateral branches depart from the well-

defined main trunk of the artery (for

example, the superior mesenteric artery),

and according to the placer type, the

artery is initially divided into terminal

branches (for example, the internal iliac

artery).

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The vessel that provides blood flow

bypassing the main pathway is called the

collateral vessel, the vas collaterale. The

vessel that connects the lateral branches of

one arterial trunk or different trunks of one

main vessel is called the anastomotic vessel,

(vasa anastomotica). In accordance with this,

there are:

1) intrasystem anastomoses (for example -

Zakharchenko-Wallenberg circle);

2) intersystem anastomoses (for example -

Vilisian circle).

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Arteries and veins are very

variable with structure, which

should be considered in the

clinic.

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Arcus aortae /

Ventriculus

sinister /

Aorta thoracica /

Aa.

digitales/

Medulla spinalis, vertebrae cervicales

Musculi,textus,

glandulae thyroideae,

cinguli membri

superioris

M.

pectoralis,

m.axillaris

Brachii et

cubitus

Margo

antebrachii

lateralis

Glandula

mammaria,

pericardium

Margo

antebrac

hii ulnaris

Aa.

digitales/

A.Radi

alis

siniste

r/

A.Ulna

ris

siniste

r/

Truncus

thyrocervicalis

sinister/

A.

Vertebralis

sinister/

A. carotis

communis

dexter/

A. subclavia

sinistra /

A. subclavia

dexra /

A. Brachialis

sinister/

Truncus

brachiocephalic

us/

A. Brachialis

dexter/

A. Axillaris

dexter/

A.Radi

alis

dexter/

A.Radi

alis

dexter/

A. Axillaris

sinister/

A.thoracic

ae internae

sinister/

A.thoracic

ae

internae

dexter/

Truncus

thyrocervicalis

dexter/

A.

Vertebralis

dexter/

A. carotis

communis

sinister/

A. Bronchialis/

Medulla

spinalis,vertebra

e, musculi dorsi,

cutis

A. Pericardiaci/

Pericardium

A. Esophagealis /

Oesophageus

A. Mediastinalis/

Mediastinalis

Rami viscerales /

Rami parietales /

Aorta

thoracica/

A. Intercostalis /

A. phrenicae

superiores/

Medulla

spinalis,vertebrae,

musculi dorsi,

cutis, diaphragma

Tractus

respiratorii

Rami viscerales / Rami parietales /

Aorta

abdominalis/

A. sacralis

mediana

A. gastrica

sinistra/

A. lienalis/

A. mesenterica

superior/

A. hepatica

communis/

A. mesenterica

inferior/

Trun

cus

coeli

acus/

A. phrenica

inferior/

Aa. lumbales/

Glandula suprarenalis/A.

suprarenalis/

A. renalis/

A. iliaca

communis

Ren/

Diaphragma

Medulla spinalis,

vertebrae, regio lumbalis

Pancreas, intestinum

tenue, appendix

vermiformis

Intestinum crassum

Splen,

gaster,pancreas

Hepar, gaster,

vesica fellea,

duodenum,

pancreas

Gaster

Aorta

abdominalis

A.

sacralis

medianaArteria iliaca

communis

dexter

Arteria iliaca

communis

sinister

Pelvis et

Membrum inferius

dexter

Membrum

inferius

dexter

A. iliaca

externa

A. iliaci

interni

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