the brain. gaba weight loss ad the brain development of localization zphrenology ygall...
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The Brain
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GABA Weight Loss Ad
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The Brain
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Phrenology equipotentiality Localization Neuroimagingtechniques
Localization vsEquipotentiality
Brain Structuresand Functions
Left and Right Hemispheres
Cortical Plasticity
The Brain
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Development of Localization
Phrenology Gall
Equipotentiality Flourens
Localization Broca
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Neuroimaging TechniquesStructural
MRITemporal Resolution
EEG MEG
Spatial Resolution PET SPECT fMRI
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W. W. Norton
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SPECT
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45 y/o - 27 yrs of heavy use
3 packs of cigs and 3 pots of coffee daily
Nicotine and Caffeine Abuse
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Localization vsEquipotentiality
Brainstem MIdbrain Forebrain
Brain Structuresand Functions
Left and Right Hemispheres
Cortical Plasticity
The Brain
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W. W. Norton
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Brainstem
Extension of the spinal cordsurvival programs
breathing swallowing gagging/vomiting
consists of hindbrain and midbrain
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Hindbrain
Pons contains part of reticular formation contains large nucleus that relays info
from cortex to cerebellumMedulla
contains part of reticular formation
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Hindbrain
Cerebellum performance of coordinated movements integrates visual, auditory, vestibular
and somatosensory info and info about individual muscle movements
motor learning
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W. W. Norton
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Midbrain
Midbrain helps integrate motor and sensory
information
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Reticular Formation (part of the tegmentum) receives sensory info that it projects to
the cortex and basal ganglia sleep and arousal regulation of cardiovascular system,
respiration and skeletal muscle tone sleep
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Tectum on top of the midbrain contains:
superior colliculi - part of visual systeminferior colliculi - part of auditory system
orienting head and body to face prominent stimuli (topographic map of space)
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Forebrain
Diencephalon hypothalamus thalamus
Telencephalon limbic system basal ganglia cerebral cortex
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W. W. Norton
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W. W
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ton
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Hypothalamus
Controls autonomic nervous system body temperature circadian rhythms blood pressure
controls the endocrine system hormones produced hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland controls hormonal release
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Hypothalamus
Organizes behaviour related to survival of the species - the so-called four F’s:
•Fighting
•Feeding
•Fleeing
•Mating
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Thalamus
Composed of numerous nucleiGateway to the cortex
all sensory info except olfactory controlling general excitability of the
cortex attention/blocking info during sleep
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W. W
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Limbic System
Hippocampus learning and memory spatial navigation
Amygdala emotional memories classical learning
associating environmental stimuli with emotion (fear)interpreting emotions conveyed by facial expressions
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Basal Ganglia
Consists of caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
input from cerebral cortexproject to motor centers of brainstemplanning and producing movement
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Basal Ganglia
Damage to basal ganglia motor disorders
initiation of planned movement
impaired motor learninghabits
Damage of projections to basal ganglia Parkinson’s disease
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Frontal Lobe
Primary motor cortex contralateral connects to muscles in
different parts of the bodyMotor Association cortex
planning movementsPrefrontal cortex
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Prefrontal Cortex
formulating plans and strategiessequencingflexibility of behaviourcontrol of impulses/self-controlmanagement of interferenceattention judgement/critical thinkingshort-term memory
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Damage to Prefrontal Cortex
right frontal lobe - difficulty appreciating humour
socially ineptrule breakingimpulsivedistractiblepoor time management/poor organizationpoor judgement/don’t learn from mistakes
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ADD - concentration task
marked decrease in prefrontal and left temporal
regions
underside
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Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex info from skin
touchtemperaturepressurepossibly pain (phantom limb)
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Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex info from skin
touchtemperaturepressurepossibly pain (phantom limb)
posterior parietal lobe visually guided movements hemineglect
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Temporal Lobes
Primary auditory cortexauditory comprehension
left hemisphere - language right hemisphere - sounds, melodies,
noises
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Occipital Lobes
Primary visual cortexvisual association cortexpathway from visual to parietal cortex
visually guided movementspathway from visual to temporal
cortex object recognition
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Marijuana
18 y/o - 3 year history of 4X/wk use
decreased pfc and temporal lobe activity
underside
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28 y/o - 10 years of mostly weekend use
decreased pfc and temporal lobe activity
underside
Marijuana
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Heroin
39 y/o - 25 yrs of frequent use
front on surface view - marked overall decreased activity
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Cocaine
24 y/o - 2 yr of frequent use
top down surface view
multiple holes across cortical surface
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Alcohol
38 y/o - 17 years of heavy weekend use
marked overall decreased activity
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Lateralization of Function
In general: left hemisphere
analyticsequential
right hemispherespatialholistic analysisemotions - facial, tone body language
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W. W. Norton
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Violinists have more cortical area devoted to the fingers in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. Why?
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Synaptic Plasticity
Learning/experience increases spine density
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