The Broadview Anthology of

BRITISH LITERATURE

Volume 6The Twentieth Century and Beyond

GENERAL EDITORS

Joseph Black, University of MassachusettsLeonard Conolly, Trent UniversityKate Flint, Rutgers UniversityIsobel Grundy, University of AlbertaDon LePan, Broadview PressRoy Liuzza, University of TennesseeJerome J. McGann, University of VirginiaAnne Lake Prescott, Barnard CollegeBarry V. Quails, Rutgers UniversityClaire Waters, University of California, Davis

broadview press

CONTENTS

PREFACE xxiv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXXII

THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY: FROM 1900 TO MID-CENTURY xxxv

The Edwardian Period xxxviThe World Wars XLMarx, Einstein, Freud, and Modernism XLIVThe Place of Women XLVIIAvant-Garde and Mass Culture LSexual Orientation LIIIreland . LVIdeology and Economics in the 1930s and 1940s LVIIThe Literature of the 1930s and 1940s LXLiterature and Empire LXIIThe English Language in the Early Twentieth Century LXIII

HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE AND OF PRINT CULTURE LXV

THOMAS HARDY '. 1

Hap 2Neutral Tones 3The Darkling Thrush 3The Ruined Maid 3A Broken Appointment 4Shut Out That Moon .' 4The Convergence of the Twain 5Channel Firing 5The Voice 6Transformations 6In Time of "The Breaking of Nations" 7The Photograph 7During Wind and Rain 7The Oxen 8Going and Staying 8IN CONTEXT: Hardy's Reflections on the Writing of Poetry 9

ALICE MEYNELL (Website)

A Father of WomenThe Threshing MachineReflections: (1) In Ireland

Reflections: (2) In OthelloReflections: (3) In Two Poets

BERNARD SHAW 10

Mrs. Warren's Profession 11IN CONTEXT: Shaw's Prefaces (Website)

from "Preface" to Plays Unpleasantfrom "Preface" to Mrs. Warrens Profession

IN CONTEXT: The Profession of Prostitution (Website)from William Acton, "Prostitution Considered in its Moral, Social, and

Sanitary Aspects," in London and Other Large CitiesSelected Illustrations

JOSEPH CONRAD 48

An Outpost of Progress 50"Preface" to The Nigger of the "Narcissus" 62The Secret Sharer 64from "Some Reflections on die Loss of the Titanic" 84IN CONTEXT: "The Vilest Scramble for Loot" in Central Africa 88

from William G. Stairs, Diaries 88from Henry Morgan Stanley, "Speech Given to the Lotus Club, New York" . . . 89from Henry Morgan Stanley, In Darkest Africa 90from Joseph Chamberlain, "Speech to the House of Commons" (6 August 1901) 91from Roger Casement, Congo Report 91

IN CONTEXT: Conrad as Seen by His Contemporaries (Website)IN CONTEXT: Miscommunication at Sea (Website)

from Joseph Conrad, The Mirror of the Sea: Memories and Impressions

A.E. HOUSMAN 93

Loveliest of Trees 94To an Athlete Dying Young 95Terence, This Is Stupid Stuff 95The Chestnut Casts His Flambeaux 96Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries 97

EDWARD THOMAS 98

Tears 99The Owl 99Rain 100

SIEGFRIED SASSOON 101

They 102Glory of Women 102Everyone Sang 102from Memoirs of an Infantry Officer 103

RUPERT BROOKE 105

Clouds 106. The Dead 106> The Soldier 106

The Great Lover (Website)

ISAAC ROSENBERG .• 107

Break of Day in the Trenches 108Dead Man's Dump 108Louse Hunting 109Returning, We Hear the Larks 110

WILFRED OWEN I l l

Arms and the Boy 112Dulce et Decorum Est 112Anthem for Doomed Youth 112Strange Meeting 113Futility 113Letters ". 114

To Susan Owen, 7 January 1917 114To Susan Owen, 10 January 1917 114To Susan Owen, 16 January 1917 115To Colin Owen, 2 March 1917 116To Susan Owen, [?16] May 1917 117To Susan Owen, 18 May 1917 118To Susan Owen, 23 May 1917 118To Susan Owen, 22 August 1917 119To Tom Owen, 26 August 1917 120To Mary Owen, 29 August 1917 120To Susan Owen, 4 (or 6) October 1918 120To Susan Owen, 8 October 1918 121To Susan Owen, 29 October 1918 121To Susan Owen, 31 October 1918 122

CONTEXTS: WAR AND REVOLUTION 124

from Anonymous, "Introduction" to Songs and Sonnets for England in War Time . . 125"In Flanders Fields": The Poem, and Some Responses 126

John McCrae, "In Flanders Fields" . . . 126John Mitchell, "Reply to In Flanders Fields" 128J.A. Armstrong, "Another Reply to In Flanders Fields" 128Elizabeth Daryush, "Flanders Fields" 129

Anonymous, "I Learned to Wash in Shell-Holes" 129J.P Long and Maurice Scott, "Oh! It's a Lovely War" 129from Rebecca West, "The Cordite Makers" 130

from Francis Marion Beynon, Aleta Day 132from Chapter 24, War 132

Ivor Gurney, "To His Love" 133Vance Palmer, "The Farmer Remembers the Somme" 133from Robert Graves, Good-Bye to All That 135

from Chapter 17 135from May Wedderburn Can nan, Grey Ghosts and Voices 138from "Proceedings" of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets

of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies 141

WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS 144

The Lake Isle of Innisfree 146When You Are Old 146Who Goes with Fergus? 147Adam's Curse 147No Second Troy 147Easter 1916 148The Wild Swans at Coole 149In Memory of Major Robert Gregory 149Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen 151A Prayer for My Daughter 153An Irish Airman Foresees his Death 154

- The Second Coming 155Meditations in Time of Civil War 155Leda and the Swan 158Among School Children 159Sailing to Byzantium 160The Tower 161A Dialogue of Self and Soul 163Byzantium 164For Anne Gregory 165Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop 166Lapis Lazuli 166The Circus Animals' Desertion 167Under Ben Bulben 168IN CONTEXT: Yeats on Poetic Inspiration 170

from "The Symbolism of Poetry" 170from "Four Years" 171from "Introduction" to A Vision 172

IN CONTEXT: The Struggle for Irish Independence 174Poblacht na h-Eireann: Proclamation of the Irish Republic 174Pidraic Pearse, "Statement" 175

H.G. Wells (Website)The New AcceleratorThe StarIN CONTEXT: Wells's Non-Fiction

from H.G. Wells, The Extinction of Man: Some Speculative Suggestions

SAKI (H.H. MUNRO) (Website)

Tobermory

DOROTHY RICHARDSON 177

About Punctuation 178Journey to Paradise 181"Foreword" to Pilgrimage 185

ROBERT SERVICE (Website)The Cremation of Sam McGee

E.M. FORSTER 188

The Machine Stops (Website)The Road from Colonus 189from "What I Believe" 195

P.G. WODEHOUSE 200

Honeysuckle Cottage 201

VIRGINIA WOOLF 213

The Mark on the Wall 215Blue & Green 219Kew Gardens 219Mrs. Dalloway in Bond Street 223Modern Fiction 227A Room of One's Own 231from "A Sketch of the Past" 279IN CONTEXT: Woolf and Bloomsbury 285IN CONTEXT: Woolf as Writer 288

from Virgina Woolf, A Writers Diary 288from E.M. Forster, "Review of 'Kew Gardens'" 290from unsigned "Review of'Kew Gardens'" 291from W.L. Courtney, "Review of Jacob's Room" 292

CONTEXTS: GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION 293

from Edward Carpenter, Love's Coming of Age 295"The Intermediate Sex" 295

from Havelock Ellis, Sexual Inversion 297from Chapter 3, Sexual Inversion in Men 297

from Chapter 4, Sexual Inversion in Women 298from Chapter 5, The Nature of Sexual Inversion 298

from Grant Allen, "Woman's Place in Nature" 299from Cicely Hamilton, Marriage as a Trade 299Female Suffrage 302

Anonymous, ["There Was a Small Woman Called G"] 302from Emmeline Pankhurst, My Own Story 303

from Marie Stopes, Married Love 305from Virginia Woolf, Orlando 307from George Orwell, "Boys' Weeklies" 308from Frank Richard, "Frank Richard Replies to George Orwell" 309from Robert Roberts, The Classic Slum 311from E.M. Forster, "Terminal Note" to Maurice 312from Virginia Woolf, "Old Bloomsbury" 312

JAMES JOYCE 314

Eveline 317Araby 319The Dead 322Ivy Day in the Committee Room (Website)A Little Cloud (Website)The Boarding House (Website)

- from Ulysses 343Chapter 13, Nausicaa 343

IN CONTEXT: Joyce's Dublin 366IN CONTEXT: Beckett and Joyce 368

from Samuel Beckett, "Dante ... Bruno. Vico ... Joyce" 368

D.H. LAWRENCE 375

Tortoise Shout 377Snake 378Bavarian Gentians 380The Prussian Officer 380Odour of Chrysanthemums 391The Hopi Snake Dance 401Why the Novel Matters 410

CONTEXTS: WORK AND WORKING-CLASS LIFE 414

from George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier 414from "A Debate Between G.B. Shaw and G.K. Chesterton,

Chaired by Hilaire Belloc" 418from Robert Roberts, The Classic Slum 420

KATHERINE MANSFIELD • 424

Bliss 425The Garden Party 432Miss Brill 439

T.S. ELIOT .442

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 444Preludes 447Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar 448Gerontion 449The Waste Land 450Journey of the Magi 461Marina 462Burnt Norton 462Tradition and the Individual Talent 465The Metaphysical Poets 469IN CONTEXT: T.S. Eliot and Anti-Semitism 474

CONTEXTS: ELIOT, POUND, AND THE VORTEX OF MODERNISM 477

from Jules Huret, "Interview with Stephane Mallarme'," L'Echo de Paris 478Imagist and Futurist Poetry: A Sampling 479

T.E. Hulme 479Autumn 479

Ezra Pound 480In a Station of the Metro 480Alba 480L'Art, 1910 480

H.D 480Oread 480The Pool 480

Mina Loy 480from "Three Moments in Paris" 481

1. One O'Clock at Night 481from "Love Songs" 481

Imagism and Vorticism 482from F.S. Flint, "Imagisme," Poetry Magazine 482from Ezra Pound, "A Few Don'ts By an Imagiste," Poetry 482from Ezra Pound, "Vorticism," Gaudier-Brzeska 483

from Virginia Woolf, "Character in Fiction" 485Reactions to the Poems of T.S. Eliot 489

from Arthur Waugh, "The New Poetry," Quarterly Review 489from Ezra Pound, "Drunken Helots and Mr. Eliot," The Egoist 490from unsigned "Review," Literary World 491from unsigned "Review," New Statesman 492from Conrad Aiken, "Diverse Realists," Dial 492

from May Sinclair, "Prufrock and Other Observations: A Criticism,"Little Review 492

from "Review of the First Issue of The Criterion," The Times LiterarySupplement 493

from Gilbert Seldes, "Review," The Nation 493from LA. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism 495from Douglas LePan, "Personality of the Poet: Some Recollections of

T.S. Eliot" 496

HUGH MACDIARMID (Website)from In Memoriam James JoyceWe Must Look at the HarebellIn the Children's HospitalAnother Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries

JEAN RHYS 499

Let Them Call It Jazz 500

DAVID JONES 509

from In Parenthesis 510from "Preface" 510from Part 7, The Five Unmistakable Marks 511

from The Sleeping Lord (Website)

ROBERT GRAVES 514

The Cool Web 515Down, Wanton, Down! 515Recalling War 515

NANCY CUNARD 517

{mm Jamaica: The Negro Island 518from The White Man's Duty 521

from "Preface" 521

ELIZABETH BOWEN 523

The Demon Lover (Website)Oh, Madam 524

STEVIE SMITH 527

Mother, Among the Dustbins 528The River God 528Not Waving but Drowning 529The New Age 529Away, Melancholy 529

The Blue from Heaven 530Pretty 531

GEORGE ORWELL 532

from Homage to Catalonia 533Politics and the English Language 539Shooting an Elephant • 546IN CONTEXT: Elephants in Asia 550

SAMUEL BECKETT 551

Whoroscope 553from Texts For Nothing 555The Calmative 559Imagination Dead Imagine 566Krapp's Last Tape 568

W.H. AUDEN 573

[O what is that sound] 575[At last the secret is out] 575[Funeral Blues] 575Spain 1937 576[Lullaby] 578[As I walked out one evening] 578Musee des Beaux Arts 579In Memory of W. B. Yeats 580September 1, 1939 581from The Sea and the Mirror [Song of the Master and Boatswain] 582The Shield of Achilles 583"The Truest Poetry is die Most Feigning" 584IN CONTEXT: Auden on the Nature and Craft of Poetry 586

from Writing 586

CONTEXTS: WORLD WAR II 588

Winston Churchill, Speeches to the House of Commons 590from "Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat" (13 May 1940) 590from "We Shall Fight on the Beaches" (4 June 1940) . 590from "Their Finest Hour" (18 June 1940) 591

from Harold Nicholson, The War Years: 1939-1945 593from Charles Ritchie, The Siren Years 595Ross Parker and Hughie Charles, "We'll Meet Again" 598Nat Burton and Walter Kent, "The White Cliffs of Dover" 599Anonymous, Fucking Tobruk (Website)from John Lehmann, "Foreword" to The Penguin New Writing 600David Campbell, "Men in Green" 600Keith Douglas, "Vergissmeinnicht" 601

from Henry Reed, Lessons of War 6021. Naming of Parts 602

Douglas LePan 602"Below Monte Cassino" 602"The Haystack" 603

Life at Home 603Anti-Semitism and World War II 608

from Ezra Pound, "Speech to the English" 609from George Orwell, "Anti-Semitism in Britain" 610from Rebecca West, "Greenhouse -with Cyclamens" 611from George Bernard Shaw, "The Unavoidable Subject" 614

THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND: 1945 TO THE

TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 617

The End of the War and the Coming of the Welfare State 617The End of Empire 620From the 1960s to Century's End 622Ireland, Scotland, Wales 626The New Millennium 629The History of the English Language 631

LEONORA CARRINGTON 634

- The Debutante 635

DORIS LESSING 637

To Room Nineteen 638from The Golden Notebook 655

from "Introduction" to the 1971 edition 655

DYLAN THOMAS 657

The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower 658Fern Hill 659Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night 660A Refusal To Mourn The Death, By Fire, Of A Child In London 660IN CONTEXT: Dylan Thomas in America (Website)

from John Malcolm Brinnin, Dylan Thomas in America: An Intimate Journal

JUDITH WRIGHT 661

Woman to Man 662The Bull 662Woman to Child 663At Cooloola 663Sports Field 663Two Dreamtimes 664

from A Human Pattern: Selected Poems 665"Foreword" 665

P.K. PAGE 666

The Stenographers 667The Landlady 667Ecce Homo 668Stories of Snow 669Young Girls 670After Rain 670

' Nursing Home 671from "Address At Simon Fraser" 672Planet Earth 673Calgary 674

PENELOPE FITZGERALD 675

The Axe 676

GRAHAM GREENE 681

The Basement Room 682IN CONTEXT: Reflections on Writing and Filmmaking 695

"Preface" to The Fallen Idol 695from "Interview with Marie-Francoise Allain" 696

PHILIP LARKIN 698

Days 700Church Going 700Talking in Bed 701Dockery and Son 701Annus Mirabilis 702High Windows 702This Be The Verse 702Vers de Societe 703The Old Fools 703Aubade 704

CONTEXTS: POWER, POLITICS, AND THE BOOK (Website)

ALAN SILLITOE 705

The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner 706IN CONTEXT: "Angry Young Men" 726

from John Osborne, A Better Class of Person: An Autobiography 726Passing Looks at Christmas 728

THOM GUNN 730

The Wound 731Tamer and Hawk 732To His Cynical Mistress 732The Hug 732The Missing 733

HAROLD PINTER 734

The Homecoming 735

TED HUGHES 765

The Thought-Fox 766Pike 767Wodwo 767Theology 768A Childish Prank 768The Seven Sorrows 768Heptonstall Old Church 769You Hated Spain 770Daffodils 770

A.S. BYATT 772

- The July Ghost 773

CONTEXTS: PUBLIC VOICES: THE END OF EMPIRE AND A NEW BRITAIN 782

The "Quit India" Movement 784from Mohandas K. Gandhi, "Speech to the All India Congress Committee" . . 784from Sir Stafford Cripps, "Statement on India" 786

from Martin Luther King, "The Birth of a New Nation" (Website)from Harold Macmillan, "Speech Made to the South Africa Parliament" 788from Manmohan Singh, "Acceptance Speech on the Occasion of the Awarding

of the Degree of Doctor of Civil Law, Honoris Causa" 789from Winston Churchill, "Campaign Speech" 792from Clement Attlee, "Speech on the King's Address" 793from Enoch Powell, "Speech on Race and Immigration" (Website)from Margaret Thatcher, "Speech to the Conservative Party Conference" 796from Tony Blair, "Speech to the Labour Party Conference" 799from Tony Blair, "Speech on the War in Iraq and Global Terrorism" (Website)

CHINUA ACHEBE 805

The Sacrificial Egg 806from "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness" 809

DEREK WALCOTT 814

A Far Cry from Africa 815Ruins of a Great House . 816A Letter from Brooklyn 817from Midsummer 817

52 817

SEAMUS HEANEY 819

Digging 820Thatcher 820The Wife's Tale 821The Grauballe Man 821Punishment 822Casualty 823Seeing Things 824Englands of the Mind 825

ALICE MUNRO 834

Silence (Website)The View from Casde Rock 835

NGUGI WA THIONG'O 852

from Decolonising the Mind 853Chapter 3 853Chapter 4 855Chapter 5 857

LES MURRAY 859

An Absolutely Ordinary Rainbow 860Bent Water in the Tasmanian Highland 861The Quality of Sprawl 863Pigs 864The Mare out on the Road 864

MARGARET ATWOOD 866

Further Arrivals 868Deadi of a Young Son by Drowning 868The Immigrants 869Later in Belleville: Career 869Daguerreotype Taken in Old Age 869Thoughts from Underground 870A Bus along St. Clair: December 870We are hard 871[you fit into me] 871" The Handmaid's Tale and Oryx and Crake in Context" 872

IN CONTEXT: Susanna Moodie (Website)from Susanna Moodie, Roughing it in the Bushfrom Susanna Moodie, Life in the Clearings versus the Bush

MICHAEL ONDAATJE 877

Letters & Other Worlds 878Travels in Ceylon (from Running in the Family) 879

TOM STOPPARD 883

Professional Foul 884

CARYL CHURCHILL 914

Top Girls 915

ANGELA CARTER 952

The Bloody Chamber 953

JOHN CLEESE AND GRAHAM CHAPMAN 975

from Monty Python's Flying Circus 976Dead Parrot Sketch 976Pet Conversion 977Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook 978

- Spam 979

SALMAN RUSHDIE 981

Is Nothing Sacred? 982

IAN MCEWAN 990

Last Day of Summer 991

PAUL MULDOON 999

Good Friday, 1971. Driving Westward 1000Our Lady Of Ardboe 1001The Sightseers 1001Cherish The Ladies 1002Milkweed And Monarch 1002The Plot 1003Anonymous: Myself And Pangur 1003

KAZUO ISHIGURO 1004

A Village After Dark 1005

HANIF KUREISHI 1012

My Son the Fanatic 1013

DAVID DABYDEEN 1019

Slave Song 1020Coolie Odyssey 1021from Turner: New and Selected Poems 1023

"Preface" 1023Turner 1024

CAROL A N N DUFFY 1027

Stealing 1028Adultery 1028The Good Teachers 1029Drunk : 1029Mean Time 1030Mrs. Lazarus 1030Wish 1031Rapture 1031

DIRECTIONS IN LATE TWENTIETH- AND EARLY TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY POETRY . . . . 1032

Geoffrey Hill 1034from Mercian Hymns 1034A Short History of British India (2) 1035from The Triumph of Love 1036

Tony Harrison -. . .• . .- 1037Them & [uz] 1037t'Ark 1037

from V 1038from Sonnets for August 1945 1038

The Morning After 1038Tom Raworth 1039

Out of A Sudden 1039Looking for Language 1039

David Harsent 1039Art 1039

Craig Raine 1040A Martian Sends a Postcard Home 1040

Eavan Boland 1041Night Feed 1041Anna Liffey 1041Listen. This is the Noise of Myth 1044Against Love Poetry 1045

Veronica Forrest-Thomson 1046Identi-Kit 1046Phrase-Book 1046

James Fenton 1046A German Requiem 1047

Grace Nichols 1048Skanking Englishman Between Trains 1048Epilogue 1049Love 1049White 1049

Medbh McGuckian 1049Slips 1049The Sofa 1050The Dream-Language of Fergus 1050

Maggie O'Sullivan 1051from "Starlings" 1051

Linton Kwesi Johnson 1051Inglan Is a Bitch 1051

Moniza Alvi 1052And If 1052How the World Split in Two 1053

Jean Binta Breeze 1053earth cries 1053

Gwyneth Lewis 1053Mother Tongue 1053

Jackie Kay 1054In My Country 1054High Land 1054

Simon Armitage 1055The English 1055It Could Be You 1055

Alice Oswald 1055Wedding 1055Woods etc 1055

Caitriona O'Reilly 1056Hide 1056A Brief History of Light 1056

BERNARDINE EVARISTO 1057

from Lara 1058One (1949, Taiwo) 1058

JEANETTE WINTERSON 1061

Lives of Saints 1062

ZADIE SMITH 1065

Hanwell in Hell 1066

APPENDICES

READING POETRY 1074

MAPS 1094

MONARCHS AND PRIME MINISTERS OF GREAT BRITAIN 1098

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 1103

TEXTS AND CONTEXTS: CHRONOLOGICAL CHART (WEBSITE)

BIBLIOGRAPHY (WEBSITE)

PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1126

INDEX OF FIRST LINES 1139

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES 1142