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Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome: Timeline

• Roman Republic (ca. 500-1st century BC)

• Roman Empire (ca. 31 BC-500 AD)

Ancient Rome: Geography

• Tiber River

• Tyrrenhian, Adriatic, Med.

• Alps, Apennines

Consuls (2)

Senate

Assembly

Patricians & Plebians

Roman Republic: Politics

Punic Wars (264-149 BC)

• Roman Republic vs. Carthage

• 3 Punic Wars

Civil War(s)

• 150-100 BC: Tiberius, Gaius Gracchus (ECONOMICS)

• Gaius Marius vs. Sulla (MILITARY)

Dictators: First & Second Triumvirates

1. Pompey, Julius Caesar, Crassus (44 BC)

2. Marc Antony, Octavian, Lepidus

a. Octavian (31 BC-14 AD)

Roman Empire: Highlights

• 5 Bad Emperors, 14-68 AD (Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero)

• 5 Good Emperors, 96-180 AD (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius, Marcus Aurelius); Pax Romana (27-180 AD)

1. 190s-280s: Unrest

2. Diocletian (284-305 AD)

3. Constantine (306-337 AD)

Roman Empire

Ancient Rome: Conclusions

• Republic & Empire

• Republic (reforms, conflict, expansion)

• Empire (expansion, trade, collapse)

• Impact & Legacy

Birth of Christianity

Christianity: Origins

• Roman Empire; (Rabbinic) Judaism

• Yeshua/Jesus + 12 followers

• 12 followers + Paul

Christianity: Origins

• “Christianity” = Jewish sect

• Jesus’ death/Resurrection

• Saul’s persecution/conversion

• Jerusalem: Pentecost

• Council at Jerusalem (49 AD)

• Temple destroyed (70 AD)

Joseph Ignaz Mildorfer (1750s)

Spread of Christianity

“Capitals” of Christianity

Roman Persecutions

Nero’s Persecution (ca. 60s AD)

“To suppress the rumor, Nero fabricated scapegoats - and punished with every refinement the notoriously depraved Christians (as they were popularly called). Their originator, Christ, had been executed in Tiberius’ reign... But in spite of this temporary setback the deadly superstition had broken out afresh, not only in Judea (where the mischief had started) but even in Rome. All degraded and shameful practices collect and flourish in the capital. First, Nero had self-acknowledged Christians arrested. Then, on their information, large numbers of others were condemned - not so much for incendiarism as for their anti-social tendencies. ”

Nero’s Persecution (ca. 60s AD)

“Their deaths were made farcical. Dressed in wild animals’ skins, they were torn to pieces by dogs, or crucified, or made into torches to be ignited after dark as substitutes for daylight... Despite their guilt as Christians, and the ruthless punishment it deserved, the victims were pitied. For it was felt that they were being sacrificed to one man's brutality rather than to the national interest.” (Tacitus, Annals of Imperial Rome 15:44)

Martyrdom of Ignatius (ca. 115) “(I hope) through your prayers to succeed in fighting with wild beasts in Rome—in order that by so succeeding I might be able to be a disciple….I will never again have an opportunity such as this to reach God…..Grant me nothing more than to be poured out as an offering to God… I die for God of my own free will—unless you hinder me. I implore you: do not be ‘unseasonably kind’ to me. Let me be food for the wild beasts, through whom I can reach God…Leave me to imitate the Passion of my God….

Martyrdom of Ignatius (ca. 115)

“I am God’s wheat, I am being ground by the teeth of the wild beasts, that I might prove to be pure bread… Then I will truly be a disciple of Jesus Christ, when the world no longer sees my body… Now, at last, I am beginning to be a disciple. May nothing visible or invisible envy me so that I may reach Jesus Christ.”

Justin Martyr (150 AD)

“On the day called Sunday all who live in the cities or in the country gather at one place and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read as long as time permits. When the reader is finished, the one who is presiding instructs us in a brief discourse and exhorts us to imitate these noble things…

Justin Martyr (150 AD)

…Then we all stand up together and offer prayers…When we have finished the prayers, bread is brought forth, and wine and water, and the presiding minister offers up prayers and thanksgiving to the best of his ability, and the people assent, saying the Amen; after this the consecrated elements are distributed and received by each one…

Justin Martyr (150 AD)

…Then a deacon brings a portion to those who are absent. Those who prosper, and who so wish, contribute what each thinks fit. What is collected is deposited with the presiding minister who takes care of the orphans and widows, and those who are in need because of sickness or some other reason, and those who are imprisoned, and the strangers and sojourners among us.”

Christianity & Roman Empire

• Emperor Constantine

• Edict of Milan (312 CE)

• Constantinople (330 CE)

Christian Doctrines

• Church/Ecclesiastical Councils (Nicaea, Constantinople, Chalcedon, Ephesus)

Nicene Creed

“We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty…….We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God….Through him all things were made……..For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate, he suffered, died, and was buried. On the third day he rose again….We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son……We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come. Amen.”

Monasticism

Anthony of Egypt (251-356 AD)

Augustine of Hippo (354-430)

• Augustine (354-430)

• Bishop of Hippo (Algeria)

• Philosopher

• City of God

African Christianity

Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo (354-430)

The Byzantine Empire & Islam

Byzantine Empire: Origins

• Diocletian

• Constantinople (ca. 330-1453 AD)

• Byzantines = “Roman” but “Greek East”

Byzantine Empire: Geography

Justinian & Theodora

Emperor Justinian (527-565) Empress Theodora (d. 548)

Byzantine Empire: Origins

• Justinian = order, stability, unity

• Military

• Law: Corpus Juris Civilis

• Religion

“Solomon, I have outdone you.”

Christianity in Russia/Rus’

• Prince Vladimir of Kiev (958-1015)

• Byzantine Christianity

• Church of the Tithes

Byzantine Empire: Conclusions

• “Preservation” of Roman Empire

• Corpus Juris Civilis

• Hagia Sophia: Eastern Christianity

• Christian Orthodoxy

• Christianity & the State?

Islam: Origins

• Pre-Islamic Arabia

• Muhammad (570-632 AD)

• 4 “Rightly Guided” Caliphs (632-661 AD)

Muhammad (570-632 AD)

• b. 570—Quraysh tribe

• Merchant

• Khadija (m. 595)

• Revelations @ Hira Cave (610)

• Hijra (Medina 622 AD)

• Mecca (628 AD)

Islam: Origins

• 4 “Rightly Guided” Caliphs (632-661 AD)

1. Abu Bakr (632-634 AD)

2. Umar (634-644 AD)

3. Uthman (644-656 AD)

4. Ali (656-661 AD)

5 Pillars of Islam

• Shahada – Testimony

• Salat – Prayer

• Zakat – Almsgiving

• Sawm – Fasting

•Hajj - Pilgrimage

Masjid al-Haram

Islamic Empires (661-1919/WW1)

Middle East

• Umayyad

• Abbasid

• Mamluks/OE

North Africa

• Fatimid

• Almoravid

• Almohad

• Cordoba

Asia

• Mughal

• Safavid

Islamic Empires (661-1920)

Middle East

• Umayyad (661-750 AD)

• Abbasid (750-1258 AD)

• Ottoman Empire (1300-1920 AD)

Umayyad Caliphate

Abbasid Caliphate

Harun al-Rashid (786-809)

• Bayt al-Hikma (“House of Wisdom”)

• Correspondence with Charlemagne

Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1566)

Islamic Empires (661-1920)

North Africa

• Fatimid (900-1200 AD)

• Almoravid (1040-1140 AD)

• Almohad (1100-1300 AD)

Islamic Empires (661-1920)

Asia

•Mughal (1500-1850)

•Safavid (1500-1700)

Safavid & Mughal Empires

Islam: Sufism

Sufism: Origins

• When: 600-1500 AD

• What: Suf (“wool”), Tasawwuf—inner life, mysticism, feeling, Tariqah—the (Sufi) Path, Way, Marifah—Gnosis, Haqiqah—Truth, Reality, Dikhr—chants, songs, dance, music, poetry, meditation

Rumi

Rumi, “Let Go of Your Worries” Let go of your worries

and be completely clear-hearted, like the face of a mirror

that contains no images. If you want a clear mirror,

behold yourself and see the shameless truth,

which the mirror reflects. If metal can be polished

to a mirror-like finish, what polishing might the mirror

of the heart require? Between the mirror and the heart

is this single difference: the heart conceals secrets, while the mirror does not.

Rumi, “Beauty of the Heart” The beauty of the heart

is the lasting beauty:

its lips give to drink

of the water of life.

Truly it is the water,

that which pours,

and the one who drinks.

All three become one when

your talisman is shattered.

That oneness you can’t know

by reasoning.

Byzantine Empire & Islam: Conclusions

• Empires & Imperial Growth, Conflict

• Christianity & the State vs. “freedom of religion”

• Cross-cultural contact, trade, conflict

• Origins of “Western Civilization”: law, medicine, art, literature, etc.

Ancient Africa & Ibn Battuta’s Travels

Africa’s Geography

• Diverse Climates (Map 1)

• Food Resources (Map 2)

• Linguistic Diversity (Map 3)

• Economy & Trade (Map 4)

Ghana

• Ghana (ca 300-1100), Koumbi Saleh (capital)

• Economy: Iron, Salt,

Gold, Ivory

• Soninke language (Niger Congo family)

Almoravids (1040-1140), Almohads (1100-1300)

Mali (ca 600s-1600s)

Kings of Mali

Sundiata (1230-1255), Mansa Musa (1312-1337), Mansa Suleyman (1341-1360)

Mansa Musa in Egypt (1300s)

“From the beginning of my coming to stay in Egypt I heard talk of the arrival of this sultan Musa on his Pilgrimage and found the Cairenes eager to recount what they had seen. . . . [they] told me of the opulence, manly virtues, and piety of [t]his sultan. When I went out to meet him [Musa] that is, on behalf of the mighty sultan al-Malik, [Musa] did me extreme honor and treated me with the greatest courtesy. He addressed me, however, only through an interpreter despite his perfect ability to speak in the Arabic tongue. Then he forwarded to the royal treasury many loads of unworked native gold and other valuables. I tried to persuade him to go up to the Citadel to meet the sultan, but he refused persistently saying: “I came for the Pilgrimage and nothing else. I do not wish to mix anything else with my Pilgrimage.” Al-Umari (Egyptian writer)

Djenne Mosque (Mali)

Songhay Empire

• Sonni Ali (1468-1493)

• Muhammad Ture (1493-1528): Muslim

• Economy: Salt, Gold, Cowrie Shells, Slaves (traded with Tuareg)

• Geography: Niger River (fishing)

Songhay Empire (ca. 1513)

“Here are many shops of craftsmen and merchants, especially those who weave linen and cotton cloth. To this place [Berber] merchants bring cloth from Europe…The region produces corn, cattle, milk, and butter in great abundance, but salt is very scarce for it is brought here by land from Taghaza…the rich king of Timbuktu has many articles of gold, and he keeps a magnificent and well furnished court. When he travels…he rides upon a camel which is led by some of his noblemen…here there are many doctors, judges, priests and other learned men, that are well maintained at the king’s cost…..

Songhay Empire (ca. 1513)

…Various manuscripts and written books are brought here out of [Berber lands] and sold for more money than any other merchandise. The coin of [Timbuktu] is of gold……[and] they use certain shells brought here from Persia…”

Leo Africanus (from Fez)

Transaharan Trade (Map 6)

Desert Odyssey: Tuareg Traders

Ibn Battuta (1304-1368)

• b. Tangier, Morocco; qadi

• Rihla (“Travels”); 75K

• Dictated to Ibn Juzayy 1350s

Ibn Battuta’s Travels

1326: The Hajj 1326-1327: Persia and Iraq 1328-1330: The Arabian Sea & East Africa 1330-1331: Anatolia (Turkey) 1332-1333: China 1334-1341: Delhi 1342-1344: Maldives Islands & Ceylon 1345-1346: Malaysia and China 1346-1349: Morocco 1349-1350: Andalusia (Muslim Spain) and Morocco 1351-1353: West Africa

Ibn Battuta’s Journey Begins

“I set out alone, having neither fellow-traveler in whose companionship I might find cheer, nor caravan whose party I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me, and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries [Mecca & Medina]. So I braced my resolution to quit all my dear ones...and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests. My parents being yet in the bonds of life, it weighed sorely upon me to part from them, and both they and I were afflicted-with sorrow at this separation.”

Ibn Battuta: Hajj (1326)

We saw before our eyes the illustrious Ka’ba (may God increase it in veneration), like a bride displayed on the bridal chair of majesty and the proud mantles of beauty.... We made the seven-fold circuit of arrival and kissed the Holy Stone. ……We drank of the water of the well of Zamzam which, if you drink it seeking restoration from illness, God restoreth thee; if you drink it for satiation from hunger, God satisfieth thee; if you drink it to quench thy thirst, God quencheth it.... Praise be to God Who hath honored us by visitation to this Holy House.

Ibn Battuta West Africa

Ancient Africa

East Africa: Geography

• Proximity to Middle East, Eurasia, Indian Ocean

• Rivers

• Costal cities

East Africa: Ethiopia

• Ancient Axum (ca 300s)

• Islam (ca 600s-700s)

• Zagwe Dynasty (1150-1270)

• King Lalibela (1200-1250)

• Solomonid Dynasty (1270-1975)

Haile Selassie (1892-1975)

Ras Tafari Makonnen(“Ras” = King [Amh])

Christianity in Ethiopia: Lalibela

Christianity in Ethiopia: King Lalibela (1200-1250 AD)

Swahili Coast: Trade (MAP #2)

• Independent City-States (Sofala, Kilwa, Mombasa)

• “The goods”: – From East: glassware, porcelain, silk, cotton, Islam – From Africa: copper, skins, ivory, gold, Swahili

• Monsoons – Nov-March: to Africa – Apr-Oct: from Africa

MAP #2

Arab Dhow & Chinese Junk

Great Zimbabwe (1200-1450) (dzimba dzamabwe)

• Interior settlement & trading center

• Geography: Limpopo, Zambezi Rivers

• “The goods”: beads, gold, ivory

• Zimbabwe = “stone houses” (Shona, pl.)

• Great Enclosure; stone structures (35’ high)

MAP #4

East Africa: Conclusions

• Politics: Kingdoms – Zagwe, Solomonid – Great Zimbabwe

• Economics: Costal & Interior Trade

– Swahili City-States Sofala, Kilwa, Mombasa, Mogadishu w/Muscat, Gao – Great Zimbabwe & Sofala

• Culture: Religion

– Ethiopian Christianity (icons, architecture) – Solomonids = King Solomon & Jews – Islam (Swahili coast, Dhows, Bava Gor)