the canadian contextwgsi.org/sites/wgsi-live.pi.local/files/energy_access...10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 of...
TRANSCRIPT
THE CANADIAN CONTEXT Planning for plenty ndash a strategic national priority
We must acknowledge the role of energy as the backbone of a better quality of life for remote communities facing a variety of disadvantages We can no longer ignore our responsibility to provide the supportive resources these communities need to not only meet their current minimum energy needs but to plan for plenty
Four steps are required to establish this as an area of national priority
1 Commit to a step change in investment 3 Create a single intergovernmental point of contact Canadarsquos federal government should increase its overall A single point of contact within government ndash whose funding commitments for energy in remote communities responsibility is to ensure those initiating and managing from the tens of millions to the billions in the immediate energy projects can navigate regulations funding and
reporting at the federal and provincialterritorial level ongoing green infrastructure spending programs and across relevant departments ndash is essential
2 Recognize Indigenous leadership and 4 Connect people technologies and information support capacity building Knowledge sharing between communities and innovative
institutions is critical to success Private and public sectors Indigenous clean energy leadership must be recognized should be encouraged to utilize up-to-date information and supported through capacity building programs and innovative technologies to seek new arrangements for
sustainable over the long term
Excerpted from Waterloo Global Science Initiativersquos OpenAccess Energy Blueprint (March 2017)Creative Commons License BY-NC 40Authors Mariano Arriaga Michael Brooks Nigel MooreEditors Hayley Rutherford Julie WrightDesign INTENTwgsiorg
ES23
CANADArsquoS DIESEL DEPENDENT COMMUNITIEle
ctric
Load
POPULAT IONlt 500 501ndash1500 1501ndash2500 2501ndash5000 gt 5001
Electricity Transmission Lines
Remote communities Canada has 279 active remote communities that are not connected to the North American electric grid 239 of which rely on diesel fuel for electricity and oil for heating
two thirds of these remote communities are Indigenous1
OUTAGES LOAD RESTRICTION AND AGING EQUIPMENT5
Winter Inadequate energy services Summer Nunavut Ontario and British Columbia are regions where
an estimated 25 to 50 percent of communities have a load Installed Capacity restriction status meaning that peak electricity demand is
near the maximum operating capacity of the diesel-generator Load Restrictionplant4 Load restriction status has a number of negatively
on a communityrsquos economic development due to an inability to connect new houses buildings or water treatment plant
impact on quality of life Time
Energy access - the Canadian context 2OpenAccess Energy Blueprint
ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCE AND DIESEL CONSUMPTION ES
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
ESTIMATE IN FUEL DEPENDENT COMMUNITIFossil fuel dependency Diesel fuel is used to generate 995 percent of all electricity in remote communities Aging diesel storage facilities cause frequent spills which are enormously expensive to clean up It is not always clear who is responsible for initiating and paying for remediation According to Indigenous and Northern
are over 2000 contaminated sites on First Nations reserves across Canada 70 of those sites are contaminated with diesel1
995 Diesel-based power192 million litres672 GWh
05rewop ygrene elbawener rehto dna ordyh-llamS
32 GWh
Nunavut60 million litres | 210 GWh 31Quebec40 million litres | 140 GWh 21British Columbia37 million litres | 131 GWh 19
Ontario 23 million litres | 79 GWh 12
Others32 million litres | 112 GWh 17
Manitoba (40 million litres 14 GWh 21) Northwest Territories (128 million litres 44 GWh 67) Newfoundland and Labrador (133 million litres 465 GWh 69) Saskatchewan (005 million litres 02 GWh 003) Yukon (17 million litres 59 GWh 09)
HEATING ENERGY SOURCE AND DIESEL CONSUMPTION ES
3 18 19 20 21 22
ESTIMATE IN FUEL DEPENDENT COMMUNITI
For heating wood and fuel-oil are the most common sources of energy In forested areas wood is the preferred source for residential use due to its perceived lower cost14 15 However there are regions that fully depend on fuel-oil since no other resource is available In energy terms fuel-oil accounts for approximately 84 percent of the total energy
Nunavut59 million litres | 633 GWh 43
Quebec26 million litres | 278 GWh 19
10
Others 6NL amp Labrador 6
Northwest Territories 14 million litres | 152 GWh
use for heating across remote 8 million litres | 90 GWh communities1617
84 million litres | 91 GWh
British Columbia (34 million litres 37 GWh 30) Manitoba (05 million litres 54 GWh 04) Ontario (39 million litres 415 GWh 33) Saskatchewan (009 million litres 09 GWh 01) Yukon (06 million litres 62 GWh 05)
Norman Wells (NT) not considered
84Fuel oil-based heat116 million litres1244 GWh
14Wood205 GWh
2 Others27 GWh
3 Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint
Yukon Territory ndash Old Crow
Quebec North 53
Quebec Sud 53
Ontariondash Air
Ontariondash Road
Nunavut ndash Iqaluit
Northwest Territorie
s ndash Thermal
Newfoundland
Manitoba
British Columbia
ONGOING ISSUES HIGH COST OF ELECTRICITY ES
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
IN REMOTE COMMUNITISupported Rates ndash Residential
High cost of energy Full Rates ndash Community amp Government Buildings
Although the cost of energy in remote 150 communities is partially covered by
the budgets of federal and provincial 125
Elect
ricity
Tarif
f ($
kWh)
mean electricity and heating remains
is much higher than simply the fuel ndash
100
075transportation storage and ultimately generation and storage site clean-up and remediation must also be accounted for 050
Many communities only have ground 025 transportation access via winter ice roads and warming trends in recent 0 years have seen some communitiesrsquo road access diminish to the point
transportation can double the cost of ProvinceArea electricity3
HIGH COST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ES
34 35
DEPLOYMENTS IN REMOTE COMMUNITI
Installation costs of renewable energy Full Electricity Tariff technologies in remote communities Avoided Diesel-related Costs
Supported Electricity Tariff in carbon emissions and the rising cost 175 175
ACTUAL TARGETof diesel transportation means that over the long term projects should be 150 150 considered worth the investment32
125 125
Elect
ricity
Tarif
f amp Di
esel
Cost
20
16 $
kWh Solar photovoltaics (PV) have been
successfully deployed in remote locations across Canada If 20 MW of solar capacity was installed across
LCOE
($k
Wh)
100 100
075 075 Canadarsquos remote communities it could displace 58 million litres of diesel fuel 050 050 annually an estimated savings of CA$29 million on fuel costs33 To make this 025 025 displacement a reality ndash assuming solar deployments reach a reasonable target 0 0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 of CA$4 per watt ndash it would require an estimated investment of CA$81 million Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Deployment Cost ($W)
4 Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint
INACrsquoS ecoENERGY PROGRAM ALLOCATED FUNDING FOR ENERGY STUDIES ES
3 39
Energy Planning Electricity General Heat50k | 05
Energy Planning100k | 11
Feasibility297k | 31
Installation200k | 21
Feasibility20k | 02
Energy Planning252k | 26
Funding To date federal program funding for energy services in remote communities has been inadequate Compare Alaskarsquos Renewable Energy Fund ndash which has been allocating US$50M annually since 200836 for renewable energy projects that reduce diesel dependency ndash to INACrsquos ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program which allocated CA$95 million to diesel-dependent communities for energy related projects over the 10 year course of the program37
ecoENERGY is one of the few programs where enough
Heat 25General 5
Electricity 70
Feasibility2928k | 308
Installation1968k | 207
Installation3702k | 389
targeted to diesel-dependent remote communities
sources of funding that support energy projects and some of the funding recipients have been diesel-dependent communities38 Nevertheless with the public information available it is impossible to quantify andor classify the
remote communities So while not a perfect comparison we believe it provides a clear example of the type of dedicated
required to plan for plenty
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 5
1 Knowles J (2016) Power shift Electricity for Canadarsquos remote communities Conference Board of Canada Retrieved from http wwwconferenceboardcae-libraryabstractaspxdid=8249
2 Natural Resources Canada (2012) Remote Communities Database Retrieved from httpswww2nrcan-rncangccaeneenesourcesrcd-bceindexcfmfuseaction=adminhome1ampnew=true
3 Arriaga M et al (2014) Database of Electrical Grid Systems in Canadarsquos Remote Communities Technical report
4 Henderson C (2016) Personal interview with Mariano Arriaga
5 Arriaga M et al (2014) Northern lights Access to electricity in Canadarsquos Northern and remote communities IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 12(4) 50ndash59 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstamp jsptp=amparnumber=6832824ampisnumber=6832720
6 Hydro Quebec (2007) Plan DrsquoApprovisionnement 2008- 2017 des Reseaux Autonomes Retrieved from httpwww regie-energieqcca audiences3648-07Requete3648B-1- HQD-02-01_3648_01nov07pdf
7 Hydro Quebec (2013) 2014-2023 Supply Plan for the Autonomous Grids Retrieved from httppublicsderegie-energieqccaprojets232 DocPrjR-3864-2013-C-ROEC389-0014-Trad-Doc-2014_03_13pdf
8 Government of the Northwest Territories (2013) A Vision for the NWT Power System Plan Retrieved from httpswwwntpccom docsdefault-sourcedefault-document-librarypsp-december-10_2013 pdfsfvrsn=0
9 Yukon Energy (2016) Current Energy Consumption Retrieved from httpswwwyukonenergycacustomer-centretips-toolscurrent-energy-consumption
10 Manitoba Hydro (2011) Application Concerning Electric Rates in Remote Communities Served by Diesel Generation Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectricgra_2012_2013 appendix_11_1pdf
11 Hydro One Remote Communities (2012) 2011 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report and Action Plan Retrieved from httpwwwcsaregistriesca filesprojectsprj_2803_77pdf
12 Government of Nunavut (2016 Nunavutrsquos Energy System Energy Secretariat ndash Department of Economic Development and Transportation Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca Nunavuts_Energy_System
13 Hydro Quebec Distribution (2011) Reseaux Autonomes Portrait Drsquoensemble et Perspective Drsquoavenir Retrieved from httppublicsde regie-energieqccaprojets40DocPrjR-3776-2011-B-0058-DEMANDE-PIECE-2011_08_01pdf
14 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the state of alternative energy in the Arctic Carleton University Retrieved from httpwww bullfrogpowercomwp-contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_ Energy_in_the_Arctic_POLAR_2015pdf
15 Weis T amp Cobb P (2008) Aboriginal energy alternatives Pembina Institute Retrieved from httpwwwpembinaorgreports aboriginal-energy-alternativespdf
16 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating use in communities in Nunavut Energy secretariat Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca communities
17 A Northern Vision (2016) Renewable energy inventory Existing energy systems Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
18 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the State of Alternative Energy in the Arctic School of Public Policy and Administration Carleton University Retrieved from httpwwwbullfrogpowercomwp -contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_Energy_in_the_Arctic_ POLAR_2015pdf
19 Cobb P et al (2007) Kasabonika Lake First Nation Community Energy Map ndash 2006 Energy Baseline Pembina Institute
20 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating Use in Communities in Nunavut Department of Environment Retrieved from httpwww nunavutenergycacommunities
21 Government of the Northwest Territories Nunavut and Yukon (2016) Renewable Energy Inventory Existing Energy Systems A Northern Vision Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
22 Assuming that the heating source split for communities south of the treeline is 55 wood 35 fuel-oil and 10 other sources including electric heating For communities north of the treeline fuel-oil is assumed to be the only source for heating
23 Qulliq Energy Corporation (2014) QECrsquos rate schedules effective May 12014 Retrieved from httpwwwqecnucahomeindex phpoption=com_contentamptask=viewampid=58ampItemid=78
24 BC Hydro (2015) 2015 Rate Design Application Retrieved from httpswwwbchydrocomcontentdamBCHydrocustomer-portal documentscorporateregulatory-planning-documentsregulatory-matters2015-05-21-bch-2015-rda-wksp-9b-disc-gdpdf
25 Hydro Quebec (2016)Tarifs DrsquoElectricite En viguer le 1er avril 2016 Retrieved from httpwwwhydroquebeccompublicationsfrdocs tarifs-conditions-distributeurtarifs_distributeurpdf
26 Nalcor Energy(2016) Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Electricity Rates Retrieved from httpnalcorenergycomuploadsfileRates20 Info20Sheetpdf
27 Manitoba Hydro (2012) Recommendations for Reducing or Eliminating The Use of Diesel Fuel to Supply Power in Off-Grid Communities Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectric gra_2010_2012Appendix_13_9pdf
28 Northwest Territories Power Corporation (2016) Residential Electrical Rates Retrieved from httpswwwntpccomcustomer-service residential-servicewhat-is-my-power-rate
29 Yukon Energy (2016) Rate Schedule Retrieved from httpswww yukonenergycamediasite_documents1042_118020Residential20 Service20Hydro20Governmentpdf Accessed 10 Aug 2016
30 Hydro One (2013) Hydro One Remote Communities Inc 4GIRM 2015 Distribution Rate Application Retrieved from httpwww hydroonecomRegulatoryAffairsDocumentsEB-2014-0084H1RC_ APPL_20140924pdf
31 Natural Resources Canada (2011) Status of remoteoff-grid communities in Canada Retrieved from httpswwwnrcangcca siteswwwnrcangccafilescanmetenergyfilespubs2013-118_enpdf
32 Arriaga M CaizaresCA amp Kazerani M (2016) Long-term renewable energy planning model for remote communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221
33 Considering an average 107 solar PV capacity factor an average of 33 kWhlitre energy conversion factor and a cost of fuel of CA$15litre This latter cost is equivalent to $045kWh which as described in the Inukjuak case study it is a low estimate of the value of clean energy in remote communities
34 Arriaga M et al (2016) Long-Term Renewable Energy Planning Model for Remote Communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221-231 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstampjs ptp=amparnumber=7308080ampisnumber=7355262
35 Chung D et al (2015) US Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdown Q1 2015 Benchmarks for Residential Commercial and Utility-Scale Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved from http www nrelgovdocsfy15osti64746pdf
36 Renewable Energy Alaska Project (2016) Renewable Energy Fund Retrieved from httpalaskarenewableenergyorgindexphpclean-energy-in-alaskaclean-energy-programs
37 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
38 Federal ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative (NRCan) Provincial IESO Aboriginal Renewable Energy Fund (ON) Microgrid Testing Facility in Riviegravere-au-Renard (TechnoCentre eacuteolien) First Nations Clean Energy Business Fund (BC) Territorial Alternative Energy Technologies Program (Arctic Energy Alliance) Micro-Generation Program (YK)
39 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 6
ES23
CANADArsquoS DIESEL DEPENDENT COMMUNITIEle
ctric
Load
POPULAT IONlt 500 501ndash1500 1501ndash2500 2501ndash5000 gt 5001
Electricity Transmission Lines
Remote communities Canada has 279 active remote communities that are not connected to the North American electric grid 239 of which rely on diesel fuel for electricity and oil for heating
two thirds of these remote communities are Indigenous1
OUTAGES LOAD RESTRICTION AND AGING EQUIPMENT5
Winter Inadequate energy services Summer Nunavut Ontario and British Columbia are regions where
an estimated 25 to 50 percent of communities have a load Installed Capacity restriction status meaning that peak electricity demand is
near the maximum operating capacity of the diesel-generator Load Restrictionplant4 Load restriction status has a number of negatively
on a communityrsquos economic development due to an inability to connect new houses buildings or water treatment plant
impact on quality of life Time
Energy access - the Canadian context 2OpenAccess Energy Blueprint
ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCE AND DIESEL CONSUMPTION ES
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
ESTIMATE IN FUEL DEPENDENT COMMUNITIFossil fuel dependency Diesel fuel is used to generate 995 percent of all electricity in remote communities Aging diesel storage facilities cause frequent spills which are enormously expensive to clean up It is not always clear who is responsible for initiating and paying for remediation According to Indigenous and Northern
are over 2000 contaminated sites on First Nations reserves across Canada 70 of those sites are contaminated with diesel1
995 Diesel-based power192 million litres672 GWh
05rewop ygrene elbawener rehto dna ordyh-llamS
32 GWh
Nunavut60 million litres | 210 GWh 31Quebec40 million litres | 140 GWh 21British Columbia37 million litres | 131 GWh 19
Ontario 23 million litres | 79 GWh 12
Others32 million litres | 112 GWh 17
Manitoba (40 million litres 14 GWh 21) Northwest Territories (128 million litres 44 GWh 67) Newfoundland and Labrador (133 million litres 465 GWh 69) Saskatchewan (005 million litres 02 GWh 003) Yukon (17 million litres 59 GWh 09)
HEATING ENERGY SOURCE AND DIESEL CONSUMPTION ES
3 18 19 20 21 22
ESTIMATE IN FUEL DEPENDENT COMMUNITI
For heating wood and fuel-oil are the most common sources of energy In forested areas wood is the preferred source for residential use due to its perceived lower cost14 15 However there are regions that fully depend on fuel-oil since no other resource is available In energy terms fuel-oil accounts for approximately 84 percent of the total energy
Nunavut59 million litres | 633 GWh 43
Quebec26 million litres | 278 GWh 19
10
Others 6NL amp Labrador 6
Northwest Territories 14 million litres | 152 GWh
use for heating across remote 8 million litres | 90 GWh communities1617
84 million litres | 91 GWh
British Columbia (34 million litres 37 GWh 30) Manitoba (05 million litres 54 GWh 04) Ontario (39 million litres 415 GWh 33) Saskatchewan (009 million litres 09 GWh 01) Yukon (06 million litres 62 GWh 05)
Norman Wells (NT) not considered
84Fuel oil-based heat116 million litres1244 GWh
14Wood205 GWh
2 Others27 GWh
3 Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint
Yukon Territory ndash Old Crow
Quebec North 53
Quebec Sud 53
Ontariondash Air
Ontariondash Road
Nunavut ndash Iqaluit
Northwest Territorie
s ndash Thermal
Newfoundland
Manitoba
British Columbia
ONGOING ISSUES HIGH COST OF ELECTRICITY ES
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
IN REMOTE COMMUNITISupported Rates ndash Residential
High cost of energy Full Rates ndash Community amp Government Buildings
Although the cost of energy in remote 150 communities is partially covered by
the budgets of federal and provincial 125
Elect
ricity
Tarif
f ($
kWh)
mean electricity and heating remains
is much higher than simply the fuel ndash
100
075transportation storage and ultimately generation and storage site clean-up and remediation must also be accounted for 050
Many communities only have ground 025 transportation access via winter ice roads and warming trends in recent 0 years have seen some communitiesrsquo road access diminish to the point
transportation can double the cost of ProvinceArea electricity3
HIGH COST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ES
34 35
DEPLOYMENTS IN REMOTE COMMUNITI
Installation costs of renewable energy Full Electricity Tariff technologies in remote communities Avoided Diesel-related Costs
Supported Electricity Tariff in carbon emissions and the rising cost 175 175
ACTUAL TARGETof diesel transportation means that over the long term projects should be 150 150 considered worth the investment32
125 125
Elect
ricity
Tarif
f amp Di
esel
Cost
20
16 $
kWh Solar photovoltaics (PV) have been
successfully deployed in remote locations across Canada If 20 MW of solar capacity was installed across
LCOE
($k
Wh)
100 100
075 075 Canadarsquos remote communities it could displace 58 million litres of diesel fuel 050 050 annually an estimated savings of CA$29 million on fuel costs33 To make this 025 025 displacement a reality ndash assuming solar deployments reach a reasonable target 0 0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 of CA$4 per watt ndash it would require an estimated investment of CA$81 million Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Deployment Cost ($W)
4 Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint
INACrsquoS ecoENERGY PROGRAM ALLOCATED FUNDING FOR ENERGY STUDIES ES
3 39
Energy Planning Electricity General Heat50k | 05
Energy Planning100k | 11
Feasibility297k | 31
Installation200k | 21
Feasibility20k | 02
Energy Planning252k | 26
Funding To date federal program funding for energy services in remote communities has been inadequate Compare Alaskarsquos Renewable Energy Fund ndash which has been allocating US$50M annually since 200836 for renewable energy projects that reduce diesel dependency ndash to INACrsquos ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program which allocated CA$95 million to diesel-dependent communities for energy related projects over the 10 year course of the program37
ecoENERGY is one of the few programs where enough
Heat 25General 5
Electricity 70
Feasibility2928k | 308
Installation1968k | 207
Installation3702k | 389
targeted to diesel-dependent remote communities
sources of funding that support energy projects and some of the funding recipients have been diesel-dependent communities38 Nevertheless with the public information available it is impossible to quantify andor classify the
remote communities So while not a perfect comparison we believe it provides a clear example of the type of dedicated
required to plan for plenty
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 5
1 Knowles J (2016) Power shift Electricity for Canadarsquos remote communities Conference Board of Canada Retrieved from http wwwconferenceboardcae-libraryabstractaspxdid=8249
2 Natural Resources Canada (2012) Remote Communities Database Retrieved from httpswww2nrcan-rncangccaeneenesourcesrcd-bceindexcfmfuseaction=adminhome1ampnew=true
3 Arriaga M et al (2014) Database of Electrical Grid Systems in Canadarsquos Remote Communities Technical report
4 Henderson C (2016) Personal interview with Mariano Arriaga
5 Arriaga M et al (2014) Northern lights Access to electricity in Canadarsquos Northern and remote communities IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 12(4) 50ndash59 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstamp jsptp=amparnumber=6832824ampisnumber=6832720
6 Hydro Quebec (2007) Plan DrsquoApprovisionnement 2008- 2017 des Reseaux Autonomes Retrieved from httpwww regie-energieqcca audiences3648-07Requete3648B-1- HQD-02-01_3648_01nov07pdf
7 Hydro Quebec (2013) 2014-2023 Supply Plan for the Autonomous Grids Retrieved from httppublicsderegie-energieqccaprojets232 DocPrjR-3864-2013-C-ROEC389-0014-Trad-Doc-2014_03_13pdf
8 Government of the Northwest Territories (2013) A Vision for the NWT Power System Plan Retrieved from httpswwwntpccom docsdefault-sourcedefault-document-librarypsp-december-10_2013 pdfsfvrsn=0
9 Yukon Energy (2016) Current Energy Consumption Retrieved from httpswwwyukonenergycacustomer-centretips-toolscurrent-energy-consumption
10 Manitoba Hydro (2011) Application Concerning Electric Rates in Remote Communities Served by Diesel Generation Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectricgra_2012_2013 appendix_11_1pdf
11 Hydro One Remote Communities (2012) 2011 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report and Action Plan Retrieved from httpwwwcsaregistriesca filesprojectsprj_2803_77pdf
12 Government of Nunavut (2016 Nunavutrsquos Energy System Energy Secretariat ndash Department of Economic Development and Transportation Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca Nunavuts_Energy_System
13 Hydro Quebec Distribution (2011) Reseaux Autonomes Portrait Drsquoensemble et Perspective Drsquoavenir Retrieved from httppublicsde regie-energieqccaprojets40DocPrjR-3776-2011-B-0058-DEMANDE-PIECE-2011_08_01pdf
14 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the state of alternative energy in the Arctic Carleton University Retrieved from httpwww bullfrogpowercomwp-contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_ Energy_in_the_Arctic_POLAR_2015pdf
15 Weis T amp Cobb P (2008) Aboriginal energy alternatives Pembina Institute Retrieved from httpwwwpembinaorgreports aboriginal-energy-alternativespdf
16 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating use in communities in Nunavut Energy secretariat Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca communities
17 A Northern Vision (2016) Renewable energy inventory Existing energy systems Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
18 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the State of Alternative Energy in the Arctic School of Public Policy and Administration Carleton University Retrieved from httpwwwbullfrogpowercomwp -contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_Energy_in_the_Arctic_ POLAR_2015pdf
19 Cobb P et al (2007) Kasabonika Lake First Nation Community Energy Map ndash 2006 Energy Baseline Pembina Institute
20 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating Use in Communities in Nunavut Department of Environment Retrieved from httpwww nunavutenergycacommunities
21 Government of the Northwest Territories Nunavut and Yukon (2016) Renewable Energy Inventory Existing Energy Systems A Northern Vision Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
22 Assuming that the heating source split for communities south of the treeline is 55 wood 35 fuel-oil and 10 other sources including electric heating For communities north of the treeline fuel-oil is assumed to be the only source for heating
23 Qulliq Energy Corporation (2014) QECrsquos rate schedules effective May 12014 Retrieved from httpwwwqecnucahomeindex phpoption=com_contentamptask=viewampid=58ampItemid=78
24 BC Hydro (2015) 2015 Rate Design Application Retrieved from httpswwwbchydrocomcontentdamBCHydrocustomer-portal documentscorporateregulatory-planning-documentsregulatory-matters2015-05-21-bch-2015-rda-wksp-9b-disc-gdpdf
25 Hydro Quebec (2016)Tarifs DrsquoElectricite En viguer le 1er avril 2016 Retrieved from httpwwwhydroquebeccompublicationsfrdocs tarifs-conditions-distributeurtarifs_distributeurpdf
26 Nalcor Energy(2016) Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Electricity Rates Retrieved from httpnalcorenergycomuploadsfileRates20 Info20Sheetpdf
27 Manitoba Hydro (2012) Recommendations for Reducing or Eliminating The Use of Diesel Fuel to Supply Power in Off-Grid Communities Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectric gra_2010_2012Appendix_13_9pdf
28 Northwest Territories Power Corporation (2016) Residential Electrical Rates Retrieved from httpswwwntpccomcustomer-service residential-servicewhat-is-my-power-rate
29 Yukon Energy (2016) Rate Schedule Retrieved from httpswww yukonenergycamediasite_documents1042_118020Residential20 Service20Hydro20Governmentpdf Accessed 10 Aug 2016
30 Hydro One (2013) Hydro One Remote Communities Inc 4GIRM 2015 Distribution Rate Application Retrieved from httpwww hydroonecomRegulatoryAffairsDocumentsEB-2014-0084H1RC_ APPL_20140924pdf
31 Natural Resources Canada (2011) Status of remoteoff-grid communities in Canada Retrieved from httpswwwnrcangcca siteswwwnrcangccafilescanmetenergyfilespubs2013-118_enpdf
32 Arriaga M CaizaresCA amp Kazerani M (2016) Long-term renewable energy planning model for remote communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221
33 Considering an average 107 solar PV capacity factor an average of 33 kWhlitre energy conversion factor and a cost of fuel of CA$15litre This latter cost is equivalent to $045kWh which as described in the Inukjuak case study it is a low estimate of the value of clean energy in remote communities
34 Arriaga M et al (2016) Long-Term Renewable Energy Planning Model for Remote Communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221-231 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstampjs ptp=amparnumber=7308080ampisnumber=7355262
35 Chung D et al (2015) US Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdown Q1 2015 Benchmarks for Residential Commercial and Utility-Scale Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved from http www nrelgovdocsfy15osti64746pdf
36 Renewable Energy Alaska Project (2016) Renewable Energy Fund Retrieved from httpalaskarenewableenergyorgindexphpclean-energy-in-alaskaclean-energy-programs
37 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
38 Federal ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative (NRCan) Provincial IESO Aboriginal Renewable Energy Fund (ON) Microgrid Testing Facility in Riviegravere-au-Renard (TechnoCentre eacuteolien) First Nations Clean Energy Business Fund (BC) Territorial Alternative Energy Technologies Program (Arctic Energy Alliance) Micro-Generation Program (YK)
39 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 6
ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCE AND DIESEL CONSUMPTION ES
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
ESTIMATE IN FUEL DEPENDENT COMMUNITIFossil fuel dependency Diesel fuel is used to generate 995 percent of all electricity in remote communities Aging diesel storage facilities cause frequent spills which are enormously expensive to clean up It is not always clear who is responsible for initiating and paying for remediation According to Indigenous and Northern
are over 2000 contaminated sites on First Nations reserves across Canada 70 of those sites are contaminated with diesel1
995 Diesel-based power192 million litres672 GWh
05rewop ygrene elbawener rehto dna ordyh-llamS
32 GWh
Nunavut60 million litres | 210 GWh 31Quebec40 million litres | 140 GWh 21British Columbia37 million litres | 131 GWh 19
Ontario 23 million litres | 79 GWh 12
Others32 million litres | 112 GWh 17
Manitoba (40 million litres 14 GWh 21) Northwest Territories (128 million litres 44 GWh 67) Newfoundland and Labrador (133 million litres 465 GWh 69) Saskatchewan (005 million litres 02 GWh 003) Yukon (17 million litres 59 GWh 09)
HEATING ENERGY SOURCE AND DIESEL CONSUMPTION ES
3 18 19 20 21 22
ESTIMATE IN FUEL DEPENDENT COMMUNITI
For heating wood and fuel-oil are the most common sources of energy In forested areas wood is the preferred source for residential use due to its perceived lower cost14 15 However there are regions that fully depend on fuel-oil since no other resource is available In energy terms fuel-oil accounts for approximately 84 percent of the total energy
Nunavut59 million litres | 633 GWh 43
Quebec26 million litres | 278 GWh 19
10
Others 6NL amp Labrador 6
Northwest Territories 14 million litres | 152 GWh
use for heating across remote 8 million litres | 90 GWh communities1617
84 million litres | 91 GWh
British Columbia (34 million litres 37 GWh 30) Manitoba (05 million litres 54 GWh 04) Ontario (39 million litres 415 GWh 33) Saskatchewan (009 million litres 09 GWh 01) Yukon (06 million litres 62 GWh 05)
Norman Wells (NT) not considered
84Fuel oil-based heat116 million litres1244 GWh
14Wood205 GWh
2 Others27 GWh
3 Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint
Yukon Territory ndash Old Crow
Quebec North 53
Quebec Sud 53
Ontariondash Air
Ontariondash Road
Nunavut ndash Iqaluit
Northwest Territorie
s ndash Thermal
Newfoundland
Manitoba
British Columbia
ONGOING ISSUES HIGH COST OF ELECTRICITY ES
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
IN REMOTE COMMUNITISupported Rates ndash Residential
High cost of energy Full Rates ndash Community amp Government Buildings
Although the cost of energy in remote 150 communities is partially covered by
the budgets of federal and provincial 125
Elect
ricity
Tarif
f ($
kWh)
mean electricity and heating remains
is much higher than simply the fuel ndash
100
075transportation storage and ultimately generation and storage site clean-up and remediation must also be accounted for 050
Many communities only have ground 025 transportation access via winter ice roads and warming trends in recent 0 years have seen some communitiesrsquo road access diminish to the point
transportation can double the cost of ProvinceArea electricity3
HIGH COST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ES
34 35
DEPLOYMENTS IN REMOTE COMMUNITI
Installation costs of renewable energy Full Electricity Tariff technologies in remote communities Avoided Diesel-related Costs
Supported Electricity Tariff in carbon emissions and the rising cost 175 175
ACTUAL TARGETof diesel transportation means that over the long term projects should be 150 150 considered worth the investment32
125 125
Elect
ricity
Tarif
f amp Di
esel
Cost
20
16 $
kWh Solar photovoltaics (PV) have been
successfully deployed in remote locations across Canada If 20 MW of solar capacity was installed across
LCOE
($k
Wh)
100 100
075 075 Canadarsquos remote communities it could displace 58 million litres of diesel fuel 050 050 annually an estimated savings of CA$29 million on fuel costs33 To make this 025 025 displacement a reality ndash assuming solar deployments reach a reasonable target 0 0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 of CA$4 per watt ndash it would require an estimated investment of CA$81 million Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Deployment Cost ($W)
4 Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint
INACrsquoS ecoENERGY PROGRAM ALLOCATED FUNDING FOR ENERGY STUDIES ES
3 39
Energy Planning Electricity General Heat50k | 05
Energy Planning100k | 11
Feasibility297k | 31
Installation200k | 21
Feasibility20k | 02
Energy Planning252k | 26
Funding To date federal program funding for energy services in remote communities has been inadequate Compare Alaskarsquos Renewable Energy Fund ndash which has been allocating US$50M annually since 200836 for renewable energy projects that reduce diesel dependency ndash to INACrsquos ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program which allocated CA$95 million to diesel-dependent communities for energy related projects over the 10 year course of the program37
ecoENERGY is one of the few programs where enough
Heat 25General 5
Electricity 70
Feasibility2928k | 308
Installation1968k | 207
Installation3702k | 389
targeted to diesel-dependent remote communities
sources of funding that support energy projects and some of the funding recipients have been diesel-dependent communities38 Nevertheless with the public information available it is impossible to quantify andor classify the
remote communities So while not a perfect comparison we believe it provides a clear example of the type of dedicated
required to plan for plenty
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 5
1 Knowles J (2016) Power shift Electricity for Canadarsquos remote communities Conference Board of Canada Retrieved from http wwwconferenceboardcae-libraryabstractaspxdid=8249
2 Natural Resources Canada (2012) Remote Communities Database Retrieved from httpswww2nrcan-rncangccaeneenesourcesrcd-bceindexcfmfuseaction=adminhome1ampnew=true
3 Arriaga M et al (2014) Database of Electrical Grid Systems in Canadarsquos Remote Communities Technical report
4 Henderson C (2016) Personal interview with Mariano Arriaga
5 Arriaga M et al (2014) Northern lights Access to electricity in Canadarsquos Northern and remote communities IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 12(4) 50ndash59 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstamp jsptp=amparnumber=6832824ampisnumber=6832720
6 Hydro Quebec (2007) Plan DrsquoApprovisionnement 2008- 2017 des Reseaux Autonomes Retrieved from httpwww regie-energieqcca audiences3648-07Requete3648B-1- HQD-02-01_3648_01nov07pdf
7 Hydro Quebec (2013) 2014-2023 Supply Plan for the Autonomous Grids Retrieved from httppublicsderegie-energieqccaprojets232 DocPrjR-3864-2013-C-ROEC389-0014-Trad-Doc-2014_03_13pdf
8 Government of the Northwest Territories (2013) A Vision for the NWT Power System Plan Retrieved from httpswwwntpccom docsdefault-sourcedefault-document-librarypsp-december-10_2013 pdfsfvrsn=0
9 Yukon Energy (2016) Current Energy Consumption Retrieved from httpswwwyukonenergycacustomer-centretips-toolscurrent-energy-consumption
10 Manitoba Hydro (2011) Application Concerning Electric Rates in Remote Communities Served by Diesel Generation Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectricgra_2012_2013 appendix_11_1pdf
11 Hydro One Remote Communities (2012) 2011 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report and Action Plan Retrieved from httpwwwcsaregistriesca filesprojectsprj_2803_77pdf
12 Government of Nunavut (2016 Nunavutrsquos Energy System Energy Secretariat ndash Department of Economic Development and Transportation Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca Nunavuts_Energy_System
13 Hydro Quebec Distribution (2011) Reseaux Autonomes Portrait Drsquoensemble et Perspective Drsquoavenir Retrieved from httppublicsde regie-energieqccaprojets40DocPrjR-3776-2011-B-0058-DEMANDE-PIECE-2011_08_01pdf
14 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the state of alternative energy in the Arctic Carleton University Retrieved from httpwww bullfrogpowercomwp-contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_ Energy_in_the_Arctic_POLAR_2015pdf
15 Weis T amp Cobb P (2008) Aboriginal energy alternatives Pembina Institute Retrieved from httpwwwpembinaorgreports aboriginal-energy-alternativespdf
16 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating use in communities in Nunavut Energy secretariat Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca communities
17 A Northern Vision (2016) Renewable energy inventory Existing energy systems Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
18 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the State of Alternative Energy in the Arctic School of Public Policy and Administration Carleton University Retrieved from httpwwwbullfrogpowercomwp -contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_Energy_in_the_Arctic_ POLAR_2015pdf
19 Cobb P et al (2007) Kasabonika Lake First Nation Community Energy Map ndash 2006 Energy Baseline Pembina Institute
20 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating Use in Communities in Nunavut Department of Environment Retrieved from httpwww nunavutenergycacommunities
21 Government of the Northwest Territories Nunavut and Yukon (2016) Renewable Energy Inventory Existing Energy Systems A Northern Vision Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
22 Assuming that the heating source split for communities south of the treeline is 55 wood 35 fuel-oil and 10 other sources including electric heating For communities north of the treeline fuel-oil is assumed to be the only source for heating
23 Qulliq Energy Corporation (2014) QECrsquos rate schedules effective May 12014 Retrieved from httpwwwqecnucahomeindex phpoption=com_contentamptask=viewampid=58ampItemid=78
24 BC Hydro (2015) 2015 Rate Design Application Retrieved from httpswwwbchydrocomcontentdamBCHydrocustomer-portal documentscorporateregulatory-planning-documentsregulatory-matters2015-05-21-bch-2015-rda-wksp-9b-disc-gdpdf
25 Hydro Quebec (2016)Tarifs DrsquoElectricite En viguer le 1er avril 2016 Retrieved from httpwwwhydroquebeccompublicationsfrdocs tarifs-conditions-distributeurtarifs_distributeurpdf
26 Nalcor Energy(2016) Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Electricity Rates Retrieved from httpnalcorenergycomuploadsfileRates20 Info20Sheetpdf
27 Manitoba Hydro (2012) Recommendations for Reducing or Eliminating The Use of Diesel Fuel to Supply Power in Off-Grid Communities Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectric gra_2010_2012Appendix_13_9pdf
28 Northwest Territories Power Corporation (2016) Residential Electrical Rates Retrieved from httpswwwntpccomcustomer-service residential-servicewhat-is-my-power-rate
29 Yukon Energy (2016) Rate Schedule Retrieved from httpswww yukonenergycamediasite_documents1042_118020Residential20 Service20Hydro20Governmentpdf Accessed 10 Aug 2016
30 Hydro One (2013) Hydro One Remote Communities Inc 4GIRM 2015 Distribution Rate Application Retrieved from httpwww hydroonecomRegulatoryAffairsDocumentsEB-2014-0084H1RC_ APPL_20140924pdf
31 Natural Resources Canada (2011) Status of remoteoff-grid communities in Canada Retrieved from httpswwwnrcangcca siteswwwnrcangccafilescanmetenergyfilespubs2013-118_enpdf
32 Arriaga M CaizaresCA amp Kazerani M (2016) Long-term renewable energy planning model for remote communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221
33 Considering an average 107 solar PV capacity factor an average of 33 kWhlitre energy conversion factor and a cost of fuel of CA$15litre This latter cost is equivalent to $045kWh which as described in the Inukjuak case study it is a low estimate of the value of clean energy in remote communities
34 Arriaga M et al (2016) Long-Term Renewable Energy Planning Model for Remote Communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221-231 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstampjs ptp=amparnumber=7308080ampisnumber=7355262
35 Chung D et al (2015) US Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdown Q1 2015 Benchmarks for Residential Commercial and Utility-Scale Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved from http www nrelgovdocsfy15osti64746pdf
36 Renewable Energy Alaska Project (2016) Renewable Energy Fund Retrieved from httpalaskarenewableenergyorgindexphpclean-energy-in-alaskaclean-energy-programs
37 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
38 Federal ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative (NRCan) Provincial IESO Aboriginal Renewable Energy Fund (ON) Microgrid Testing Facility in Riviegravere-au-Renard (TechnoCentre eacuteolien) First Nations Clean Energy Business Fund (BC) Territorial Alternative Energy Technologies Program (Arctic Energy Alliance) Micro-Generation Program (YK)
39 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 6
Yukon Territory ndash Old Crow
Quebec North 53
Quebec Sud 53
Ontariondash Air
Ontariondash Road
Nunavut ndash Iqaluit
Northwest Territorie
s ndash Thermal
Newfoundland
Manitoba
British Columbia
ONGOING ISSUES HIGH COST OF ELECTRICITY ES
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
IN REMOTE COMMUNITISupported Rates ndash Residential
High cost of energy Full Rates ndash Community amp Government Buildings
Although the cost of energy in remote 150 communities is partially covered by
the budgets of federal and provincial 125
Elect
ricity
Tarif
f ($
kWh)
mean electricity and heating remains
is much higher than simply the fuel ndash
100
075transportation storage and ultimately generation and storage site clean-up and remediation must also be accounted for 050
Many communities only have ground 025 transportation access via winter ice roads and warming trends in recent 0 years have seen some communitiesrsquo road access diminish to the point
transportation can double the cost of ProvinceArea electricity3
HIGH COST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY ES
34 35
DEPLOYMENTS IN REMOTE COMMUNITI
Installation costs of renewable energy Full Electricity Tariff technologies in remote communities Avoided Diesel-related Costs
Supported Electricity Tariff in carbon emissions and the rising cost 175 175
ACTUAL TARGETof diesel transportation means that over the long term projects should be 150 150 considered worth the investment32
125 125
Elect
ricity
Tarif
f amp Di
esel
Cost
20
16 $
kWh Solar photovoltaics (PV) have been
successfully deployed in remote locations across Canada If 20 MW of solar capacity was installed across
LCOE
($k
Wh)
100 100
075 075 Canadarsquos remote communities it could displace 58 million litres of diesel fuel 050 050 annually an estimated savings of CA$29 million on fuel costs33 To make this 025 025 displacement a reality ndash assuming solar deployments reach a reasonable target 0 0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 of CA$4 per watt ndash it would require an estimated investment of CA$81 million Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Deployment Cost ($W)
4 Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint
INACrsquoS ecoENERGY PROGRAM ALLOCATED FUNDING FOR ENERGY STUDIES ES
3 39
Energy Planning Electricity General Heat50k | 05
Energy Planning100k | 11
Feasibility297k | 31
Installation200k | 21
Feasibility20k | 02
Energy Planning252k | 26
Funding To date federal program funding for energy services in remote communities has been inadequate Compare Alaskarsquos Renewable Energy Fund ndash which has been allocating US$50M annually since 200836 for renewable energy projects that reduce diesel dependency ndash to INACrsquos ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program which allocated CA$95 million to diesel-dependent communities for energy related projects over the 10 year course of the program37
ecoENERGY is one of the few programs where enough
Heat 25General 5
Electricity 70
Feasibility2928k | 308
Installation1968k | 207
Installation3702k | 389
targeted to diesel-dependent remote communities
sources of funding that support energy projects and some of the funding recipients have been diesel-dependent communities38 Nevertheless with the public information available it is impossible to quantify andor classify the
remote communities So while not a perfect comparison we believe it provides a clear example of the type of dedicated
required to plan for plenty
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 5
1 Knowles J (2016) Power shift Electricity for Canadarsquos remote communities Conference Board of Canada Retrieved from http wwwconferenceboardcae-libraryabstractaspxdid=8249
2 Natural Resources Canada (2012) Remote Communities Database Retrieved from httpswww2nrcan-rncangccaeneenesourcesrcd-bceindexcfmfuseaction=adminhome1ampnew=true
3 Arriaga M et al (2014) Database of Electrical Grid Systems in Canadarsquos Remote Communities Technical report
4 Henderson C (2016) Personal interview with Mariano Arriaga
5 Arriaga M et al (2014) Northern lights Access to electricity in Canadarsquos Northern and remote communities IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 12(4) 50ndash59 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstamp jsptp=amparnumber=6832824ampisnumber=6832720
6 Hydro Quebec (2007) Plan DrsquoApprovisionnement 2008- 2017 des Reseaux Autonomes Retrieved from httpwww regie-energieqcca audiences3648-07Requete3648B-1- HQD-02-01_3648_01nov07pdf
7 Hydro Quebec (2013) 2014-2023 Supply Plan for the Autonomous Grids Retrieved from httppublicsderegie-energieqccaprojets232 DocPrjR-3864-2013-C-ROEC389-0014-Trad-Doc-2014_03_13pdf
8 Government of the Northwest Territories (2013) A Vision for the NWT Power System Plan Retrieved from httpswwwntpccom docsdefault-sourcedefault-document-librarypsp-december-10_2013 pdfsfvrsn=0
9 Yukon Energy (2016) Current Energy Consumption Retrieved from httpswwwyukonenergycacustomer-centretips-toolscurrent-energy-consumption
10 Manitoba Hydro (2011) Application Concerning Electric Rates in Remote Communities Served by Diesel Generation Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectricgra_2012_2013 appendix_11_1pdf
11 Hydro One Remote Communities (2012) 2011 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report and Action Plan Retrieved from httpwwwcsaregistriesca filesprojectsprj_2803_77pdf
12 Government of Nunavut (2016 Nunavutrsquos Energy System Energy Secretariat ndash Department of Economic Development and Transportation Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca Nunavuts_Energy_System
13 Hydro Quebec Distribution (2011) Reseaux Autonomes Portrait Drsquoensemble et Perspective Drsquoavenir Retrieved from httppublicsde regie-energieqccaprojets40DocPrjR-3776-2011-B-0058-DEMANDE-PIECE-2011_08_01pdf
14 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the state of alternative energy in the Arctic Carleton University Retrieved from httpwww bullfrogpowercomwp-contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_ Energy_in_the_Arctic_POLAR_2015pdf
15 Weis T amp Cobb P (2008) Aboriginal energy alternatives Pembina Institute Retrieved from httpwwwpembinaorgreports aboriginal-energy-alternativespdf
16 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating use in communities in Nunavut Energy secretariat Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca communities
17 A Northern Vision (2016) Renewable energy inventory Existing energy systems Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
18 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the State of Alternative Energy in the Arctic School of Public Policy and Administration Carleton University Retrieved from httpwwwbullfrogpowercomwp -contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_Energy_in_the_Arctic_ POLAR_2015pdf
19 Cobb P et al (2007) Kasabonika Lake First Nation Community Energy Map ndash 2006 Energy Baseline Pembina Institute
20 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating Use in Communities in Nunavut Department of Environment Retrieved from httpwww nunavutenergycacommunities
21 Government of the Northwest Territories Nunavut and Yukon (2016) Renewable Energy Inventory Existing Energy Systems A Northern Vision Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
22 Assuming that the heating source split for communities south of the treeline is 55 wood 35 fuel-oil and 10 other sources including electric heating For communities north of the treeline fuel-oil is assumed to be the only source for heating
23 Qulliq Energy Corporation (2014) QECrsquos rate schedules effective May 12014 Retrieved from httpwwwqecnucahomeindex phpoption=com_contentamptask=viewampid=58ampItemid=78
24 BC Hydro (2015) 2015 Rate Design Application Retrieved from httpswwwbchydrocomcontentdamBCHydrocustomer-portal documentscorporateregulatory-planning-documentsregulatory-matters2015-05-21-bch-2015-rda-wksp-9b-disc-gdpdf
25 Hydro Quebec (2016)Tarifs DrsquoElectricite En viguer le 1er avril 2016 Retrieved from httpwwwhydroquebeccompublicationsfrdocs tarifs-conditions-distributeurtarifs_distributeurpdf
26 Nalcor Energy(2016) Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Electricity Rates Retrieved from httpnalcorenergycomuploadsfileRates20 Info20Sheetpdf
27 Manitoba Hydro (2012) Recommendations for Reducing or Eliminating The Use of Diesel Fuel to Supply Power in Off-Grid Communities Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectric gra_2010_2012Appendix_13_9pdf
28 Northwest Territories Power Corporation (2016) Residential Electrical Rates Retrieved from httpswwwntpccomcustomer-service residential-servicewhat-is-my-power-rate
29 Yukon Energy (2016) Rate Schedule Retrieved from httpswww yukonenergycamediasite_documents1042_118020Residential20 Service20Hydro20Governmentpdf Accessed 10 Aug 2016
30 Hydro One (2013) Hydro One Remote Communities Inc 4GIRM 2015 Distribution Rate Application Retrieved from httpwww hydroonecomRegulatoryAffairsDocumentsEB-2014-0084H1RC_ APPL_20140924pdf
31 Natural Resources Canada (2011) Status of remoteoff-grid communities in Canada Retrieved from httpswwwnrcangcca siteswwwnrcangccafilescanmetenergyfilespubs2013-118_enpdf
32 Arriaga M CaizaresCA amp Kazerani M (2016) Long-term renewable energy planning model for remote communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221
33 Considering an average 107 solar PV capacity factor an average of 33 kWhlitre energy conversion factor and a cost of fuel of CA$15litre This latter cost is equivalent to $045kWh which as described in the Inukjuak case study it is a low estimate of the value of clean energy in remote communities
34 Arriaga M et al (2016) Long-Term Renewable Energy Planning Model for Remote Communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221-231 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstampjs ptp=amparnumber=7308080ampisnumber=7355262
35 Chung D et al (2015) US Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdown Q1 2015 Benchmarks for Residential Commercial and Utility-Scale Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved from http www nrelgovdocsfy15osti64746pdf
36 Renewable Energy Alaska Project (2016) Renewable Energy Fund Retrieved from httpalaskarenewableenergyorgindexphpclean-energy-in-alaskaclean-energy-programs
37 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
38 Federal ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative (NRCan) Provincial IESO Aboriginal Renewable Energy Fund (ON) Microgrid Testing Facility in Riviegravere-au-Renard (TechnoCentre eacuteolien) First Nations Clean Energy Business Fund (BC) Territorial Alternative Energy Technologies Program (Arctic Energy Alliance) Micro-Generation Program (YK)
39 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 6
INACrsquoS ecoENERGY PROGRAM ALLOCATED FUNDING FOR ENERGY STUDIES ES
3 39
Energy Planning Electricity General Heat50k | 05
Energy Planning100k | 11
Feasibility297k | 31
Installation200k | 21
Feasibility20k | 02
Energy Planning252k | 26
Funding To date federal program funding for energy services in remote communities has been inadequate Compare Alaskarsquos Renewable Energy Fund ndash which has been allocating US$50M annually since 200836 for renewable energy projects that reduce diesel dependency ndash to INACrsquos ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program which allocated CA$95 million to diesel-dependent communities for energy related projects over the 10 year course of the program37
ecoENERGY is one of the few programs where enough
Heat 25General 5
Electricity 70
Feasibility2928k | 308
Installation1968k | 207
Installation3702k | 389
targeted to diesel-dependent remote communities
sources of funding that support energy projects and some of the funding recipients have been diesel-dependent communities38 Nevertheless with the public information available it is impossible to quantify andor classify the
remote communities So while not a perfect comparison we believe it provides a clear example of the type of dedicated
required to plan for plenty
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 5
1 Knowles J (2016) Power shift Electricity for Canadarsquos remote communities Conference Board of Canada Retrieved from http wwwconferenceboardcae-libraryabstractaspxdid=8249
2 Natural Resources Canada (2012) Remote Communities Database Retrieved from httpswww2nrcan-rncangccaeneenesourcesrcd-bceindexcfmfuseaction=adminhome1ampnew=true
3 Arriaga M et al (2014) Database of Electrical Grid Systems in Canadarsquos Remote Communities Technical report
4 Henderson C (2016) Personal interview with Mariano Arriaga
5 Arriaga M et al (2014) Northern lights Access to electricity in Canadarsquos Northern and remote communities IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 12(4) 50ndash59 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstamp jsptp=amparnumber=6832824ampisnumber=6832720
6 Hydro Quebec (2007) Plan DrsquoApprovisionnement 2008- 2017 des Reseaux Autonomes Retrieved from httpwww regie-energieqcca audiences3648-07Requete3648B-1- HQD-02-01_3648_01nov07pdf
7 Hydro Quebec (2013) 2014-2023 Supply Plan for the Autonomous Grids Retrieved from httppublicsderegie-energieqccaprojets232 DocPrjR-3864-2013-C-ROEC389-0014-Trad-Doc-2014_03_13pdf
8 Government of the Northwest Territories (2013) A Vision for the NWT Power System Plan Retrieved from httpswwwntpccom docsdefault-sourcedefault-document-librarypsp-december-10_2013 pdfsfvrsn=0
9 Yukon Energy (2016) Current Energy Consumption Retrieved from httpswwwyukonenergycacustomer-centretips-toolscurrent-energy-consumption
10 Manitoba Hydro (2011) Application Concerning Electric Rates in Remote Communities Served by Diesel Generation Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectricgra_2012_2013 appendix_11_1pdf
11 Hydro One Remote Communities (2012) 2011 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report and Action Plan Retrieved from httpwwwcsaregistriesca filesprojectsprj_2803_77pdf
12 Government of Nunavut (2016 Nunavutrsquos Energy System Energy Secretariat ndash Department of Economic Development and Transportation Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca Nunavuts_Energy_System
13 Hydro Quebec Distribution (2011) Reseaux Autonomes Portrait Drsquoensemble et Perspective Drsquoavenir Retrieved from httppublicsde regie-energieqccaprojets40DocPrjR-3776-2011-B-0058-DEMANDE-PIECE-2011_08_01pdf
14 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the state of alternative energy in the Arctic Carleton University Retrieved from httpwww bullfrogpowercomwp-contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_ Energy_in_the_Arctic_POLAR_2015pdf
15 Weis T amp Cobb P (2008) Aboriginal energy alternatives Pembina Institute Retrieved from httpwwwpembinaorgreports aboriginal-energy-alternativespdf
16 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating use in communities in Nunavut Energy secretariat Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca communities
17 A Northern Vision (2016) Renewable energy inventory Existing energy systems Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
18 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the State of Alternative Energy in the Arctic School of Public Policy and Administration Carleton University Retrieved from httpwwwbullfrogpowercomwp -contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_Energy_in_the_Arctic_ POLAR_2015pdf
19 Cobb P et al (2007) Kasabonika Lake First Nation Community Energy Map ndash 2006 Energy Baseline Pembina Institute
20 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating Use in Communities in Nunavut Department of Environment Retrieved from httpwww nunavutenergycacommunities
21 Government of the Northwest Territories Nunavut and Yukon (2016) Renewable Energy Inventory Existing Energy Systems A Northern Vision Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
22 Assuming that the heating source split for communities south of the treeline is 55 wood 35 fuel-oil and 10 other sources including electric heating For communities north of the treeline fuel-oil is assumed to be the only source for heating
23 Qulliq Energy Corporation (2014) QECrsquos rate schedules effective May 12014 Retrieved from httpwwwqecnucahomeindex phpoption=com_contentamptask=viewampid=58ampItemid=78
24 BC Hydro (2015) 2015 Rate Design Application Retrieved from httpswwwbchydrocomcontentdamBCHydrocustomer-portal documentscorporateregulatory-planning-documentsregulatory-matters2015-05-21-bch-2015-rda-wksp-9b-disc-gdpdf
25 Hydro Quebec (2016)Tarifs DrsquoElectricite En viguer le 1er avril 2016 Retrieved from httpwwwhydroquebeccompublicationsfrdocs tarifs-conditions-distributeurtarifs_distributeurpdf
26 Nalcor Energy(2016) Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Electricity Rates Retrieved from httpnalcorenergycomuploadsfileRates20 Info20Sheetpdf
27 Manitoba Hydro (2012) Recommendations for Reducing or Eliminating The Use of Diesel Fuel to Supply Power in Off-Grid Communities Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectric gra_2010_2012Appendix_13_9pdf
28 Northwest Territories Power Corporation (2016) Residential Electrical Rates Retrieved from httpswwwntpccomcustomer-service residential-servicewhat-is-my-power-rate
29 Yukon Energy (2016) Rate Schedule Retrieved from httpswww yukonenergycamediasite_documents1042_118020Residential20 Service20Hydro20Governmentpdf Accessed 10 Aug 2016
30 Hydro One (2013) Hydro One Remote Communities Inc 4GIRM 2015 Distribution Rate Application Retrieved from httpwww hydroonecomRegulatoryAffairsDocumentsEB-2014-0084H1RC_ APPL_20140924pdf
31 Natural Resources Canada (2011) Status of remoteoff-grid communities in Canada Retrieved from httpswwwnrcangcca siteswwwnrcangccafilescanmetenergyfilespubs2013-118_enpdf
32 Arriaga M CaizaresCA amp Kazerani M (2016) Long-term renewable energy planning model for remote communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221
33 Considering an average 107 solar PV capacity factor an average of 33 kWhlitre energy conversion factor and a cost of fuel of CA$15litre This latter cost is equivalent to $045kWh which as described in the Inukjuak case study it is a low estimate of the value of clean energy in remote communities
34 Arriaga M et al (2016) Long-Term Renewable Energy Planning Model for Remote Communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221-231 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstampjs ptp=amparnumber=7308080ampisnumber=7355262
35 Chung D et al (2015) US Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdown Q1 2015 Benchmarks for Residential Commercial and Utility-Scale Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved from http www nrelgovdocsfy15osti64746pdf
36 Renewable Energy Alaska Project (2016) Renewable Energy Fund Retrieved from httpalaskarenewableenergyorgindexphpclean-energy-in-alaskaclean-energy-programs
37 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
38 Federal ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative (NRCan) Provincial IESO Aboriginal Renewable Energy Fund (ON) Microgrid Testing Facility in Riviegravere-au-Renard (TechnoCentre eacuteolien) First Nations Clean Energy Business Fund (BC) Territorial Alternative Energy Technologies Program (Arctic Energy Alliance) Micro-Generation Program (YK)
39 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 6
1 Knowles J (2016) Power shift Electricity for Canadarsquos remote communities Conference Board of Canada Retrieved from http wwwconferenceboardcae-libraryabstractaspxdid=8249
2 Natural Resources Canada (2012) Remote Communities Database Retrieved from httpswww2nrcan-rncangccaeneenesourcesrcd-bceindexcfmfuseaction=adminhome1ampnew=true
3 Arriaga M et al (2014) Database of Electrical Grid Systems in Canadarsquos Remote Communities Technical report
4 Henderson C (2016) Personal interview with Mariano Arriaga
5 Arriaga M et al (2014) Northern lights Access to electricity in Canadarsquos Northern and remote communities IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 12(4) 50ndash59 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstamp jsptp=amparnumber=6832824ampisnumber=6832720
6 Hydro Quebec (2007) Plan DrsquoApprovisionnement 2008- 2017 des Reseaux Autonomes Retrieved from httpwww regie-energieqcca audiences3648-07Requete3648B-1- HQD-02-01_3648_01nov07pdf
7 Hydro Quebec (2013) 2014-2023 Supply Plan for the Autonomous Grids Retrieved from httppublicsderegie-energieqccaprojets232 DocPrjR-3864-2013-C-ROEC389-0014-Trad-Doc-2014_03_13pdf
8 Government of the Northwest Territories (2013) A Vision for the NWT Power System Plan Retrieved from httpswwwntpccom docsdefault-sourcedefault-document-librarypsp-december-10_2013 pdfsfvrsn=0
9 Yukon Energy (2016) Current Energy Consumption Retrieved from httpswwwyukonenergycacustomer-centretips-toolscurrent-energy-consumption
10 Manitoba Hydro (2011) Application Concerning Electric Rates in Remote Communities Served by Diesel Generation Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectricgra_2012_2013 appendix_11_1pdf
11 Hydro One Remote Communities (2012) 2011 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report and Action Plan Retrieved from httpwwwcsaregistriesca filesprojectsprj_2803_77pdf
12 Government of Nunavut (2016 Nunavutrsquos Energy System Energy Secretariat ndash Department of Economic Development and Transportation Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca Nunavuts_Energy_System
13 Hydro Quebec Distribution (2011) Reseaux Autonomes Portrait Drsquoensemble et Perspective Drsquoavenir Retrieved from httppublicsde regie-energieqccaprojets40DocPrjR-3776-2011-B-0058-DEMANDE-PIECE-2011_08_01pdf
14 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the state of alternative energy in the Arctic Carleton University Retrieved from httpwww bullfrogpowercomwp-contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_ Energy_in_the_Arctic_POLAR_2015pdf
15 Weis T amp Cobb P (2008) Aboriginal energy alternatives Pembina Institute Retrieved from httpwwwpembinaorgreports aboriginal-energy-alternativespdf
16 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating use in communities in Nunavut Energy secretariat Retrieved from httpwwwnunavutenergyca communities
17 A Northern Vision (2016) Renewable energy inventory Existing energy systems Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
18 Cherniak D et al (2015) Report on the State of Alternative Energy in the Arctic School of Public Policy and Administration Carleton University Retrieved from httpwwwbullfrogpowercomwp -contentuploads201509State_of_Alternative_Energy_in_the_Arctic_ POLAR_2015pdf
19 Cobb P et al (2007) Kasabonika Lake First Nation Community Energy Map ndash 2006 Energy Baseline Pembina Institute
20 Government of Nunavut (2016) Heating Use in Communities in Nunavut Department of Environment Retrieved from httpwww nunavutenergycacommunities
21 Government of the Northwest Territories Nunavut and Yukon (2016) Renewable Energy Inventory Existing Energy Systems A Northern Vision Retrieved from httpwwwanorthernvisioncainventory energysystemshtml
22 Assuming that the heating source split for communities south of the treeline is 55 wood 35 fuel-oil and 10 other sources including electric heating For communities north of the treeline fuel-oil is assumed to be the only source for heating
23 Qulliq Energy Corporation (2014) QECrsquos rate schedules effective May 12014 Retrieved from httpwwwqecnucahomeindex phpoption=com_contentamptask=viewampid=58ampItemid=78
24 BC Hydro (2015) 2015 Rate Design Application Retrieved from httpswwwbchydrocomcontentdamBCHydrocustomer-portal documentscorporateregulatory-planning-documentsregulatory-matters2015-05-21-bch-2015-rda-wksp-9b-disc-gdpdf
25 Hydro Quebec (2016)Tarifs DrsquoElectricite En viguer le 1er avril 2016 Retrieved from httpwwwhydroquebeccompublicationsfrdocs tarifs-conditions-distributeurtarifs_distributeurpdf
26 Nalcor Energy(2016) Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Electricity Rates Retrieved from httpnalcorenergycomuploadsfileRates20 Info20Sheetpdf
27 Manitoba Hydro (2012) Recommendations for Reducing or Eliminating The Use of Diesel Fuel to Supply Power in Off-Grid Communities Retrieved from httpswwwhydrombcaregulatory_affairselectric gra_2010_2012Appendix_13_9pdf
28 Northwest Territories Power Corporation (2016) Residential Electrical Rates Retrieved from httpswwwntpccomcustomer-service residential-servicewhat-is-my-power-rate
29 Yukon Energy (2016) Rate Schedule Retrieved from httpswww yukonenergycamediasite_documents1042_118020Residential20 Service20Hydro20Governmentpdf Accessed 10 Aug 2016
30 Hydro One (2013) Hydro One Remote Communities Inc 4GIRM 2015 Distribution Rate Application Retrieved from httpwww hydroonecomRegulatoryAffairsDocumentsEB-2014-0084H1RC_ APPL_20140924pdf
31 Natural Resources Canada (2011) Status of remoteoff-grid communities in Canada Retrieved from httpswwwnrcangcca siteswwwnrcangccafilescanmetenergyfilespubs2013-118_enpdf
32 Arriaga M CaizaresCA amp Kazerani M (2016) Long-term renewable energy planning model for remote communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221
33 Considering an average 107 solar PV capacity factor an average of 33 kWhlitre energy conversion factor and a cost of fuel of CA$15litre This latter cost is equivalent to $045kWh which as described in the Inukjuak case study it is a low estimate of the value of clean energy in remote communities
34 Arriaga M et al (2016) Long-Term Renewable Energy Planning Model for Remote Communities IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7(1)221-231 Retrieved from httpieeexploreieeeorgstampstampjs ptp=amparnumber=7308080ampisnumber=7355262
35 Chung D et al (2015) US Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdown Q1 2015 Benchmarks for Residential Commercial and Utility-Scale Systems National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved from http www nrelgovdocsfy15osti64746pdf
36 Renewable Energy Alaska Project (2016) Renewable Energy Fund Retrieved from httpalaskarenewableenergyorgindexphpclean-energy-in-alaskaclean-energy-programs
37 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
38 Federal ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative (NRCan) Provincial IESO Aboriginal Renewable Energy Fund (ON) Microgrid Testing Facility in Riviegravere-au-Renard (TechnoCentre eacuteolien) First Nations Clean Energy Business Fund (BC) Territorial Alternative Energy Technologies Program (Arctic Energy Alliance) Micro-Generation Program (YK)
39 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program Retrieved from http wwwaadnc-aandcgccaeng11001000342581100100034259
Energy access - the Canadian context OpenAccess Energy Blueprint 6