The Cardiovascular System :The Cardiovascular System :

BloodBlood

Achadiah RachmawatiAchadiah Rachmawati

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Components of Whole BloodComponents of Whole Blood

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Components of Whole BloodComponents of Whole Blood

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Erythrocytes Erythrocytes (RBCs)(RBCs)

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Structure of HemoglobinStructure of Hemoglobin

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LeukocytesLeukocytes

NeuthrophilNeuthrophil EosinophilEosinophil BasophilBasophil

LymphocyteLymphocyte MonocyteMonocyte

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Percentages of LeukocytesPercentages of Leukocytes

97% Hb

1%

2%

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MacrophagesMacrophages

• Macrophages are the chief phagocytic cells

• Free macrophages wander throughout a region in search of cellular debris

• Kupffer cells (liver) and microglia (brain) are fixed macrophages

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HematopoiesisHematopoiesis

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Bone MarrowBone Marrow

AP Biology

Circulatory SystemsCirculatory Systems

Achadiah RachmawatiAchadiah Rachmawati

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AP Biology 14

Exchange of materialsExchange of materials Animal cells exchange material across their

cell membrane fuels for energy nutrients oxygen waste (urea, CO2)

If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy! If you are many-celled that’s harder

AP Biology 15

Overcoming limitations of diffusionOvercoming limitations of diffusion

O2

CHO

CHO

aa

aa

CH

CO2

NH3aa

O2

CH

aa

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

NH3

NH3 NH3

NH3

NH3

NH3

NH3NH3

O2

aa

CH

aa

CHO

O2

Diffusion is not adequate for moving material across more than 1-cell barrier

AP Biology 16

In circulation…In circulation… What needs to be transported

nutrients & fuels from digestive system

respiratory gases O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills

intracellular waste waste products from cells

water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea) protective agents

immune defenses white blood cells & antibodies

blood clotting agents regulatory molecules

hormones

AP Biology 17

Circulatory systemsCirculatory systems All animals have:

circulatory fluid = “blood” tubes = blood vessels muscular pump = heart

open closed

hemolymph blood

AP Biology 18

Open circulatory systemOpen circulatory system

Taxonomy invertebrates

insects, arthropods, mollusks

Structure no separation

between blood & interstitial fluid hemolymph

AP Biology 19

Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system Taxonomy

invertebrates earthworms, squid,

octopuses vertebrates

Structure blood confined to vessels

& separate from interstitial fluid

1 or more hearts large vessels to smaller

vessels material diffuses

between vessels & interstitial fluid

closed system = higher pressures

AP Biology 20

Vertebrate circulatory systemVertebrate circulatory system

Adaptations in closed system number of heart chambers differs

4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure

What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?

2 3 4

low pressureto body

low O2

to body

high pressure & high O2

to body

AP Biology 21

Evolution of vertebrate circulatory systemEvolution of vertebrate circulatory system

fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals

A A

VV V VV

A AAAA

V

2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber

Birds ANDmammals!

Wassssup?!

AP Biology 22

Evolution of 4-chambered heartEvolution of 4-chambered heart

convergentevolution

Selective forces body size

protection from predation bigger body = bigger stomach for

herbivores endothermy

can colonize more habitats flight

decrease predation & increase prey capture

Effect of higher metabolic rate greater need for energy, fuels, O2,

waste removal endothermic animals need 10x energy need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 to cells

AP Biology 23

Vertebrate cardiovascular systemVertebrate cardiovascular system

Chambered heart atrium = receive blood ventricle = pump blood out

Blood vessels arteries = carry blood away from heart

arterioles veins = return blood to heart

venules capillaries = point of exchange, thin wall

capillary beds = networks of capillaries

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Cardiac Muscle BundlesCardiac Muscle Bundles

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Microscopic Microscopic Anatomy of Anatomy of

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle

AP Biology 26

Blood vesselsBlood vesselsarteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

artery

arteriolesvenules

veins

AP Biology 27

Arteries: Built for high pressure pumpArteries: Built for high pressure pump

Arteries thicker walls

provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood

narrower diameter elasticity

elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes

AP Biology 28

Veins: Built for low pressure flowVeins: Built for low pressure flow

Veins thinner-walled wider diameter

blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure

lower pressure distant from heart blood must flow by skeletal muscle contractions

when we move squeeze blood through veins

valves in larger veins one-way valves

allow blood to flow only toward heart

Open valve

Blood flowstoward heart

Closed valve

AP Biology 29

Capillaryies: Built for exchangeCapillaryies: Built for exchange

Capillaries very thin walls

lack 2 outer wall layers only endothelium

enhances exchange across capillary

AP Biology 30

Controlling blood flow to tissuesControlling blood flow to tissues Blood flow in capillaries controlled by

pre-capillary sphincters supply varies as blood is needed after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive

tract to skeletal muscles capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled

to capacity

sphincters open sphincters closed

Why?

AP Biology 31

Exchange across capillary wallsExchange across capillary walls

Arteriole

Bloodflow

Venule

Lymphaticcapillary

Interstitialfluid

Fluid & solutes flows out of capillaries to tissues due to blood pressure “bulk flow”

Interstitial fluid flows back into capillaries due to osmosis plasma proteins osmotic pressure in capillary

BP > OP BP < OP

15% fluid returns via lymph

85% fluid returns to capillaries

What aboutedema?

Capillary

AP Biology 32

Lymphatic systemLymphatic system Parallel circulatory system

transports white blood cells defending against infection

collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood maintains volume & protein

concentration of blood drains into circulatory system

near junction of vena cava & right atrium

AP Biology 33

Lymph SystemLymph System

AP Biology 34

MammalianMammaliancirculationcirculation

What do blue vs. red areas represent?What do blue vs. red areas represent?

pulmonary

systemic

systemic

AP Biology 35

Mammalian heartMammalian heart

Coronary arteries

to neck & head& arms

AP Biology 36

Coronary arteriesCoronary arteries

bypass surgery

AP Biology 37

AV

SL

AV

Heart valvesHeart valves 4 valves in the heart

flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow

Atrioventricular (AV) valve between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back

into atria when ventricles contract “lub”

Semilunar valves between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from arteries into

ventricles while they are relaxing “dub”

AP Biology 38

AV

SL

AV

Lub-dub, lub-dubLub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds

closing of valves “Lub”

recoil of blood against closed AV valves

“Dub” recoil of blood against

semilunar valves

Heart murmur defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream

of blood squirts backward through valve

AP Biology 39

Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle

systolic________diastolic

pump (peak pressure)_________________fill (minimum pressure)

1 complete sequence of pumping heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase

systole ventricles pumps blood out

relaxation phase diastole atria refill with blood

AP Biology 40

Measurement of blood pressureMeasurement of blood pressure

High Blood Pressure (hypertension) if top number (systolic pumping) > 150 if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90

AP Biology

Bloody well asksome questions, already!

AP Biology 42

Tugas IndividuTugas Individu Jelaskan haematopoeisis pada hewan ternak

[sapi, kambing, kelinci dan unggas (burung dan ayam)]! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari pustaka!

Bagaimana sistim sirkulasi darah pada hewan-hewan ternak tersebut! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari pustaka!

Bagaimana sistim immune pada hewan-hewan ternak tersebut! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari pustaka!

AP Biology 43

Tugas IndividuTugas Individu Tugas ditulis tangan (tulisan harus jelas

terbaca) pada kertas folio bergaris menggunakan ballpoint tinta biru (bukan spidol)!

Jawaban harus disertai dengan min. 5 (lima) pustaka tahun 1990–2009.

Apabila ada jawaban yang sama, maka nilai akan dibagi dengan jumlah jawaban yang sama.

Tugas dikumpulkan pada hari Senin, 30 Maret 2009 paling lambat jam 11.00 WIB melalui Ketua Klas dan diserahkan secara kolektif pada Dosen.

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