The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Church RespondsThe Catholic Church Responds

Initial Response to the Protestants

Reassert traditional theology Very aggressive opposition

Intent on rooting out Protestantism

Acknowledged some poor clerical behavior

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

Started in the 1540s as a reaction to the Started in the 1540s as a reaction to the Protestant reformation.Protestant reformation.

Too often the popes were preoccupied Too often the popes were preoccupied with politics or sensual pleasures. with politics or sensual pleasures.

Popes resisted calls for the formation of Popes resisted calls for the formation of a general council because it would limit a general council because it would limit their authority.their authority.

The InquisitionThe Inquisition

Spanish Inquisition—the auto-da-fe

• The Church initially responded to the Reformation by persecuting Protestants

• The Inquisition reappeared

• Pope Paul IV took a very repressive attitude towards the Protestants

The Council of Trent The Council of Trent

Pope Paul III Pope Paul III called the called the Council of Trent Council of Trent (1545-1563). (1545-1563).

– An attempt to An attempt to reconcile with reconcile with the Protestants the Protestants failed. failed.

– International International politics hindered politics hindered the theological the theological debates.debates.

The Catholic Reformation

The council maintained papal authority The council maintained papal authority and began a spiritual renewal of the and began a spiritual renewal of the church.church.– The church’s The church’s interpretationinterpretation of the Bible is final of the Bible is final– Need Need faith and good worksfaith and good works for salvation for salvation– FalseFalse selling of indulgences banned selling of indulgences banned– SimonySimony and and pluralismpluralism outlawed outlawed– Attempts were made to curb clerical Attempts were made to curb clerical

immoralityimmorality and to encourage and to encourage educationeducation – Great emphasis was placed on Great emphasis was placed on preachingpreaching

Rejected Protestantreform doctrine

Retained the sevensacraments

Acknowledged themystical presence

of Christ in theEucharist

Opposed clericalmarriage

Reaffirmed belief in Purgatory

Images, pilgrimages,saints, and relics

deemed acceptable

Reaffirmed the spiritual authority of

Pope and bishops

Theological Ideas of the

Council of Trent

Declared the LatinVulgate the only

acceptable versionof the Bible

Ordered seminariesfounded

Stressed priestly obligation to their

congregations

Directive to keep records (birth, death,

marriage) of thefaithful

Indulgences wouldno longer be sold

Index ofForbidden Books

Policies Implemented

by the Council of Trent

New religious orders New religious orders

The Ursuline order of nuns gained The Ursuline order of nuns gained enormous prestige for the education of enormous prestige for the education of women. women.

– The Ursulines sought to re Christianize The Ursulines sought to re Christianize society by training future wives and mothers. society by training future wives and mothers.

– The Ursulines spread to France and North The Ursulines spread to France and North America.America.

Society of JesusSociety of JesusThe Society of Jesus played a strong The Society of Jesus played a strong international role in resisting international role in resisting Protestantism. Protestantism. – Obedience was the foundation of the Jesuit Obedience was the foundation of the Jesuit

tradition. tradition. – With their schools, political influence, and With their schools, political influence, and

missionary work, they brought many people missionary work, they brought many people into the Catholic fold.into the Catholic fold.

Jesuits 3 main goalsJesuits 3 main goals

– Stop the spread of ProtestantismStop the spread of Protestantism– Convert non-CatholicsConvert non-Catholics– Spread education by building schoolsSpread education by building schools

The Sacred Congregation of the The Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office Holy Office

This group, established by Pope Paul III This group, established by Pope Paul III in 1542, carried out the Roman in 1542, carried out the Roman Inquisition as a way to combat heresy. Inquisition as a way to combat heresy.

It had the power to arrest, imprison, and It had the power to arrest, imprison, and execute, but its influence was confined to execute, but its influence was confined to papal territories.papal territories.

French Jesuit Missionaries

Catholicism in New France