the cattle kingdom west texas ranching was the main source of income in west texas. how do you...

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The Cattle Kingdom

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Page 1: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

The Cattle Kingdom

Page 2: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

West Texas

•Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas.

• How do you explain this?• Why do you think it wasn’t farming?

• Regions is too dry to support farming so ranching became more prominent

• Primarily influenced by water resources

Page 3: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Spanish Origins• The Spanish brought cattle and horses to

Texas• Large Spanish/Mexican ranches existed in

Northern Mexico & TX• Spanish vaqueros, or cowboys developed

skills in riding, roping, herding, and branding

Page 4: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

• Some cattle strayed from the missions or ranches.• Over time, a new breed evolved known as the Texas

longhorn.

Page 5: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

The longhorn was able to adapt to almost any environment.able to survive on little water or foodable to survive extreme hot or cold temperaturesAble to use their horns for protection

Page 6: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Influence of Civil War• Civil War ending marked the beginning of the cattle boom• The demand for beef outpaced supply in the Northeast• New markets in the East increased the growth of the industry as

population grew• Longhorns worth $3-$6 in Texas but $30-$80 in the Eastern United States• Large supply and high demand for beef created great profits for Texas

ranchers• Cattle boom helped Texas recover from the war

Page 7: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Cattle Trails• The Northern demand for beef led to the rise of the cattle

trails• Cattle Trails added to support the growing cattle industry in

Texas• Cattle trails were used to get cattle to the railroads, which

took them to markets in Northern Texas• Cattle drives began with a roundup• Drove the herds to towns with rail stations• Sent by rail to Northern states where they would be

slaughtered for meat• Ranchers made LARGE profits moving a herd to market

Page 8: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Cattle Trails

Page 9: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Problems with Cattle Trails

• Bandits stole cattle• Farmers complained…

• Cattle trampled their crops• Longhorns spread “Texas Fever” to

their cows• Some states passed quarantine laws to

keep Texas cattle away• Quarantine – isolate or separate to

prevent the spread of disease

Page 10: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Shawnee Trail

• First Cattle Trail used after the Civil War• Trail led from S. Texas thru Indian Territory to Sedalia, Missouri

Page 11: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Famous Trails• Chisholm Trail• The route went from Texas thru Indian

Territory and to Abilene, Kansas• Jesse Chisholm used this route to ship

goods north from Texas to Kansas• 1871 – 600,000 cattle moved north on

the trail• 1884 – 5 million cattle traveled on the

trail

Page 12: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Famous Trails• Great Western Trail • Opened in 1874 by drover John T. Lytle• Drover – person who moves livestock to

market• Developed to the west of the Chisholm Trail • Ran from Indian Territory to Dodge City,

Kansas and then north to a rail station in Nebraska

Page 13: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Famous Trails• Goodnight Love Trail • Trail blazed by Charles Goodnight and

Oliver Loving• Chose this route to avoid the hostile

Plains Indians• Ran from West Texas through New

Mexico, into Colorado and finally Wyoming

• Towns grew up along the trails and were known for violence and lawlessness

Page 14: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Famous Trails

Page 15: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Major Cattle Trails

Austin

Abilene

Baxter Springs

Dodge City

OgallalaCheyenne

Pueblo

Denver

Kerrville

Fort Concho

Sedalia

KEYGoodnight-Loving Trail

Great Western Trail

Chisholm Trail

Sedalia (Shawnee) Trail

Towns

Forts

Railroads

Rivers

Ellsworth

Page 16: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Life on the Trail• Cowboys rounded up cattle into a central camp in

early spring• They branded the animals and divided them into

herds• A typical herd numbered about 3,000 head of cattle• A trail boss (manager) planned the cattle drive• They brought 50-60 good horses – the spare horses

were called the remuda

Page 17: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Life on the Trail

• Cowboys spent 2 hours on guard duty• A herd moved about 10-15 miles a day• Cowboys often faced the possibility of stampedes

Page 18: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Trail Boss

Wrangler

Swing

SwingFlank

Flank

Point

Point

Remuda

Chuck wagon

Drag

TYPICAL CATTLE DRIVE

FORMATION

This diagram shows a typical cattle drive formation.The Pointers guided the cattle in the desired direction;the Swing Riders, behind the Pointers, assisted in guiding the cattle, and in keeping the herd in formation.The Flank Riders worked at keeping the formation intact.The Drag Riders, the most undesirable position because of the dust , depending upon the wind, kept the weaker, lagging cattle from slowing the formation down.

Page 19: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

WAYS TEXANS HAVE ADAPTED TO AND MODIFIED THE ENVIRONMENT AND POSITIVE

AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF THE MODIFICATIONS

• Cattle trails• Adapted/Modified – cattle trails

were developed to transport cattle to the railroads.

• Consequences – led to the development of railroads and towns in less-developed areas

Page 20: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Jobs Along the Trail

Trail Boss• Qualifications

Leadership, Competence, Cooperative, Cool-headed, Resolute, Quick thinker, Previous experience with cattle drives

• Duties• Responsible for entire operation

(cows, cowboys, cattle) while on trail• Involved in finding water, grass, and

good trail for cattle• Can track different animals across the

range; knows the range well• Keeps peace between cowboys• Keeps horses and cowboys fed• Handles money involved with placing

orders for supplies and paying appropriate tolls

• Pay (1890s) - $90/month

• Pay (2008) - $2052/monthZack T. Burkett, LS Foreman, Overlooking the Canadian River, 1907

Page 21: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Legendary ranchman and trail driver Charles Goodnight invented the chuck wagon in 1866 for use by his crews. The chuck wagon, sometimes drawn by oxen, but usually by mules, carried not only food, utensils and a water barrel, but also tools and the crew's bed rolls. A fold-out counter, supported by one or two hinged legs, was used for food preparation. The wagon contained several drawers and shelves, with a "boot" or storage compartment underneath, all covered by a canvas top. The cook served beef and bison steaks, SOB stew (made from calf parts), "chuck wagon chicken" (bacon), "Pecos strawberries" (beans), "sourdough bullets" (biscuits) and cowboy coffee.

Chuck Wagon Cook

A JA Cook Inspecting His Stew, JA Ranch, Texas, 1908

The Matador outfit having dinner at the chuck wagon. The noon meal is known as "dinner" in the ranch country. Matador Ranch, Texas., 1908-1909

The Matador wagon cook [Harry

Stewart] making a cobbler. Matador Ranch, Texas, 1908

QualificationsMust know how to drive a wagon, be able to prepare meals with limited resources and serve them on time, some experience and knowledge of medical techniques also necessary

Level of Experience HIGH; former cowboy who is either too old for

the more difficult work or has been hurtDuties

Prepares 3 meals a day out of the back of a wagon

Not expected to assist with any cattle or other trail jobs

Cooks for the men on the trail Moves wagon about two times a day, 10-15

miles each time Awakens at 3am and has breakfast ready when

the others are awakened Pay (1890s) - $60/month Pay (2008) - $1368/month

Page 22: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Point Qualifications

Reliable, ability to work in a group with others toward a common goal

Level of Experience High; most honored post on the

drive. These cowboys would determine the direction of the drive.

Duties Works in groups of two and points

the lead steers in the right direction Sets the pace for the drive

Pay (1890s) - $30-40/month Pay (2008) - $684-912/month

Swing Qualifications

Must know how to ride a horse, previous experience with trail drives

Level of Experience Some experience required

Duties Rides a third of the way back from the front

of the herd as it is moving down the trail Pay (1890s) - $30-40/month Pay (2008) - $684-912/month

Page 23: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Flank Qualifications

Must know how to ride a horse, previous experience with trail drives

Level of Experience Some experience required

Duties “Cuts in” cattle that have gotten out of

the herd Rides about 2/3 of the way back from the

front of the trail Makes sure that cattle do not wander too

far away from the main herd Pay (1890s) - $30-40/month Pay (2008) - $684-912/month

Drag Qualifications

Willing to work hard and endure dust and dirt kicked up by the herd and riders ahead of them

Level of Experience Usually an entry-level position

Duties Rides at the back of the herd on the trail to

make sure that beeves, cows, etc. stay with the herd

Must be able to “push” these slower cattle forward

Pay (1890s) - $30-40/month Pay (2008) - $684-912/month

Two OR cowboys roping an outlaw steer, 1909

Jack Woffard of the Shoe Bar outfit flanking the trail herd. Shoe Bar Ranch, Texas, 1912

Page 24: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Often horses in the remuda would dodge cowhands’ attempts to rope them, making rope-handling skills all the more important. In this image, the cowhand is roping his mount for the day, using a smear or houlihan catch. A roper had different throws for different purposes; the smear or houlihan catch is a fast overhand throw with an open loop, rather than a side or spinning throw, which required more room to execute. The houlihan catch is performed quickly and in a tight area.

Erwin E. Smith (1886–1947)Smearing His Loop on a Wild One [A JA Cowpuncher Making a Houlihan Catch in the Remuda as the Horses Attempt to Dodge His Lariat], JA Ranch, Texas, 1908

Wrangler

The wrangler was usually a young boy who worked as an apprentice to learn the ways of a cowhand. His primary responsibility was to care for the remuda (herd of horses). In the morning he rose before the men to round up all the horses that might have wandered away in the night. He had to keep them together until they could be roped for the men to ride. One of the most popular cowboy songs of all time, “Little Joe, the Wrangler,” written by Jack Thorp in 1898, told the story of a youngster who worked hard at a “man’s job” and died tragically when the herd stampeded during a storm.

The boy wrangler for the Shoe Bar brings in a load of wood, the cowboy's favorite method of "totin' things", 1912

QualificationsWilling to learn and work hard

Level of Experience ENTRY-LEVEL POSITION, generally a young boy who wants to be a cowboy

Duties Drives the remuda before the wagon and ahead of the cattle Rounds the extra horses up and gets them into a rope corral several times

during the day Keeps the horses together and eating grass until it is time for cowboys to

change mounts Makes sure that those ridden hard are given proper food (corn and grass) Helps cook gahter wood and harness the teams of horses

Pay (1890s) - $25/month Pay (2008) - $570/month

Page 25: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

The MYTH of the Cowboy

• The MYTH of the Cowboy started in books and movies.

• They portrayed cowhands as white men who experienced exciting adventures along the cattle trails and defended themselves against Indian tribes.

Page 26: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Cowboys

• Cowboys were in their teens to mid-20s• Small build – large men were too big for the horses• 2/3 were African-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and

women• Daily life was boring, dirty work• Some rode up to 36 hours in saddle• Storms, dust, heat, rattlesnakes and river crossings

made life unpleasant

Page 27: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Female Cowboys

Lizzie E. Johnson

Margaret H. Borland

Page 28: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Big Ranches• By the late 1870s, land and cattle

companies owned more than HALF the land in West Texas

• Ranchers soon enclosed nearly all the rangeland in South Texas

• This brought an end to the big cattle drives

• Huge ranches spread out across Texas

Page 29: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Major CattleRanches

South TX Ranches• KING RANCH

Richard King, Henrietta King, Robert Kleberg

Panhandle Ranches• JA RANCH

John Adair, Charles Goodnight

• XIT RANCHAfter the capitol building in Austin burned down in 1881 the Farwell brothers of Chicago agreed to build a $3 million capitol in exchange for 3 million acres of land in the Panhandle… they started the XIT with the land

• SHOE BAR RANCHThomas Bugbee

• MATADOR RANCHH.H. Campbell and others

CAMP RANCH

Wilson County

Shoe Bar Ranch

JA Ranch

XIT Ranch

Matador Ranch

King Ranch

Page 30: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

King Ranch• Richard King started with 15,000 acres in

Nueces County in 1852• When King died in 1885, he owned more

than 600,000 acres• His widow Henrietta and his son-in-law,

Robert Kleberg doubled the size of the ranch

• The King ranch grew to more than ONE MILLION ACRES, about as large as the state of Rhode Island

Page 31: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions
Page 32: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

King RanchHeadquartersKingsville, TX

RichardKing

Page 33: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

JA Ranch• Charles Goodnight’s JA Ranch was located in

the Panhandle• It covered more than one million acres by

the late 1880s• The ranch supported 100,000 cattle• Goodnight improved his cattle through

careful breeding • His ranch produced some of the nation’s

finest beef

Page 34: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

JA Ranch

CharlesGoodnig

ht

Page 35: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

XIT Ranch• XIT was another large Panhandle ranch• It enclosed more than 3 million acres,

surrounded by 6,000 miles of barbed wire fence• XIT was almost as large as the state of

Connecticut• Group of investors from Chicago, John and

Charles Farwell, owned the XIT• Received land after building a new capitol in

Austin in 1888

Page 36: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

XIT Ranch

Charles and John Farwell

Page 37: The Cattle Kingdom West Texas Ranching was the main source of income in West Texas. How do you explain this? Why do you think it wasn’t farming? Regions

Other Texas Ranches• Sheep industry thrived in Central and South

Texas• By 1886, Texans owned nearly 5 million

sheep• Goat ranching also expanded in Texas in the

late 1800s• Some Texans owned mustang ranches• Mustangs are wild horses and thousands

lived on the plains