the cell
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The Cell. I . Cell Theory. Early 1600s - Compound microscope invented. 1. Made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells. B. Famous Scientists. 1. Robert Hooke (1665). a. English physicist b. Observed cork cells - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Cell
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I. Cell Theory
A. Early 1600s - Compound microscope
invented
1. Made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells
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B. Famous Scientists
a. English physicist
b. Observed cork cells
c. Cork is made of many small chambers he called “cells” (after monastery rooms)
d. Inspired other scientists to search for cells in organisms
1. Robert Hooke (1665)
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a. Dutch businessmanb. First person to see tiny organisms in a drop of water (called them “animalcules”)
c. First person to see bacteria
2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
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3. Matthias Schleiden (1838)a. German botanist
(plant specialist)
b. Concluded that
All plants are made of cells
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Not to be confused with…
cellscells
Sideburns
4. Theodore Schwann (1839)
a. German scientist
b. Concluded that all animals are made of cells
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a. German physician
b. Realized that all cells come from pre-existing cells
5. Rudolf Virchow (1855)
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The Cell Theory
1.All living things are made up of cells.
2.The cell is the basic unit of function in living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
C. The discoveries of these scientists lead to the formation of the Cell Theory:
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***DON’T FORGET:
Tissue
Organ System
Organ
Organism
Cell
Organelle
(group of similar cells)
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II. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
CELLS
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
• No True Nucleus- Genetic material is free-floating in Cytoplasm
• No specialized organelles • Contain specialized organelles
• True Nucleus- Genetic material is bound by a membrane
EX: Bacteria EX: Human Cells
Smaller Larger
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Animal Cell
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III. Cell Structures & OrganellesStructure Found in… Function Other Important Info
Cell Wall Plants, Fungi and Prokaryote
NOT Animal Cells
•Support & protection
•Lies outside cell membrane•Prokaryotes – peptidoglycan •Fungi – chitin•Plants – cellulose
Cytoplasm All cells
•Contains important structures (organelles)
• Fluid-like material (mostly H2O) found inside cell between membrane and nucleus
Cell Membrane
All cells •Regulates what enters/ leaves the cell (selectively permeable)
•Composed mainly of lipids and proteins
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Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info
Nucleus All Eukaryotic
Cells
• Controls most cell processes
•Contains hereditary information (DNA)
• Parts of/in the nucleus:a) Nuclear
Envelope/Membrane: porous double membrane surrounding the nucleus (allows materials in/out of nucleus)
b) Chromatin : granular material made up of DNA wrapped around protein(condenses into thread-like chromosomes during cell division)
c)Nucleolus: small, dense region where ribosomes are produced
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nuclear pores
chromatin
nucleolusNuclear poreNucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope
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Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info
Endoplasmic Reticulum
All Eukaryotic
Cells
•Components of cell membrane assembled•Proteins modified•Pathway for material transport
Smooth ER (No ribosomes)= 2 Types of E.R.
Rough ER (Ribosomes attached) =
•Synthesis of lipids(fat)•Metabolize carbs
•Detox of drugs and poisons
•Protein production & storage
Ribosome All cells **THE SITE OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS**
•Located on Rough ER and Suspended in Cytoplasm
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic ReticulumNucleus
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Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info
Golgi Complex
All Eukaryotic
Cells
•Attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins•Packages and ships materials throughout cell in transport vessels
•Stacks of flat membrane sacs •Produces some polysaccharides
Lysosome All Animal Cells,
NOT Plant and
Prokaryotic Cells
•Breaks down food and old organelles
•Destroys foreign material/bacteria
•Small membrane sac containing digestive enzymes.
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Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info
VacuoleAll Plant
cells (Large), Animal cells
(small or none),
NOT in Prokaryotes
•Storage vessel for …
FoodWaterWasteCell Products
Contractile Vacuole Pumps excess water out of cell
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Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info
All Eukaryotic
Cells
•Cell movement
Microtubules
•Found in the cytoskeleton, which provides support to the cell’s shape•Serve as “tracks” for organelles to move
•Helps build other structures...
-Centrioles
-Cilia-Flagella
Hair-like organelles involved in cell movement
•Cylinder-like structures made of tubulin
•Chromosome movement
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The eukaryotic cytoskeleton: Microfilaments in red; Microtubules in green; Nuclei in blue
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Cilia
Flagella
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Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info
Microfilament
All Eukaryotic
Cells
•Aid in the movement of cytoplasm within the cell Cyclosis•Found in the cytoskeleton (support)
•Thread-like strands of actin in the cytoplasm
Centrioles Animal Cells Only
• Help separate chromosomes during cell division
•Pair of cylinders (made of microtubules) that lie at right angles to each other
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Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info
Mitochondria
All Eurkaryotic
Cells
•Has a double membrane: inner membrane is folded to increase surface area for biochemical reactions
** Have their own DNA and can duplicate themselves**
“Powerhouse”
•Release energy from stored food molecules (glucose) •Produce ATP through aerobic respiration
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Structure Found in… Function Other Important Info
Chloroplast
Photosynthetic cells ONLY,
NOT in Animal Cells or
Prokaryotes •Protein rich fluid called stroma
Contains...• Use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose)
• Produce oxygen
•Stacks of thylakoid membranes called grana
•Chlorophyll (green)
*Have their own DNA and can duplicate themselves
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*Endosymbiotic Theory-
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells.
*Endosymbiosis-One organism lives inside the cell of another organism to the benefit of both.
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Animal CellA
H
G
FE
B
D
C
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Plant Cell
A
G
BCD
E
F
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Animal Cell
cytoplasm
vacuole cell membrane
ribosomes
lysosome
golgi body
mitochondrionendoplasmic
reticulumnuclear membrane
nucleolus
chromatin
nucleus
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Plant Cell
cytoplasm
vacuole cell membrane
cell wall
ribosomes
chloroplast
golgi bodymitochondrionendoplasmic
reticulumnuclear membrane
nucleolus
chromatin
nucleus