the cell/ all about cells
TRANSCRIPT
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The Cell
Introduction:
All these plants and animals are made of the building blocks we call cells. Like theseexamples, many living things consist of vast numbers of cells working in concert with
one another. Other forms of life, however, are made of only a single cell, such as the
many species of bacteria and protooa. Cells, whether living on their own or as part of a
multicellular organism. And also these organisms are too small to see by a naked eye.
!e have to use microscope in order to see these little tiny creatures that build up life.
Entomology
The cell "from Latin cella, meaning #small room#$ is the basic structural, functional, and
biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that canreplicate independently, and are often called the #building blocks of life#. The study of
cells is called cell biology.
Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many
biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids Organisms can be classified as
unicellular "consisting of a single cell% including bacteria$ or multicellular "including
plants and animals$. !hile the number of cells in plants and animals varies from
species to species, humans contain more than &' trillion "&'&($ cells. )ost plant and
animal cells are visible only under the microscope, with dimensions between & and &''
micrometres
The cell was discovered by *obert +ooke in &-, Cell theory, first developed in &(/
by )atthias 0akob 1chleiden and Theodor 1chwann, states that all organisms are
composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and
function in all living organisms, that all cells come from preexisting cells, and that all
cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for
transmitting information to the next generation of cells
Cell Theory
The cell theory or cell doctrine was proposed by 1chleiden and 1chwann in &(/
describe that all organisms are composed of similar units of organisation, called cells.
2n &( )atthias 1chleiden found that all plant cells have basically similar structure.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hookehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleidenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Schwannhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleidenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Schwannhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke
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T. 1chwann"&(/$ observed that animal cells differ from plant cells in lacking cell wall
but are otherwise similar amongst themselves. +e declared that all animals and plants
are made up of cells.
1chleiden "&($ summaried his observations into three conclusions about cells3
&. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organiation in living things.
4. The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the
construction of organisms.
(. Cells form by free5cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals "spontaneous
generation$.
*udolph 6irchow"&-$ states that #Omnis cellula e cellula#5that the new cells arise
from pre5existing cells only. The main features of cell theory as known nowadays are
&.All living organism are composed of cells. Therefore cell is structural unit of living
organisms.
4. All cells arise from the pre5existing cells of similar type. Thus cell is a unit of heredity.
(. All cells are basically alike in chemical composition and metabolism activities.
7.The function of an organism as a whole is the result of the activities and interactions
of its cells.
The two types of Cell:
1. Prokaryotic Cell: Any of various microorganisms of the domains Archaea
and 8acteria, characteried by the absence of a distinct membrane5bound
nucleus and membrane5bound organelles and by the simultaneous
occurrence of 9:A transcription and protein synthesis at the same site, in
contrast to eukaryotes
;rokaryotic cells were the first form of life on
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A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions:
• On the outside, flagella and pili pro>ect from the cell?s surface. These are
structures "not present in all prokaryotes$ made of proteins that facilitate movement andcommunication between cells.
•
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2. Eukaryotic Cells : A cell containing a membrane5bound nucleus with
chromosomes of 9:A and proteins, generally large "&'5&'' mcm$, with cell
division involving a form of mitosis in which mitotic spindles "or some
microtubule arrangement$ are involved% mitochondria are present, and, in
photosynthetic species, plastids are found% undulipodia "cilia or flagella$ are of
the complex /4 organiation of microtubules and various proteins.;ossession of an eukaryote type of cell characteries the four kingdoms
above the )onera or prokaryote level of complexity3 ;rotoctista, Bungi,
;lantae, and Animalia, combined into the superkingdom
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Figure 1.2 Animal Cell, A Eukaryotic Cell
Figure 1.3 Plant Cell, Another example of a Eukaryotic Cell
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Parts and unctions:
Animal Cell
!rganelle "escription #iological $seCell )embrane
Figure 1.4
Cell em!rane
Animal 5 outer layer%
cholesterol 9ouble layer of
phospholipids with
proteins 1electively
permeable
1upport
;rotection
Controls movement
of materials inout of
cell
8arrier between cell
and its environment
)aintains
homeostasis
:ucleus
Figure 1."
#he $ucleu%
:ucleus is spherical
body containing
many organelles,
including the
nucleolus
The nucleus
controls many of the
functions of the cell
"by controlling
protein synthesis$
and contains 9:A
"in chromosomes$.
The nucleus is
surrounded by the
nuclear membrane.
Controls cell
activities
Contains the
hereditary material
of the cell:uclear )embrane 1urrounds nucleus
9ouble membrane
1electively
permeable
Controls movement
of materials inout of
nucleus
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Figure 1.&
$uclear em!rane
Cytoplasm
Figure 1.'
Cytopla%m
Clear, thick, >ellylike
material "cytosol$ Organelles found
inside cell
membrane Contains the
cytoskeleton fibers
1upports and
protects cell
organelles
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*ough "
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Figure 1.
*i!o%ome
)itochondrion
Figure 1.1-
itochon)rion
;eanut shaped
9ouble membrane
Outer membrane
smooth 2nner membrane
folded into cristae
8reaks down sugar
"glucose$ molecules
to release energy 1ite of aerobic
cellular respiration
6acuole
Figure 1.11
acuole
fluid5filled,
membrane5
surrounded cavities
inside a cell.
1tore food, water,
metabolic D toxic
wastes 1tore large amounts
of food or sugars in
plants
Lysosome
Figure 1.12
/y%o%ome
1mall and round
with a single
membrane round organelles
surrounded by a
membrane and
containing digestive
enymes.
8reaks down larger
food molecules into
smaller molecules 9igests old cell
parts
:ucleolus Bound inside the
cell?s nucleus )ay have more
than one 9isappear during
cell division
)ake ribosomes
it is where
ribosomal *:A is
produced
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Figure 1.13
$ucleolu%
Eolgi Apparatus
Figure 1.14
0olgi Apparatu%
a flattened, layered,
sac5like organelle
that looks like a
stack of pancakesand is located near
the nucleus
2t produces the
membranes that
surround the
lysosomes. The Eolgi body
packages proteins
and carbohydrates
into membrane5
bound vesicles for
FexportG from the
cell.
Cilia
Figure 1.1"
Cilia
+ave a /54
arrangement of
microtubules 1hort, but
numerous
)ovement
Centrioles
Figure 1.1&
Centriole%
;aired structures
near the nucleus )ade of a cylinder
of microtubule pairs
1eparate
chromosome pairs
during mitosis
Centrosome an organelle near
the nucleus of a cell
that contains the
centrioles
from which the
spindle fibers
develop in cell
division.
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Figure 1.1'
Centro%ome
Cytoskeleton
Figure 1.1(
Cyto%keleton
)ade of
microtubules H
microfilaments
1trengthen cell D
maintains the shape )oves organelles
within the cell
Figure 1.1
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Cro%% +ection of Animal Cell
Plant Cell:
!rganelle "escription #iological $se
Amyloplasts
Figure 2.1 Amylopla%t%
a microscopic
sac, bound by a
double
membrane, that
is found inside
plant cells
contains starch
granules
Cell )embrane
Figure 2.2
Cell em!rane
The thin layer of
protein and fat
that surrounds
the cell, but is
inside the cell
wall.
The cell
membrane is
semipermeable,
allowing some
substances to
pass into the cell
and blocking
others.
Cell !all
Figure 2.3
Cell all
a thick, rigid
membrane that
surrounds a plant
cell
This layer of
cellulose fiber
gives the cell
most of its
support and
structure. Also bonds with
other cell walls to
form the structure
of the plant.
Centrosome a small body
located near the
nucleus 5 it has a
dense center and
radiating tubules Inlike the
is where
microtubules are
made the centrosome
divides and the
two parts move to
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Figure 2.4
Centro%ome
centrosomes in
animal cells,
plant cell
centrosomes do
not have
centrioles..
opposite sides of
the dividing cell.
Chlorophyll
Figure 2."Chlorophyll in Plant Cell
Figure 2.".1
Chlorophyll olecule
A green pigment,
present in all
green plants and
in cyanobacteria,
responsible for
the absorption of
light to provideenergy for
photosynthesis.
Ises light energy
from sunlight to
turn water and
carbon dioxide
gas into sugar
and oxygen "this
process is calledphotosynthesis$.
Chloroplasts
Figure 2.&
an elongated or
disc5shaped
organelle
containing
chlorophyll.
;hotosynthesis
"in which energy
from sunlight is
converted into
chemical energy 5
food$ takes place
in the
chloroplasts.
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Chloropla%t
Cytoplasm
Figure 2.'
Cytopla%m
The >ellylike
material outside
the cell nucleus
in which the
organelles arelocated.
1upports and
protects cell
organelles
Eolgi 8ody
Figure 2.(
0olgi o)y 0olgi Apparatu%
a flattened,
layered, sac5like
organelle that
looks like a stack
of pancakes andis located near
the nucleus
The golgi body
packages
proteins and
carbohydrates
into membrane5bound vesicles for
#export# from the
cell.
)itochondrion
Figure 2.
itochon)rion
spherical to rod5
shaped
organelles with a
doublemembrane.
The inner
membrane is
infolded many
times, forming a
series of
pro>ections
"called cristae$
The
mitochondrion
converts the
energy stored inglucose into AT;
"adenosine
triphosphate$ for
the cell.
:uclear )embrane the membrane
that surroundsthe nucleus.
acts as a barrier
separating thenuclear contents
from the
surrounding
cytoplasm.
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Figure 2.1-
$uclear em!rane
:ucleolus
Figure 2.11
$ucleolu%
an organelle
within the
nucleus
it is where
ribosomal *:A is
produced.
:ucleus
Figure 2.12
$ucleu%
1pherical body
containing many
organelles,
including the
nucleolus. The nucleus is
surrounded by
the nuclear
membrane
The nucleus
controls many of
the functions of
the cell "by
controlling protein
synthesis$ Contains 9:A "in
chromosomes$.
*ibosomes
Figure 2.13
*i!o%ome%
1mall bodies free
or attached to
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Figure 2.14
*ough En)opla%mic *eticulum
in the cell?s
cytoplasm "the
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Figure 2.1&
Cro%% +ection
of Plant Cell
Cell "i%ision:
Cell "i%ision unctions in &eproduction' (rowth' and &epair
Cell division involves the distribution of identical genetic material, 9:A, to two
daughters cells. !hat is most remarkable is the fidelity with which the 9:A is passed
along, without dilution or error, from one generation to the next.
Two types of Cell "i%ision
)itosis* nuclearchemical events resulting in two daughter nuclei which have identical
genetic material to each other and to the mother cell
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1tages3
Interphase
• 2s the #resting# or non5mitotic portion of the cell cycle.
• 2t is comprised of E&, 1, and E4 stages of the cell cycle.
• 9:A is replicated during the 1 phase of 2nterphase
Prophase
• The chromosomes condense and become visible
• The centrioles form and move toward opposite ends of the cell "#the poles#$
• The nuclear membrane dissolves
• The mitotic spindle forms "from the centrioles in animal cells$
• 1pindle fibers from each centriole attach to each sister chromatid at the
kinetochore
)etaphase
• The Centrioles complete their migration to the poles
• The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell "#the eJuator#$
• Compare )etaphase to the )etaphase 2 and to the )etaphase 22 stages of
mitosis.
Anaphase
• 1pindles attached to kinetochores begin to shorten.
• This exerts a force on the sister chromatids that pulls them apart.
• 1pindle fibers continue to shorten, pulling chromatids to opposite poles.
• This ensures that each daughter cell gets identical sets of chromosomes
Telophase
• The chromosomes decondense
• The nuclear envelope forms
• Cytokinesis reaches completion, creating two daughter cells
• Compare Telophase to the Telophase 2 and to the Telophase 22 stages of mitosis.
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Figure 3.1
+tage% of ito%i%
)eiosis* is a specialied type of cell division which reduces the chromosome number
by half. This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single5celled and multi5celled
eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and fungi.
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Figure 3.2 +tage% of eio%i%
Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic Cell. The "ifference
!rganelle Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
:ucleus • True nucleus,
consisting of
nuclear membrane
D nucleoli
• :o nuclear
membrane or
nucleoli "nucleoid$
Lysosomes and
peroxisomes• ;resent • Absent
)icrotubules • ;resent • Absent or *are
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Cell !all • Only in plant cells
and fungi
"chemically simpler$
• Isually chemically
complexed
+ere are some other differences ,etween prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
!ther "ifferences Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
:umber of chromosomes )ore than one • One5but not true
chromosome3
;lasmids
Cell Type • Isually multicellular • Isually unicellular
"some
cyanobacteria may
be multicellular$True )embrane bound
:ucleus• ;resent • Absent
Eenetic *ecombination • )eiosis and fusion
of game
• ;artial, undirectional
transfers 9:A
9:A wrapping on proteins. •
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Figure 4.1
acteria, a prokaryotic cell,
%e% it% tail like organelle% for mo5ement
The Cell )em,rane:
The cell membrane is a thin semi5permeable membrane that surrounds the
cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents. 2ts function is to protect the integrity of
the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping
other substances out. 2t also serves as a base of attachment for the cytoskeleton
in some organisms and the cell wall in others. Thus the cell membrane also
serves to help support the cell and help maintain its shape.
The cell membrane is primarily composed of a mix of proteins and lipids. !hilelipids help to give membranes their flexibility, proteins monitor and maintain the
cell?s chemical climate and assist in the transfer of molecules across the
membrane.
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Figure ".1
Cro%% +ection of Cell em!rane
unctions of Cell )em,rane
5 The cell membrane "or plasma membrane or plasmalemma$ surrounds the
cytoplasm of living cells, physically separating the intracellular components from
the extracellular environment. Bungi, bacteria and plants also have a cell wall in
addition, which provides a mechanical support to the cell and precludes the
passage of larger molecules. The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring
the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular
matrix and other cells to help group cells together to form tissues.5 The cell membrane is selectively permeable and able to regulate what enters and
exits the cell, thus facilitating the transport of materials needed for survival.
&. ;assive osmosis and diffusion3 1ome substances "small molecules, ions$ such
as carbon dioxide "CO4$ and oxygen "O4$, can move across the plasma
membrane by diffusion, which is a passive transport process. 8ecause themembrane acts as a barrier for certain molecules and ions, they can occur in
different concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. 1uch a concentration
gradient across a semipermeable membrane sets up an osmotic flow for the
water.4. Transmembrane protein channels and transporters3 :utrients, such as sugars or
amino acids, must enter the cell, and certain products of metabolism must leave
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the cell. 1uch molecules diffuse passively through protein channels such as
aJuaporins "in the case of water "+4O$$ in facilitated diffusion or are pumped
across the membrane by transmembrane transporters. ;rotein channel proteins,
also called permeases, are usually Juite specific, recogniing and transporting
only a limited food group of chemical substances, often even only a single
substance.(.
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Figure ".2
Cell em!rane 6ore 7etaile)8
;arts and Bunctions of Cell )embrane
Parts #iological unction
;rotein Channel Channel proteins facilitate
the transport of substances
across a cell membrane.
They do this through the
process of either facilitated
diffusion or active transport
depending on the
concentration gradient, or
the difference in the
concentration of substances
inside and outside the cell
membrane
Elobular proteins Elobular proteins or spheroproteins are spherical
"#globe5like#$ proteins and
are one of the common
protein types "the others
being fibrous, disordered
and membrane proteins$.
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Elobular proteins are
somewhat water5soluble
"forming colloids in water$,
unlike the fibrous or
membrane proteins.
Cholesterol Cholesterol is found in every
cell of your body. 2t is
especially abundant in the
membranes of these cells,
where it helps maintain the
integrity of these
membranes, and plays a
role in facilitating cell
signaling55 meaning the
ability of your cells tocommunicate with each
other so you function as a
human, rather than a pile of
cells.
Elycolipid
Figure ".4
Chemical +tructure of 0lycolipi)
Elycolipids are lipids with a
carbohydrate attached. Their
role is to provide energy and
also serve as markers for
cellular recognition.
;eripheral ;rotein ;eripheral membrane
proteins are proteins that
adhere only temporarily to
the biological membrane
with which they are
associated.
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Elycoprotein Elycoproteins are proteinsthat contain oligosaccharide
chains "glycans$ covalently
attached to polypeptide side5
chains. The carbohydrate is
attached to the protein in a
cotranslational or
posttranslational
modification. This process is
known as glycosylation.
1ecreted extracellularproteins are often
glycosylated. 2n proteins that
have segments extending
extracellularly, the
extracellular segments are
also glycosylated.
Elycoproteins are often
important integral membrane
proteins, where they play a
role in cell@cell interactions.
2ntegral ;rotein 2ntegral membrane function
as transporters, channels
"see ;otassium Channel$,
linkers, receptors, proteins
involved in accumulation
energy, and proteins
responsible for cell
adhesion.
Alpha +elix ;rotein The alpha heli- "*heli-$ is
a common secondary
structure of proteins and is arighthand5coiled or spiral
conformation "helix$ in which
every backbone :5+ group
donates a hydrogen bond to
the backbone CO group of
the amino
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_secondary_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_secondary_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_secondary_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_secondary_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid
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Figure "."
A9elix
acid four residues earlier "
hydrogen
bonding$.
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates covalently
linked to proteins
"glycoproteins$ or lipids
"glycolipids$ are also a part
of cell membranes, and
function as adhesion and
address loci for cells
+ydrophilic +eads +ydrophilic areas of a
phospholipid, or a protein
are ?attracted? to water
+ydrophobic Tails hydrophobic regions are
repelled by water.;hospholipid 8ilayer
Figure ".&
Pho%pholipi) ilayer
The phospholipid bilayer
which the cell membrane is
an example of, is composed
of various cholesterol,
phospholipids, glycolipids
and proteins.
;hospholipid )olecule ;hospholipids in cells is to
form membranes.
)embranes in cells arephospholipid bilayers, which
are barriers that prevent
charged particles and large
molecules from moving
across them. The outer skin
of the cell is a phospholipid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_(biochemistry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_(biochemistry)
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bilayer.
/i- 0e%els of /tructural and unctional !rganiation
1. Chemical 0e%el* Composed of Chemical 1ubstances that are formed of atoms
and molecules
Figure &.1 Atom, a%ic unit of a chemical element
2. Cellular 0e%el* 8asic 1tructural and Bunctional unit of an organism
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Figure &.2
Cell, a%ic unit of life
. Tissue 0e%el* Aggregation of similar cell that perform similar function
Figure &.3
Connecti5e #i%%ue
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3. !rgan 0e%el* Composed of two or more tissues that work together to perform
one common function
Figure &.4
Cro%% +ection of eart
4. /ystem 0e%el* Coordinated Bunction group of organs in the body which perform
specific function
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Figure &."
uman ;rgan
5. !rganismic 0e%el* Complex of an organ system that are mutually dependent on
one another
Figure &.&
uman ;rgani%m
The #iological unctions of Cell
&.
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(. Erowth7. :utrition-. ;rotein 1ynthesis. ;hotosynthesis in ;lantsH. )etabolism. *eplication/. )ovement or )otility
&'. 9igestion
&&. *ehydration
&4.1exual *eproduction
Links and *eferences
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/what-is-a-cell-14023083
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ell!"biolog#)
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/what-is-a-cell-14023083https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/what-is-a-cell-14023083https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)
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http://www.bing.com/images/search$%&prokar#otic'cell'picture'with'labels'(iew&detail2((id&8420*+2101,433083
8,,12,4,130(selectednde&(ccid&56b729(simid&0,0,2,8128(thid&6.;114e4eeb1xwswwebsitecellbchapter4membrane.htmlN+K9*O
!orktext in Eeneral oology p. (( Chapter (5 The Chemistry of Life.
+icol 5niersit#
College of :ursing
Legapi City
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=prokaryotic+cell+picture+with+labels+&view=detailv2&&id=8420AB210176643C30E8369F8D7D71274E7CE130&selectedIndex=5&ccid=EU5O5bH%2F&simid=607995072978616628&thid=OIP.M114e4ee5b1ff603c38c483e3176dd6a0H0&ajaxhist=0http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=prokaryotic+cell+picture+with+labels+&view=detailv2&&id=8420AB210176643C30E8369F8D7D71274E7CE130&selectedIndex=5&ccid=EU5O5bH%2F&simid=607995072978616628&thid=OIP.M114e4ee5b1ff603c38c483e3176dd6a0H0&ajaxhist=0http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=prokaryotic+cell+picture+with+labels+&view=detailv2&&id=8420AB210176643C30E8369F8D7D71274E7CE130&selectedIndex=5&ccid=EU5O5bH%2F&simid=607995072978616628&thid=OIP.M114e4ee5b1ff603c38c483e3176dd6a0H0&ajaxhist=0http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=prokaryotic+cell+picture+with+labels+&view=detailv2&&id=8420AB210176643C30E8369F8D7D71274E7CE130&selectedIndex=5&ccid=EU5O5bH%2F&simid=607995072978616628&thid=OIP.M114e4ee5b1ff603c38c483e3176dd6a0H0&ajaxhist=0http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=prokaryotic+cell+picture+with+labels+&view=detailv2&&id=8420AB210176643C30E8369F8D7D71274E7CE130&selectedIndex=5&ccid=EU5O5bH%2F&simid=607995072978616628&thid=OIP.M114e4ee5b1ff603c38c483e3176dd6a0H0&ajaxhist=0http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Prokaryotic+cellhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Eukaryotic+cellshttp://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_functions.htmhttp://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_functions.htmhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/http://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/bot/frame2.htmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com/2011/03/nuclear-envelope.htmlhttp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect16.htmhttp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect16.htmhttps://www.bing.com/images/search?q=meiosis+stages&id=AE9795A4077E577BE7F871C7F41D3BCB00FBD339&FORM=IQFRBAhttps://www.bing.com/images/search?q=meiosis+stages&id=AE9795A4077E577BE7F871C7F41D3BCB00FBD339&FORM=IQFRBAhttp://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cellhttp://biology.about.com/od/biologydictionary/g/cell-membrane.htmhttp://www.cholesterol-and-health.com/Cholesterol-Cell-Membrane.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolipidhttps://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Enzyme_Catalytic_Mechanism/Integral_Membrane_Proteinhttps://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Enzyme_Catalytic_Mechanism/Integral_Membrane_Proteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helixhttp://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/website/cellb/chapter2/membrane.html#HYDROhttp://www.bing.com/images/search?q=prokaryotic+cell+picture+with+labels+&view=detailv2&&id=8420AB210176643C30E8369F8D7D71274E7CE130&selectedIndex=5&ccid=EU5O5bH%2F&simid=607995072978616628&thid=OIP.M114e4ee5b1ff603c38c483e3176dd6a0H0&ajaxhist=0http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=prokaryotic+cell+picture+with+labels+&view=detailv2&&id=8420AB210176643C30E8369F8D7D71274E7CE130&selectedIndex=5&ccid=EU5O5bH%2F&simid=607995072978616628&thid=OIP.M114e4ee5b1ff603c38c483e3176dd6a0H0&ajaxhist=0http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=prokaryotic+cell+picture+with+labels+&view=detailv2&&id=8420AB210176643C30E8369F8D7D71274E7CE130&selectedIndex=5&ccid=EU5O5bH%2F&simid=607995072978616628&thid=OIP.M114e4ee5b1ff603c38c483e3176dd6a0H0&ajaxhist=0http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Prokaryotic+cellhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Eukaryotic+cellshttp://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_functions.htmhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/http://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/bot/frame2.htmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com/2011/03/nuclear-envelope.htmlhttp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect16.htmhttps://www.bing.com/images/search?q=meiosis+stages&id=AE9795A4077E577BE7F871C7F41D3BCB00FBD339&FORM=IQFRBAhttps://www.bing.com/images/search?q=meiosis+stages&id=AE9795A4077E577BE7F871C7F41D3BCB00FBD339&FORM=IQFRBAhttp://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cellhttp://biology.about.com/od/biologydictionary/g/cell-membrane.htmhttp://www.cholesterol-and-health.com/Cholesterol-Cell-Membrane.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolipidhttps://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Enzyme_Catalytic_Mechanism/Integral_Membrane_Proteinhttps://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Enzyme_Catalytic_Mechanism/Integral_Membrane_Proteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helixhttp://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/website/cellb/chapter2/membrane.html#HYDRO
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8/20/2019 The Cell/ All about cells
35/35
>@*>7 A6>B
C BIOCHEMISTRY
D7 EE
Submitted By:
Fandrew imapasoc
+@C 1-+
Submitted to:
r. Coemi >. ;adrid