the cell. robert hooke 1665—observed cork under a microscope named the units “cells” ...
TRANSCRIPT
The Cell
Robert Hooke
1665—observed cork under a microscope
Named the units “cells”
Reminded him of tiny rooms in a jail or monastery
More Contributions
Henry Dutrochet—1824 all living things were comprised of cells
Robert Brown—1831 named “nucleus”
Felix Dujardin—observed the jelly-like fluid in cells and called it protoplasm—now is called protoplasm, cytoplasm, or cytosol
Matthias Scheiden
1838—observed and proposed that all plants and plant parts are made up of cells
Theodor Schwann
1839—observed and proposed that all animals and animal parts are made up of cells
Rudolf Virchow
1858—stated that all cells come from the division of preexisting cells
Summary is known as The Cell Theory
The Cell Theory
1. All living things ( organisms ) are made of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life ( it is the basic structure and carries out the basic functions of all organisms).
3. All new cells come from preexisting cells.
Two Basic Cell Types:
1. Prokaryotes:• Smaller and
simpler• Have cell
membranes and cytoplasm
• No nuclei or other membrane bound organelles
• Bacteria
Two Basic Cell Types:
2. Eukaryotes:• More complex with
specialized parts• Have cell
membranes, cytoplasm, nuclei, and membrane-bound organelles
• ALL plants, animals, fungi, some microorganisms
Cell Structures:
Cell Wall—protects and supports the cell Found in plants, fungi, and nearly all
prokaryotes Plant cell walls made of cellulose Rigid layer outside the cell membrane
Cell Structures
Nucleus—controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA
“control center of the cell” Transmits hereditary information Synthesizes ribosomes
Nuclear Structure
1. Chromatin—granular material within the nucleus consisting of DNA bound to proteins
2. Chromosomes—condensed chromatin that forms during cell division—carries genetic information
3. Nucleolus—small, dense regions where the assembly of ribosomes begin
4. Nuclear envelope—double-membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus
Cell Structures
Cytoskeleton—network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape; also involved in many forms of cell movement
Made of: Microtubules Microfilaments
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules Tubes of protein that
maintain cell shape and can serve as “tracks” along which organelles are moved
Form cilia and flagella in some cells
Form bundles called spindle fibers during cell division
Microfilaments Long, thin filaments
that function in movement an support of the cell
Threads made of the protein actin
Can play a role in the contraction of muscle cells
Cytoskeleton
Cell Structures
ALL cells have a cell membrane and cytoplasm
Cell membrane—regulates what enters and leaves the cell, holds cell together, made of lipids and proteins
Cytoplasm—fluidlike material between the nucleus and cell membrane. The site of chemical reactions and location of organelles
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
1. Ribosome2. Endoplasmic
Reticulum3. Golgi apparatus4. Lysosomes5. Vacuoles6. Chloroplasts7. Mitochondria
Ribosomes Produce proteins following coded
instructions that come from the nucleus
Tiny knob-like organelle—can be found attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum or free
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle in which components of cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
Series of canals or channels
Transportation between cytoplasm and nucleus
1. Rough ER—has attached ribosomes.
free ribosomes are not attached to a membrane
2. Smooth ER—no ribosomes on its surface
contains specialized enzymes
Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened membranes in the cell in which enzymes attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins
Storage and packaging of chemicals, helps make proteins
Lysosomes Small organelles filled with digestive
enzymes Digests large particles: “ suicide” sac
Breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell
Helps break down old ( retired ) organelles
Vacuole
Saclike structure in which cells store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Fluid-filled membrane bound organelle In plant cells, single, larger and fluid-
filled In animal cells, may be called vesicles
Chloroplasts
Use the energy from sunlight to make energy-rich molecules during photosynthesis
Has flattened sacs called thylakoids which are put into stacks called grana. The fluid around the thylakoids is the stroma.
In plants, algae, and some bacteria
Chloroplast
Plastids
Chromoplasts Contains pigments Carotene-orange Xanthophyll-yellow Phycoerythrin-red Fucoxanthin-brown Aids in
photosynthesis and stores food
Leukoplasts Colorless plastids Stores starch and
other plant nutrients
Mitochondria
Organelles that release energy from food molecules to make high-energy compounds the cell can use to power growth, development, and movement
“ the powerhouse of the cell” Smooth outer layer, folded inner
layer
Mitochondria
Typical Animal Cell
Typical Plant Cell