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The Cell Structure The Cell Structure and Function and Function

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Page 1: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

The Cell Structure The Cell Structure and Functionand Function

Page 2: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

The Discovery of the cellThe Discovery of the cell

____________________________________________– Used a microscope to identify small pieces of Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

cork which he called “CELLS”cork which he called “CELLS” ____________________________________________

– Concludes that plants are made of cellsConcludes that plants are made of cells ____________________________________________

– Concludes that all animals are made up of cellsConcludes that all animals are made up of cells ____________________________________________

– All cells come from existing cellsAll cells come from existing cells

Page 3: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Cell TheoryCell Theory

Page 4: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Transmission Electron Transmission Electron MicroscopeMicroscope

ElectronElectron microscopes microscopes show details not show details not visible with light visible with light microscopes.microscopes.

Uses electron Uses electron beamsbeams to focus to focus and magnify an and magnify an image.image.

HigherHigher magnificationmagnification

Page 5: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

MicroscopesMicroscopes

Light microscopes 1000xLight microscopes 1000x– Produce magnified images by focusing Produce magnified images by focusing

visible lightvisible light Electron microscopes Electron microscopes

– Produce magnified images by focusing Produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons. (can’t use living beams of electrons. (can’t use living specimens)specimens)

– TEM – TEM – – SEM – SEM –

Page 6: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Inside the cellInside the cell

2 types of cells2 types of cells– ______________________– ______________________

YouYouFound on Found on Earth after Earth after prokaryotesprokaryotes

Page 7: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Types of Cells (General)Types of Cells (General)

ProkaryotesProkaryotes– ________________________________________________________– ““primitive cells”primitive cells”– Ex. BacteriaEx. Bacteria

EukaryotesEukaryotes– Have a _____________ and usually are Have a _____________ and usually are

bigger and have more organelles than a bigger and have more organelles than a prokaryotic cell does.prokaryotic cell does.

– Ex. Plant and animal cellsEx. Plant and animal cells

Page 8: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

EukaryotesEukaryotesLike Like ChicagoChicago

–Big cityBig city–Lost of stuffLost of stuff–Everything Everything you need you need to liveto live

Page 9: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

ProkaryotesProkaryotesLike Like ____________

–Not too Not too bigbig

–SimpleSimple–Small citySmall city

Page 10: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Eukaryotes vs. ProkaryotesEukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

EukaryotesEukaryotes

Every living Every living organism (except organism (except bacteria)bacteria)

Cell membraneCell membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm Ribosomes Ribosomes

(make protein)(make protein)

PROKARYOTESPROKARYOTES

Cell membraneCell membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm RibosomesRibosomes No organellesNo organelles

Page 11: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

NucleusNucleus

Surrounded by a double layered Surrounded by a double layered membrane called the nuclear envelope.membrane called the nuclear envelope.

Contains DNAContains DNA __________________________________

– Dense molecules of DNA & proteinDense molecules of DNA & protein ______________________________________

– Chromatin stands that coil and condense.Chromatin stands that coil and condense.– ““blueprints” that control cellular activity.blueprints” that control cellular activity.

____________________________________________– Site where ribosomes are builtSite where ribosomes are built

Page 12: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of
Page 13: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

CytoplasmCytoplasm

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Made up of cytosol & organellesMade up of cytosol & organelles

OrganellesOrganelles– Structures that work like miniature Structures that work like miniature

organs, carrying out specific functions in organs, carrying out specific functions in the cell.the cell.

Page 14: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Organelle Analogies Organelle Analogies

If the cell was a factoryIf the cell was a factory– ______________________________

The energy supply; power supplyThe energy supply; power supply

– ______________________________ Solar panelsSolar panels

– ______________________________ The control center / boss’ officeThe control center / boss’ office

– ______________________________ Network or assembly line for proteinsNetwork or assembly line for proteins

Page 15: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

– _____________ _____________ Mail room – packaging and sorting of Mail room – packaging and sorting of

materialsmaterials

– __________________________ The janitorThe janitor

– __________________________ Specific janitorSpecific janitor

– __________________________________________ Pipes that come off the factoryPipes that come off the factory

– __________________________________________ Security deskSecurity desk

– ____________________________ Carpenters that build proteinsCarpenters that build proteins

Page 16: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Plant CellsPlant Cells

Plants have a cell wall unlike animal Plants have a cell wall unlike animal cells made up of a strong cells made up of a strong polysaccharide cellulose.polysaccharide cellulose.

Have chloroplastsHave chloroplasts

Chromoplasts & carotanoids – other Chromoplasts & carotanoids – other colorscolors

Page 17: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Cell ShapeCell Shape

The shape of the cell usually depends The shape of the cell usually depends on its functionon its function– Ex. Nerve cells – long & stringyEx. Nerve cells – long & stringy

Plants – rigidPlants – rigid CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

– Made up of microtubules & Made up of microtubules & microfilamentsmicrofilaments

Page 18: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

MicrotubulesMicrotubules

Maintain the shape of the cell & Maintain the shape of the cell & serve as tracks for organelles to serve as tracks for organelles to move uponmove upon

Page 19: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments

Can contractCan contract Found in high concentration in Found in high concentration in

muscle cellsmuscle cells

Page 20: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Go to Section:

Cell membrane

Endoplasmicreticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes Mitochondrion

Section 7-2

Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton

Page 21: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Plant vs. Animal CellPlant vs. Animal CellPLANTPLANT ______________________ ______________________ Cell Cell

membranemembrane Large Large

vacuolesvacuoles

AnimalAnimal No chloroplastNo chloroplast________________________Cell Cell

membranemembrane________________________

Page 22: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Go to Section:

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Cell membraneContain DNA

NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles

MitochondriaCytoskeleton

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Centrioles

Cell membraneRibosomes

NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles

MitochondriaCytoskeleton

Cell WallChloroplasts

Section 7-2

Venn Diagrams

Page 23: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Go to Section:

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Page 24: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Go to Section:

Animal Cell

Centrioles

NucleolusNucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Page 25: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Parts of the cellParts of the cell

Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)– A thin layer of lipid and protein that A thin layer of lipid and protein that

separates the cell’s contents from the separates the cell’s contents from the world around it.world around it.

– Phospholipids are polarPhospholipids are polar The two ends are opposites of each other.The two ends are opposites of each other.

Page 26: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Crossing the membraneCrossing the membrane

To stay alive, a cell must exchange To stay alive, a cell must exchange materials such as food & wastes with materials such as food & wastes with its environment its environment – To do this it must pass material through To do this it must pass material through

the plasma membranethe plasma membrane

Page 27: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Phosphate head Phosphate head is hydrophilicis hydrophilic

Tail is Tail is hydrophobichydrophobic

Cell membrane Cell membrane consists of 2 consists of 2 phospholipid phospholipid layers called a layers called a bilayerbilayer

Page 28: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Go to Section:

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

Section 7-3

Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane

Page 29: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Semipermeable membraneSemipermeable membrane

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Small molecules, such as water, can Small molecules, such as water, can go in and out freely, but large go in and out freely, but large molecules cannot.molecules cannot.

Ions cannot pass through eitherIons cannot pass through either

Page 30: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Transport of substances that Transport of substances that ____________________________________________________________________

3 types3 types

Page 31: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

DiffusionDiffusion

The net movement The net movement of molecules from of molecules from an area of high an area of high concentration to an concentration to an area of low area of low concentration.concentration.

Speed of diffusionSpeed of diffusion– Depends on Depends on

temperature and temperature and size of moleculesize of molecule

Page 32: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Concentration GradientConcentration Gradient

The difference between the The difference between the concentration of a particular molecule concentration of a particular molecule in an area and the concentration in an in an area and the concentration in an adjacent area.adjacent area.

Diffusion always occurs down a Diffusion always occurs down a concentration gradient, from area of concentration gradient, from area of greatest concentration to areas of greatest concentration to areas of lesser concentrationlesser concentration

Page 33: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

OsmosisOsmosis The movement of The movement of ____________________ through a through a semipermeable semipermeable membrane from areas membrane from areas of high concentration of high concentration to areas of low to areas of low concentration.concentration.

Refers to the Refers to the concentration and concentration and movement of movement of ______________________

Page 34: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Hypertonic solutionsHypertonic solutions

The concentration of solutes outside The concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than the the cell is greater than the concentration of solutes inside the concentration of solutes inside the cell.cell.

In hypertonic solutions, In hypertonic solutions, __________________________________________________________________

Page 35: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Video 2Video 2

Click the image to play the video Click the image to play the video segment.segment.

Video 2

Osmosis

Page 36: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Hypotonic solutionsHypotonic solutions

The concentration The concentration of solutes outside of solutes outside the cell is lower the cell is lower than the than the concentration concentration inside the cell.inside the cell.

In hypotonic In hypotonic solutions, solutions, ____________________________________

Page 37: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Isotonic solutionsIsotonic solutions

The concentration of solutes inside The concentration of solutes inside the cell equals the concentration of the cell equals the concentration of solutes outside the cell.solutes outside the cell.

Page 38: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of
Page 39: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Video 3Video 3

Click the image to play the video Click the image to play the video segment.segment.

Video 3

Passive Transport

Page 40: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

A type of passive A type of passive transport that uses transport that uses carrier proteins to carrier proteins to help pass large help pass large molecules through molecules through membrane.membrane.

EX. EX.

Page 41: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Video 4Video 4

Click the image to play the video Click the image to play the video segment.segment.

Video 4

Active Transport

Page 42: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Active TransportActive Transport

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________._______________________________.

Move solutes __________ the Move solutes __________ the concentration gradientconcentration gradient

Ex. Na/K pumpEx. Na/K pump– EX. plant roots absorbing nutrients in EX. plant roots absorbing nutrients in

the soil.the soil.

Page 43: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Go to Section:

Molecule tobe carried

Moleculebeing carried

Energy

Section 7-3

Figure 7-19 Active Transport

Page 44: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Exocytosis and endocytosis –Exocytosis and endocytosis –transport of large moleculestransport of large molecules

______________________________________– The cell secretes marcomolecules by the fusion The cell secretes marcomolecules by the fusion

of vesicles with the plasma membraneof vesicles with the plasma membrane ______________________________________

– The cell takes in macromolecules or The cell takes in macromolecules or substances from the plasma membranesubstances from the plasma membrane

– 3 types3 types 1. phagocytosis – “cellular eating”1. phagocytosis – “cellular eating” 2. pinocytosis – “cellular drinking”2. pinocytosis – “cellular drinking” 3. receptor – mediated endocytosis3. receptor – mediated endocytosis

– Extracellular substances bind to receptors called Extracellular substances bind to receptors called ligands and the substances are then brought into the ligands and the substances are then brought into the cellcell

Page 45: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of
Page 46: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Video 5Video 5

Click the image to play the video Click the image to play the video segment.segment.

Video 5

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Page 47: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Multicellular advantagesMulticellular advantages

Cells throughout an organism can Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform develop in different ways to perform different ways to perform different different ways to perform different taskstasks

______________________________________– Different cells with different functionsDifferent cells with different functions– Ex. Blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cellsEx. Blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells

Page 48: The Cell Structure and Function The Discovery of the cell ______________________ ______________________ –Used a microscope to identify small pieces of

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

______________________________– A group of similar cells that perform a A group of similar cells that perform a

particular functionparticular function– Ex. Smooth muscle tissueEx. Smooth muscle tissue

______________________________– Many groups of tissues that work together.Many groups of tissues that work together.– Ex. StomachEx. Stomach

______________________________– A group of organs that work together to A group of organs that work together to

perform a specific function.perform a specific function.– Ex. Digestive systemEx. Digestive system


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