the cell structures and functions chapter 7 sections 1, 2, and 3
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The CellStructures and
Functions
Chapter 7 Sections
1, 2, and 3
![Page 2: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell Discovery and Theory• Section 1 Main Idea:
The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of cells.
![Page 3: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1665 Robert Hooke• Observes cork through
a microscope
• Names the tiny structures cells.
![Page 4: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1683 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• Discovered single-celled, animal-like organisms.
• Now we call them protozoans.
![Page 5: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1830 to 1855
• Scientists discover the cell nucleus. 1833
• 1839 – scientists propose that both plants and animals are made of cells.
![Page 6: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1880 to 1890
• Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch pioneer the study of bacteria.
![Page 7: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Lynn Margulis 1970
• Proposed that organelles in Eukaryote cells were once free-living Prokaryotes cells.
![Page 8: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
![Page 9: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living things.
![Page 10: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells.
Cells pass on copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.
![Page 11: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Basic Cell TypesProkaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
![Page 12: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Prokaryote Cells
Simple structure
Contains a plasma membrane
Does not contain membrane-bound organelles
Genetic material
Small
![Page 14: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cells
More complex structure
Contains a plasma membrane
Contains membrane-bound organelles
Large
![Page 15: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Plasma MembraneSection 2 Main Idea:
The plasma membrane helps to maintain a cell’s homeostasis.
![Page 17: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment
Allows nutrients into the cell
Allows waste to leave the cell
![Page 18: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Selective PermeabilityThe plasma membrane
controls the movement of
substances into and out
of the cell.
Controls the amount of a
substance entering the
cell.
Controls the amount of a
substance leaving the cell
![Page 19: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The plasma membrane is
composed of the
phospholipid bilayer.
A phospholipid molecule
is composed of a glycerol
backbone, two fatty acid
chains, and a phosphate
group.
![Page 20: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fluid Mosaic Model
The phospholipid bilayer
allows other molecules to
“float” in the membrane.
Other Components
Proteins
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates
![Page 21: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Proteins in the plasma membranePROTEINS:
Transmit signals inside
the cell
Act as a support
Structure
Provide pathways for
substances to enter and
leave
![Page 22: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cholesterol in the plasma membrane
Cholesterol
Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together
![Page 23: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Carbohydrates in the plasma membrane
Carbohydrates
Identify chemical signals
![Page 24: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Which Is Which and How Do You Know?
Cell A Cell B
![Page 26: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Structures and OrganellesSection 3 Main Idea:
Eukaryotic cells contain
organelles that allow
the specialization and
the separation of
functions within the cell.
![Page 28: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cells contain organelles that allow the specialization and functions
within a cell.Organelles = little organs in Greek
Each organelle has a unique structure and function
The following slides will explore all the organelles that make up the structure and functions in a normal cell.
We will start with organelles that are in both plant and animal cells.
![Page 29: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Organelles carry out essential cell process such as:
1. Protein synthesis (makes protein)
2. Energy transformation
3. Digestion of food
4. Excretion of waste
5. Cell division
![Page 30: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
CytoplasmSemi fluid material foundinside the plasma membrane.
Cytoskeleton is the fiber inthe cytoplasm that supportthe organelles in cells.
This is made up of microtubulesand microfilaments.
![Page 31: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Nucleus is the director of all cell processes.
Most of the cell’s DNA is in the nucleus.
DNA stores the
information on how to
make proteins for cell
growth, functions and
reproduction.
![Page 32: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope is a
double membrane
around the nucleus.
Nuclear pores allow
substances to move in
and out of the nucleus.
![Page 33: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
NucleusChromatin is DNA that
is spread throughout the
nucleus.
The Nucleolus is the
site of ribosome
production.
![Page 34: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ribosome
The function of a
ribosome is to help
produce proteins.
Ribosomes are made in
the nucleolus in the
nucleus.
![Page 35: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane system of folded sacs and connected channels for protein
and lipid production.
Rough ER is where ribosomes are attached.These ribosomes produceproteins to export to othercells.Smooth ER is where lipids,carbohydrates andphospholipids areproduced.
![Page 36: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Golgi Apparatus is a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts and packages proteins into
sacs called vesicles.
After proteins are made
in the Rough ER they are
sent to the Golgi
apparatus.
Proteins are packaged in
Vesicles to be sent
outside the cell’s plasma
membrane.
![Page 37: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mitochondria produce energy for the cell by converting fuel particles (mainly sugars) into usable
energy. The powerhouse of the cell.
The folded membranesprovide large surface areafor breaking the bonds insugar molecules.
The energy produced bybreaking bonds is stored inthe bonds of othermolecules in the cell to uselater.
![Page 38: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Lysosomes (animal cells)Lysosomes are vesicles thatcontain digestive enzymesthat break down the worn-out organelles and food particles.
Lysosomes digest bacteriaand viruses that may enterthe cell.
Lysosomes are thecleanup crew in the cell.
![Page 39: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Centrioles (animal cells)
Centrioles are found in
the cytoplasm of animals
near the nucleus.
Centrioles are made of
Microtubules.
Centrioles play a role in
cell division.
![Page 40: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Vacuoles (plant cells)
Vacuoles are sacs used
to temporarily store
food, enzymes, and
other materials needed
by the cell.
Some vacuoles may
store waste produces.
![Page 41: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ChloroplastsChloroplasts belong to a
group plant organelles
called Plastids.
Chloroplasts capture
light energy and convert
it to chemical energy in
the process called
Photosynthesis.
![Page 42: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cell Wall (plant cells)The cell wall is thick,
rigid fibers that surrounds
the outside of the plasma
membrane.
The cell wall protects the
cell and gives it support.
The cell wall is made of a
carbohydrate called
cellulose.
![Page 43: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cilia are many short projections that look like hairs.
Cilia are made of
microtubules that
extend outside the
plasma membrane.
The movement of cilia
propels cells and
organisms in their
environment.
![Page 44: The Cell Structures and Functions Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2, and 3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfbb1a28abf838ca0d96/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Flagella are longer and few projections outside the plasma membrane.
Flagella move in a whip-
like motion to power a
cell or organism through
the environment.