the cell - weeblykeepcalmitsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/2/9/26297809/organelles.pdf• surrounds...
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The Cell
Review of Cell Theory
Pro- and Eukaryotes
Organelles
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• Principles of cell theory:
1. All living things are made of cells.
Review of Cell Theory
cells.
2. Cells carry out the functions needed to support life.
3. Cells come only from other living cells.
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• Contributing scientists– Anton von Leeuwenhoek: Invented the
microscope and observed tiny living things in water
– Robert Hooke: Coined the term “cell” after
Review of Cell Theory
– Robert Hooke: Coined the term “cell” after observing that cork consisted of tiny chambers
– Francesco Redi: Proved that living things cannot be produced from non-living matter
– Louis Pasteur: Discovered that cells come only from other living cells
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Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotes• First cells to evolve
• No nucleus
Eukaryotes• Evolved from
prokaryotes• No nucleus
• Hereditary info is contained within cytoplasm
• Ex: Archaea, Bacteria
prokaryotes
• Have a nucleus
• Hereditary info is contained within the nucleus
• Ex: Animals, Protists, Fungi, Plants
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And now for….
THE CELL ORGANELLESTINY MEMBRANE-BOUND STRUCTURES THAT PERFORM SPECIAL FUNCTIONS INSIDE THE CELL
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Cell Wall
• Only found surrounding plant, fungal and bacterial cells
• Made of cellulose
• Is rigid, strong and stiff
• Provides support and protection for the cell
• It’s like the wall that surrounds a medieval city!
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• Surrounds all cells
– In a plant cell, it lies beneath the cell wall
– In animal cells, it is the outer boundary (made of
Cell Membrane
outer boundary (made of cholesterol)
• Provides cell with
– Protection
– Control of movement of materials in/out of cell
– Support
– Maintains condition of cell
• It’s like the borderof a city!
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• Identified in 1833 by Robert Brown
• Found in both plant and animal cells
Nucleus
and animal cells
• Large, oval shape
• Centrally located in cell
• Controls cell activities
• Contains genetic information (DNA)
• It’s like the Mayor’s Office in City Hall!
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• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Clear, thick, jelly-like material
Cytoplasm
• Located beneath cell membrane
• Supports and protects cell organelles
• It’s like the sidewalks that are found throughout a city!
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• Discovered in 1898 by Camillo Golgi
• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Looks like a flattened
Golgi Apparatus
• Looks like a flattened stack of membranes (or pancakes!)
• Processes and packages molecules, like lipids and proteins, that were made by the cell
• It’s like a city’s Post Office or UPScenter!
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• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Can be attached to the Endoplasmic Membrane or floating free in the
Ribosomes
or floating free in the cytoplasm
• Produces proteins
• The smallest organelles
• It’s like the brick yard that supplies a city with what it’s made of!
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• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Network of tubes
• Transports materials throughout the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
throughout the cell
• Two types
– Smooth (no ribosomes)
– Rough (covered with ribosomes)
• It’s like a city’s highwaysystem!
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• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Looks like a jellybean
• Breaks down sugar molecules to release
Mitochondria
molecules to release usable energy
• Has inner foldings (Cristae) that increase the internal surface area
• It’s like a city’s power plant!
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• Found in both plant and animal cells
– In plant cells: very few and very large
Vacuoles
few and very large
– In animal cells: many little ones
• Fluid-filled sacs
• Store food, water and waste
• It’s like a city’s warehouses, water towers and garbage dumps!
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• Found in animal cells only
• Small and round in shape
Lysosomes
• Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller ones
• Digests old cell parts
• It’s like a city’s Recycling Center!
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• Found in plant cells only
• Oval-shaped
• Green in color due to chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
chlorophyll
• Uses energy from the sun to make food for the plant
• It’s like the solar panels on a city’s buildings!