The Celts: After 1000 BCETribal Society & Hillforts

Tribes Related to Gauls & GermansKinship Groups; CommunityHillforts: 3k at least; Power

Trade, Seasonal Activity

Later CentralizationFrom Clans to “Monarchy”Tribes Combining

Catuvellauni, Iceni, BrigantesLowland Settlements

Camulodunum, Verulamium

Religion and WomenPriest Class of Druids (Gaulish)Nature & Seasons; Pantheism; SacrificePriestesses and Queens (Boudicca)

Maiden Castle, Dorset, c. 600 BCE

From Stones & Bones to Axe-wielding Celts

Waves of MigrationClimatic Changes

Permanent SettlementFarmingMining

Tribal Societies vs. “Britain”Rivaling ClansHierarchical StructureCombination; DominationTrade and CommerceReligious & Seasonal LifeImportance of Water

Rivers, Bogs

Snettisham Torc, Norfolk, c. 75 BCEAbout 1 Kilogram of Gold and Silver

Roman Britain: At the World’s EdgeMilitary Expedition from Gaul

False Start, 55/54 BCE

Conquest in EarnestMassive Force, 43 CESuccess & Revolts in Provinces

Romanization of BritainArt & ArchitectureCommercial Contacts; CitiesLondon

Imperial Fracture and RetreatRoman Withdrawal & Pagan Raids

Early ChristianityTwo Saints and a Heretic

The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE

The First Attempt for Britannia

Julius Caesar’s Expedition55/54 BCE; Gallic WarsHuge Success in GaulNot the Same in BritainWithout Riches or Infrastructure

Previous ExperienceMinimal, but Not UnknownExisting Trade Links

EffectsClear Military DominationSurveyed for Later ConquestCommercial & Political Contacts Bust of Julius Caesar

Round 2: Britannia ConqueredEmperor Claudius’ Shot at Glory

43 CE; Military Conquest40,000 Men (Romans and Gauls)

Swift Pace of Victory in South & EastRoman Discipline and WeaponryBritish Tribes without ArmorCamulodunum/ColchesterLincoln, 47; Gloucester, 50Boudicca’s Revolt, 60/1

Longer Process in Wales & the NorthAnglesey, 61; York, 77Hadrian’s Wall, 120s

NB: Differences in Topography

Hadrian’s Wall: 73 Miles of Division

Remnants of Brunton Turret, Hadrian’s Wall, West of Newcastle

The Character and Extent of Romanization

Political DominanceGnaeus Julius Agricola

Governor from 78Massive Military Deployment

Art & ArchitectureAge of Prosperity and PeaceBaths; Villas; Mosaics

Commercial ContactsMineral Trade (Silver, Lead)Agriculture, Slave Trade

CitiesWater Supply; Public BuildingsRoads Within and BetweenColchester; York

Bucklersbury Pavement, 4th Cent. (Now in the Museum of London)

Bath

LondiniumPre-Roman Sites along Thames

Roman Settlement, 43-50Thames Bridged, 50Boudicca Sacked, 60/1City Rebuilt; Noted Capital

Governorship of AgricolaBasilica/Forum; Baths Governor’s Palace

1st CenturyWaterfront SecuredCity Wall for Fortification

2nd and 3rd CenturiesInternational Commercial Center

The Fracture of Rome and Contraction of Empire

4th Century WeaknessesInternal Rivalry and Splits in RomeMilitary RealignmentsFoundation of Empire is Expansion

(An Idle Army is an Angry Army)

4th Century StrengthsBritish Wealth and Trade

(c. 3.5 Million in Roman Britain)Benefits of RomanizationMilitary Techniques

5th Century ConsequencesRetreat of Empire Expedited by British Revolts and Raids from Saxons & Irish410: Emperor Honorius’ LetterBy 450: Roman Britain Over

Coin Minted with Honorius’ Image

Early British ChristianitySt. Alban

Britain’s 1st Martyr, 3rd CenturyVerulamium – St. Albans, Hertfordshire

St. Patrick5th Century; from Northwest BritainOf High Roman FamilySlave in, Missionary to Ireland

PelagiusBritain’s 1st Heretic, c. 400Theological Opposition to Augustine

(Original Sin & Christian Grace)

Romano-British Christianity WidespreadConstantine & Council of Nicea (325)

The Decapitation of St. Alban