the central nervous system. components: -brain and spinal cord -bone: skull/vertebral column...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Central Nervous System
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Components:
- Brain and spinal cord- Bone: skull/vertebral
column- Membranes and fluid
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Meninges: membranes that surround the CNSThree Layers:1. Dura Mater: outer layer
next to bone and continues in vertebral column
2. Arachnoid mater: middle layer; covers brain/spinal cord
3. Pia mater: inner layer that covers nervous tissue. FX: nourishmenst of nerve
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Meningitis: inflammation of meninges that is caused by bacteria/virus- Mainly infects children- May cause:
- Loss of vision/hearing- Paralysis- Mental Retardation
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Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF): clear, watery substance that brings nutrients and protection to neurons
- Fills the subarachnoid space
- 500 ml secreted daily/absorbed by blood
- Absorbs forces which may damage brain
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Spinal Cord:
- 31 segments (vertebrae)
- Each segment has a pair of spinal nerves
- Branch out into body (PNS)
- Central canal filled with CSF
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White vs. Gray Matter
White Matter: neuron tissue with myelinated axons
Gray Matter: neuron tissue with unmyelinated axons
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Spinal Cord Functions
1. Conduct nerve impulse along nerve tracts
Two Nerve Tracts:A. Ascending: sensory to
brainB. Descending: motor
impulse to organ/gland
2. Center for spinal reflexes
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Reflexes: quick, involuntary, predictable reactions
- does not involve the brain
- Reflex arc: sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron
Ex. Knee-jerk reaction, pain reaction
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The Brain
Primary Functions:1. Interprets sensory
information2. Issues motor commands to
skeletal muscles3. Carries higher mental
functions (memory/reasoning)
4. Coordinates muscle movements
5. Centers/pathways for regulatory visceral activities
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Brain Organization:
1. Cerebrum (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes)
2. Cerebellum3. Brain Stem – connect
brain to spinal stem- Diencephalon- Midbrain- Pons- Medulla oblongata
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Cerebrum:
- Largest part of the brain- Divided into two
primary lobes:-right and left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum: nerve fibers for connections and communications between hemispheres
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Cerebrum
Surface Features:1. Sulcus: shallow
grooves2. Fissure: deep grooves3. Gyrus: elevated ridges
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Cerebral Cortex: outside of the cerebrum
- Gray matter, 2-5mm, white matter beneath
FX:1. Motor areas
(voluntary):2. Sensory areas
(interpretation)3. Association areas
(conscious behavior)
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1. Primary Motor Areas: in the frontal lobe- Located in the Post-
central and Pre-central gyrus
- Brocc’s: controls muscle action of mouth, tongue, larynx
- Pgs: 410-414
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2. Association Areas: higher info processes
- Control memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgment, emotion, concentration, planning, problem solving
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Cerebral Lobes and Their FX:Sensory Function Motor Function Assoc. Function
Frontal:
Parietal:
Temporal:
Occipital:
Voluntary muscle Concentration, planning, judgment,
problem solving
Temp., touch, pressure, pain
Understand speech; words to express
thought
Remembering visuals; musichearing
visionCombining visual
images
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Basal Ganglia
1. Serve as a relay station for motor impulses
2. Coordinates motor activities
3. Passes impulses from brain stem to spinal cord
4. Secretes dopamine- Gray matter deep in
cerebrum
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Ventricles (409)
- Interconnecting cavities deep in cerebral hemispheres and brain stem
- Continuous with central canal of spinal cord
- Filled with CSF- Creates bouancy for the
brain
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Brain Stem:
- Region of brain that connects the cerebrum to spinal cord
Four Parts:1. Pons2. Diencephalon3. Mid brain4. Medulla oblongata
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Diencephalon: 3 parts
1. Thalamus – relay station for incoming sensory inputs
2. Hypothalamus – maintains homeostasis
3. Limbic System: produces emotions and modifies behavior; fear, anger, pleasure, sorrow
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Pons: “bridge”
- Regulates breathing rhythm
- Relays impulses from cerebrum to spinal cord
- 3 cranial nerves from pons
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Medulla Oblongata
FX:1. Control hear rate2. Vasometer center
(dilates/constricts blood vessels)
3. Regulates breathing with pons
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Reticular Formation:
FX: consciousness by interconnecting several portions of the brain
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Sleep: suspension of voluntary body functions and consciousness (partial)
Two Types: determined by electro encephalogram (EEG)
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1. Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)
- Waves are slower; longer wavelength
- 4 stages (I – IV)- “light” sleep to “deep”
sleep
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2. Rapid Eye Movement (REM)- “Paradoxical Sleep”- Most important type of sleep- Allows the portions of the
brain to rest- Higher oxygen consumption
in brain than when awake- Dreaming occurs- Increased body temp., heart
rate, respiratory and blood pressure
- Muscle inhibition- 90 minutes after sleep begins
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Sleep Importance:- 1/3 of our lives is spent asleep- Lack of REM leads to depression
and other disorders- Brain works through days
events/emotions- Dream: “frustrated desires and
attempts to fulfill one’s wishes” – Freud
- Alcohol suppresses REM- Sleep requirements change as we
age (16 hrs to 7 hrs as adults)- Adults are light sleepers- Daily mediation/prayer increases
REM
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The Peripheral Nervous System
Two Branches1. Somatic NS (voluntary
nerves)2. Autonomic NS
(involuntary )Two Nerve Types3. Cranial Nerves (brain)4. Spinal Nerves (spinal
cord)
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Cranial Nerves:
- 12 pairs- All originate from brain
stem (except 1st pair)- Designated by number
and function (p. 469)
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1. Olfactory Nerve (smell)
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2. Optic Nerve (sight)
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3. Oculomotor Nerve (eye muscle)
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4. Trochlear Nerve (eye muscle)
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5. Trigeminal Nerve (mouth)
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6. Abducens Nerve (eye muscle)
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7. Facial Nerve (facial muscle) – 5 branches (pg 471)
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8. Vestibulocochlear Nerve (auditory)
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9. Glossopharangeal Nerve (tongue/pharynx)
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10. Vagus Nerve (neck and chest)
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11. Accessory Nerve (soft palate, pharynx)
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12. Hypoglossal Nerve (tongue, speaking, chewing/swallowing)
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Spinal Nerves:
- 31 pairs from spinal cord- Each contains 1000s of
nerve fibers- Named after the
vertebral column
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Spinal Nerves
- C: 8- T: 12- L: 5- S: 5- Co: 1- Total: 31
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-Very short Nerves
- Divided into dorsal root, ventral root, dorsal ramus, and ventral ramus
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Cauda Equina: “horse tail”
- the end of the spinal cord
- Between L1 and L2- Many nerve roots and
rootlets
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Dermatomes
- Area of skin that has sensory nerve fibers from a particular nerve