the change of chinese government’s sports policy: a ... · • sport has played an important part...
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The Change of Chinese
Government’s Sports Policy:
A Historical Review
Fan Hong
Xiong Huan
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• Red Sports Movement (1929-1934)
It was a mass movement in which exercise was
viewed as the basis of physical, cultural and military
training for those in the Communist areas.
• New Sports Movement (1936-1948)
‘everybody is to do exercise’
Pre -1949
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• The principle of sport of the PRC
Sport should socialize the population into the new establishment
system of values including loyalty, conformity, team spirit, cooperation
and discipline. All workers, parents, soldiers, students and the citizens
of the New China should be involved in the mass sports movement as
pre-training for work and military defense.
• New Policy: promote Mass Sport
• All China Sports Federation-
non-governmental organisation
New China 1949-1952
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Sovietalisation of Chinese Sports:
Policy and Practice (1952 – 1960)
• The All China Physical Education and Sport
Commission – a governmental organisation
• The Soviet Model:
Competitive Sport - Producing Elite Athletes;
- The Competitive Sports System of the PRC
- Spare-time sport schools
Mass Sport - GTO (Gotov k trudu I oborone -
Ready for Labour and Defense) - Lao Wei Zhi
Programme
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The Development of Chinese Elite Sports
Policy and System (1963 -1966)
The policy focused on using the limited resources to
provide special and intensive training for potential
athletes in a particular sport so that they could
compete on the international sporting stage.
The system had changed from “two legs” to “one
leg” – the elite one.
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Sport, Diplomacy and the Nation
1966-1976 Cultural Revolution
Two legacies:
First, sport had proved extremely valuable
for diplomacy.
Second, mass sport developed with a
historically unprecedented scope.
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Sports Reformation after the 1980s
• The Olympic Strategy
“Elite sport is the priority”
“The highest aim of Chinese sport is success in the
Olympic Games”
“Ju guo ti zhi” – whole country support elite sport system
• The National Fitness for All Programme
“Produce young stars” and “produce healthy citizens”
• Institutional Change with the
Commercialisation of Sport
“Sport was expected to stand on its own feet and not rely
on State support”
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Problems within Chinese Sports System
• Unbalanced governmental resources to elite
sport and mass sport;
• Unbalanced development of different sports;
• Ignorance of rights of athletes;
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Conflicts between Sports System and
Social Reformation
• The communist ideology of sports V.S. the changing
social value;
• Centralised and planned sports administrative system
V.S. Market rules;
• Governmental roles in sport V.S. Sports organisations
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Post-Beijing 2008
• Change ?
The Chinese government sports policy won’t have
significant changes
• To which direction?- Objective: become world leading sports power
- Institutional change
- sports industrialization and commercialization
- Socialisation of sports activities
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• Sport has played an important part in Chinese
society.
• The development of sport policy has always
been state-controlled.
• The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games strengthened
elite sports system.
• Reformation of sports system is an unavoidable
process and new concept of sports development
will be formed.
Conclusion