the characteristics of cohesion in malin kundang narrative text · 2020. 6. 18. · narrative text...

Peer Reviewed Journal

157

The Characteristics of Cohesion in Malin Kundang Narrative Text

SEPTIANA WANDIRAhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7716-7931

[email protected] Perbanas, Surabaya, Indonesia

Gunning Fog Index: 12.43 • Originality: 99% • Grammar Check 99%Flesch Reading Ease: 45.69 • Plagiarism: 1%

ABSTRACT

This study attempts to answer two problems: what are the characteristics of lexical and grammatical cohesion in Malin Kundang narrative text? It describes and explains the characteristics of lexical and grammatical cohesion in Malin Kundang narrative text. As such, it is a descriptive qualitative method, describing deeply the findings. The data were taken from the written form of Malin Kundang narrative text. The result shows that the first, there are two types of lexical cohesion used in Malin Kundang narrative text namely reiteration and collocation. Reiteration consists of repetition, synonymy, hyponymy, metonymy and antonym. The second, there are three kinds of grammatical cohesion found in the Malin Kundang narrative text. They are reference, substitution and conjunction. Reference consists of personal and demonstrative reference. Personal pronouns consist of he, it, her, him, you and his while demonstrative adjective comprises of here. Besides, verbal substitution consists of do. It also found four kinds of conjunction used in this narrative text, such as additive, adversative, causal, and temporal conjunction. Additive relation consists of and, also and or. Also, because as causal conjunction. In addition, temporal conjunction that are found namely at last, after, when, after that and finally.

KEYWORDS

Narrative text, lexical cohesion, grammatical cohesion

SMCC Higher Education Research JournalISSN Print: 2449-4402 · ISSN Online: 2467-6322

Volume 7 · January 2020

SMCC Higher Education Research Journal

158

INTRODUCTION

Language is a means to interact one another to convey messages in spoken and written form. Bustan (2015) states that language is a chief means of communication used by human being as the members of society in attempt to convey their thoughts, feelings, and expression in the world. Besides, language as a symbol of identity is reflected in several of discourse text, used in event of communication. The wholeness of a discourse text can be formed by the presence and use of a number of linguistic devices and one of them is cohesion. According to Hasan & Halliday & Hasan (1976), cohesion refers to relation of meaning that exists within a text. There are two types of cohesion, namely lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion, Halliday & Hasan (1976). Grammatical cohesion presented in reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction, and lexical cohesion presented reiteration and collocation. The importance of studying cohesion, especially cohesive devices (grammatical and lexical) is to create a good and systematic text, and to make us easily understand what information is delivered in it. Cohesive devices help us to carry over a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another with words or phrases. Cohesive devices link your sentences and paragraphs together smoothly so that there is no abrupt jump or break between ideas. Thus, cohesive helps the reader accurately understands and follows the writer’s thought. In that way, cohesion contributes to coherence of a text.

Discussing the text, it deals with text structure. According to Anderson (1997), a text is created by putting words together to communicate meaning. The choice of words depend on the purpose and context in creating a text.The structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized. The parts that make up the text are related in a meaningful way to each other. Recognizing the way in which a text has been organized will help us understand it better. Thus, it is necessary to understand how sentences are related. The sentences are related to each other due to the use of connectors which appear in a different sentence within a text.

There are several kinds of text and one of them is a narrative text that has three special benefits that is to distinguish them from other types of texts (Kuncahya, 2015). First, narratives can be an initial step for students to learn how to construct meanings from a text because the tendency of human mind inherently prefers to analyze meanings in the narrative form rather than facts in logical relationship. Second, the use of narrative texts enables students to develop desired behaviors. Third, narrative text can adjust them with social and cultural environment because narrative texts provide students with various personalities, value judgments in society and learn moral message from the text. These advantages of narrative texts are beneficial and in accordance with the implementation of using character education. The government classifies narrative texts as prominent materials not only for teaching language, but also for transferring values (Kuncahya, 2015). As for instance, the government of the Republic of Indonesia


159

insists on the teaching of moral values in the classroom and puts moral aspects as one of assessment criteria.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study has two objectives as follows:1. To describe and explain the characteristics of lexical cohesion in Malin Kundang

narrative text and2. To describe and explain the characteristics of grammatical cohesion in Malin

Kundang narrative text?

FRAMEWORK

Definition of DiscourseThere are several experts using the term of discourse and text as two different

notions. According to Nunan (1998), discourse represents language in action. These definitions imply that discourse is different in terms of form namely discourse is spoken. This idea is supported by Cook (1997), stating that discourse is language in use for communication.

On the other hand, Rocci (2009) employs the term discourse and a text interchangeably. Rocci describes that the notion of discourse has pragmatic and semantic dimensions. Pragmatically, discourse is a text or speech represents complex action which is realized by the participation. Semantically, discourse is a text that establishes the representation of states of affairs in some possible words. From these definitions, it is known that discourse can be the same or part of a text as a result of the states of participation in communication.

Later, Renkema (2009) states that is related to the way how interlocutors communicate. Based on the explanation above, the researcher concludes that a discourse represents the manner of using language among society to exchange information in daily life. By looking at the patterns of language in discourse, one can identify the invisible convention existing in society about how to communicate properly. Discourse represents the manner of using language among society to exchange information in daily life and also for argument (Djuwari, 2012). By looking at the patterns of language in discourse, one can identify the invisible convention existing in society about how to communicate and argue properly. According to Schiffrin (1987) discourse is frequently defined as anything beyond the sentence.

Characteristics of DiscourseAccording to Renkema (2009) there are four characteristics of discourse as follows. The actualization of discourse is temporally in order of time while a virtual system

(virtual) is out of order time. Discourse has a subject, while the system does not have


160

the subject. Discourse has references that are descriptions, expression or representation. While the system has the sign refers to another sign. In the discourse, exchange of messages occurs while the system language is seen as an element of the beginners of communication beginners.

Definition of TextThe word “text” can refer to any spoken or written passage. Halliday & Hasan

(1976) describe that a text has texture that distinguishes it from the sequences of unrelated sentences. Texture is a property of being a text that reflects the unity of a text. Texture is provided by cohesive relation that exists between sentences. The choice of words will depend on the purpose and context in creating a text. There are two categories of texts namely factual and literary. Factual texts present information on ideas. It aims to show, tell or persuade the audience. There are seven main types of factual texts namely recount, explanation, discussion, information report, exposition, procedure, and response. Meanwhile, literary texts are created to appeal imagination and emotion to the readers. There are three main types of literary text; they are narrative, poetic and dramatic.

Definition of Narrative TextKarolina (2006) states that narrative texts are defined as fictional texts that consist

of sequential events and written in certain perspective. Narrative texts tell a story using spoken and written language. The purposes of narrative texts are to present a view of the world in order to inform and entertain the reader and also to make the audience think about the issues, teach them a lesson, and excite their emotions Anderson & Anderson (1998). According to Anderson & Anderson (1997), there are some steps for constructing narrative texts, namely: an orientation (can be a paragraph, a picture or opening chapter) in which the narrator mentions about the setting of the story including characters, time and actions, (2) a complication that sets off events that influence the plot of the story, (3) a sequences of events where characters react to complications, (4) a resolution in which characters finally solve the complications, and, (5) a coda (an optional step) that provides a comment or moral value based on the story.

Generic Structure of Narrative TextThis part, the researcher discusses a generic structure of narrative text. They are

explained below. Orientation. It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are

introduced. (person, time, and place).Complication. Where the problems in the story developed.Resolution. Where the problems in the story is solved.Sometimes (generic structure) narrative text can be contained. Orientation,

Complication, Evaluation, Resolution, and Reorientation. Even though “Evaluation”


161

and “Reorientation” it is optional; can be added or not.Evaluation contains of controlling and evaluating a love adventure or conflict. Reorientation contains the conclusion of the end story.

METHODOLOGY

In this research, the researcher applied descriptive qualitative method. The aim of this of this method is to describe the characteristic of phenomena. The description of phenomena employs narrative description. Narrative description means the researcher explains the phenomena, situation and the fact completely and comprehensively by using words and sentence in narrative text. In qualitative study, the researcher played a very important role. This role is called human instrument. The data source of this research was taken from Malin Kundang narrative text that is presented in the text book. The text was broken into several sentences. There were 28 sentences in Malin Kundang narrative text. The others of the story were snow white, the legend of Beowulf, and the boss of crocodile. The source of data was text book for senior high school grade X entitled “English on the sky”. The textbook is issued by Pusat Perbukuan, The Department of National Education in Indonesia. The authors are Raden Safrina and Helena Agustien. The textbook was published in 2010. It used School-based curriculum.

According to Cousin (2009), qualitative data analysis involves organizing and explaining the data in order to understand the data in terms of participants� definitions of the situation, noting patterns, themes, categories and regularities. It must be heavy on interpretation and fits to the purpose of the analysis. In this research, the data was analyzed by using the theory of cohesion proposed by Halliday & Hasan (1976) and Bloor & Bloor (2013). Both of theories were used to analyze the relevance of the cohesive elements that are presented in texts which contribute to the overall meaning of the text. The steps of data analysis techniques were as follows.(1) Retrieving the textbook. (2) reading the English textbook especially the narrative texts.(3) collecting all the narrative texts from the textbook then choose one story especially Malin Kundang narrative text.(4) dividing the text into sentence. (5) Classifying the data based on the types of cohesion. (6) Doing in-depth analysis to investigate what the data reflects, and (7) drawing the conclusions after making the written report of the analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researcher presents the results of the research of cohesive devices which consist of two categories; they are lexical cohesive devices and grammatical cohesive devices. These categories are described below.


162

Lexical Cohesion In this part, the researcher discusses about lexical cohesion. There are two types of

lexical cohesion namely reiteration and collocation. These types are explained below.

Reiteration This section explains about reiteration. Reiteration consists of a repetition,

synonymy, hyponymy, metonymy, antonym. The following are the types of reiteration found in the narrative text of Malin Kundang.

RepetitionRepetition occurs where the words or their different forms are repeated in the text.

It is shown in the following data. A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in west Sumatra lived a woman

and her son, Malin Kundang. Malin Kundang and his mother had to live hard because his father had pass away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sell the caught fish in the town. (Paragraph 01)

Based on this data, the researcher found that there are six repetition words namely the word and, Malin Kundang, he ,his mother and fish. The word and is repeated there times, Malin Kundang three times, he three times, his mother two times and fish three times. The next repetition words such as follows.

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant’s ship being raided by a band of pirates. With his bravery, Malin Kundang helped the merchant defeat the pirates. To thank him, the merchant allowed Malin Kundang to sail with him. Malin Kundang agreed in the hope to get a better life. His left his mother alone. (Paragraph 02)

Based on the data (02) above, the researcher found some repetition worlds such as Malin Kundang, pirates, him, and merchant,. Malin Kundang is repeated four times, pirates two times, him two times and merchant three times. The other repetition words are used in the Malin Kundang narrative text such as below.

Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy, he had a huge ship and a lot of crews who worked loading trading goods. He also married to a beautiful woman. When he was sailing on this trading journey, his ship landed on a coast near a small village. The local people recognize that it was Malin Kundang, a boy from the area. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. (Paragraph 03)

Based on this illustration, the researcher found five types of repetition words namely Malin Kundang, he, ship, and and trading. Malin Kundang occurs three times, he occurs four times, ship occurs two times, and occurs two times and trading occurs two times. The last repetition words are shown in the following writing.

An old man, who was Malin Kundang’s mother, ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She wanted to huge him to release her sadness of being lonely after a long time. When his mother came near him, Malin Kundang who was with his beautiful


163

wife and his ship crews denied that she was his mother. She had pleaded Malin Kundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. At last, Malin Kundang said to her” enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly women!”. After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full of sadness and anger. Finally, feeling enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize to her. Malin Kundang just laughed and set sail. Suddenly, a thunderstorm came in the quiet sea, wrecking his huge ship. He was thrown out to a small island. It was really too a late for him to avoid his curse, he had turned in to a stone. (Paragraph 04)

Based on the paragraph above, researcher found various repetition words they are the word “she, huge, sadness, his mother, came, Malin Kundang, crews, her, he, old woman, set sail, stone and mother. The word she helds the repetition five times, huge two times, sadness two times, his mother two times, came two times, Malin Kundang five times, crews two times, her four times, five times, old woman two times, set sail two times, stone two times and mother two times.

SynonymySynonymy or near-synonymy means using the different word classwhich has related

meaning or has nearly the same meaning as another orhas close meaning to each other. Examining the following data.

Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy, he had a huge ship and a lot of crews who worked loading trading goods. He also married to a beautiful woman. When he was sailing on this trading journey, his ship landed on a coast near a smallvillage. The local people recognize that it was MalinKundang, a boy from the area. The news ran fast in the town; “MalinKundang has become rich and now he is here”. (Paragraph 03)

Based on the data above, the researcher found the word wealthy is synonymy with the word rich. Both of them mean having a lot of money. The other synonym is also shown in the following writing.

An old man, who was MalinKundang’s mother, ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She wanted to huge him to release her sadness of being lonely after a long time. When his mother came near him, MalinKundang who was with his beautiful wife and his ship crews denied that she was his mother. She had pleaded MalinKundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. At last, Malin Kundang said to her” enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly women!”. After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full of sadness and anger. Finally, feeling enraged, she cursed MalinKundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize to her. MalinKundang just laughed and set sail. Suddenly, a thunderstorm came in the quiet sea, wrecking his huge ship. He was thrown out to a small island. It was really too a late for him to avoid his curse, he had turned in to a stone. (Paragraph 04)


164

Based on this writing, the researcher found that the word the word refusing has the same meaning with the word denied and the word anger has the same meaning with the word enraged. The word refusing and denied has the meaning do not allow someone to do something.

HyponymyHyponymy is a word with a general meaning that includes the meanings of other

particular words. For more detail explanation, see the following writing.A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in west Sumatra lived a woman

and her son, Malin Kundang. Malin Kundang and his mother had to live hard because his father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sell the caught fish in the town. (Paragraph 01)

Hyponymy expresses in the words woman and mother, the word women is as super ordinate whereas mother is subordinate. The other hyponym is Malin Kundang because Malin Kundang is a subordinate and he, son, strong boy, baby are as super ordinate. The next hyponymy is illustrated in the following data.

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant’s ship being raided by a band of pirates. With his bravery, Malin Kundang helped the merchant defeat the pirates. To thank him, the merchant allowed Malin Kundang to sail with him. Malin Kundang agreed in the hope to get a better life. His left his mother alone. Paragraph (02)

The italic words above are identified as hyponym. Malin Kundang is a subordinate ordinate and he is a super ordinate.

Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy; he had a huge ship and a lot of crews who worked loading trading goods. He also married to a beautiful woman. When he was sailing on this trading journey, his ship landed on a coast near a small village. The local people recognize that it was Malin Kundang, a boy from the area. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. Paragraph [3]

The italic words above are categorized as hyponymy. The name of Malin Kundang has a general meaning while its specific meaning is he, a boy. Hyponym is also used in the data below.

An old man, who was Malin Kundang’s mother, ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She wanted to huge him to release her sadness of being lonely after a long time. When his mother came near him, Malin Kundang who was with his beautiful wife and his ship crews denied that she was his mother. She had pleaded Malin Kundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. At last, Malin Kundang said to her” enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly women!”. After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full of sadness and anger. Finally, feeling enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize to her. Malin Kundang just laughed and set sail. Suddenly, a thunderstorm came in the quiet


165

sea, wrecking his huge ship. He was thrown out to a small island. It was really too a late for him to avoid his curse, he had turned in to a stone. Paragraph [4]

The italic words above are classified as hyponymy. Malin Kundang becomes a subordinate and he as super ordinate. Malin Kundang’s mother becomes a subordinate and she, old woman, ugly women, mother as super ordinate.

Metonymy Metonymy is relationship of part and whole. It is a figure of speech in which an

attribute of something is used to stand for the thing itself. Consider the following data.A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in west Sumatra lived a woman

and her son, Malin Kundang. Malin Kundang and his mother had to live hard because his father had pass away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sell the caught fish in the town. Paragraph [1]

Based on the data above, village and town show part versus whole, where town is as the whole. Catch and getting closely have relation between a part and the whole. Fish and beach closely show versus part of the whole, where sea is as the whole. Next, metonymy is applied in the following illustration.

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant’s ship being raided by a band of pirates. With his bravery, Malin Kundang helped the merchant defeat the pirates. To thank him, the merchant allowed Malin Kundang to sail with him. Malin Kundang agreed in the hope to get a better life. His left his mother alone. Paragraph [2]

The phrase His bravery and defeat the pirates show part versus whole, where his bravery is as the whole. Besides, it is also appeared in the writing below.

Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy, he had a huge ship and a lot of crews who worked loading trading goods. He also married to a beautiful woman. When he was sailing on this trading journey, his ship landed on a coast near a small village. The local people recognize that it was MalinKundang, a boy from the area. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. Paragraph [3]

The worlds village and town show part versus whole, where town is as the whole. Huge ship and a lot of crews closely show versus part of part of the whole, where huge ship is the whole. The last using of metonymy is illustrated in the data below.

An old man, who was MalinKundang’s mother, ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She wanted to huge him to release her sadness of being lonely after a long time. When his mother came near him, MalinKundang who was with his beautiful wife and his ship crews denied that she was his mother. She had pleaded MalinKundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. At last, MalinKundang said to her” enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly women!.After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full of sadness and anger. Finally, feeling enraged, she cursed MalinKundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize to her.


166

MalinKundang just laughed and set sail. Suddenly, a thunderstorm came in the quiet sea, wrecking his huge ship. He was thrown out to a small island. It was really too a late for him to avoid his curse, he had turned in to a stone. Paragraph [4]

The words sadness, anger and enraged closely show versus part of the whole, where feeling is as the whole. While the words beach and sea show part versus whole, which sea is as the whole.

AntonymAntonym is words which are opposite in meaning and often thought of in the same

breath as synonymous, but they are in fact very different. Examining the following data.A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in west Sumatra lived a woman

and her son, Malin Kundang. Malin Kundang and his mother had to live hard because his father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sell the caught fish in the town. Paragraph [1]

The Antonyms are found this data are the word lived and the phrase passed away. Those words indicate an opposite meaning. The researcher also found the Antonyms such as follows.

Many years later, MalinKundang became wealthy, he had a huge ship and a lot of crews who worked loading trading goods. He also married to a beautiful woman. When he was sailing on this trading journey, his ship landed on a coast near a small village. The local people recognize that it was MalinKundang, a boy from the area. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. Paragraph [3]

Based on the data (16), the researcher found the antonym such as many years later and now, boy and woman and huge and small. Those words indicate have an opposite meaning. The last antonym found in the Malin Kundang narrative text as follows.

An old man, who was Malin Kundang’s mother, ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She wanted to huge him to release her sadness of being lonely after a long time. When his mother came near him, MalinKundang who was with his beautiful wife and his ship crews denied that she was his mother. She had pleaded MalinKundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. At last, MalinKundang said to her” enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly women!”. After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full of sadness and anger. Finally, feeling enraged, she cursed MalinKundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize to her. MalinKundang just laughed and set sail. Suddenly, a thounderstorm came in the quiet sea, wrecking his huge ship. He was thrown out to a small island. It was really too a late for him to avoid his curse, he had turned in to a stone. Paragraph [4]

Based on this writing the researcher found several antonyms such as she and he, denied and admit, huge and small, came and leave beautiful and ugly, huge and small and laughed and sadness. Those words indicate opposite in meaning.


167

Collocation Collocation is cohesion on text is subtle and difficult to estimate, it is a systematic

relationship between a pair of words. This would include not only synonyms and near synonym and super ordinate, but also pairs of opposites of various kind, complementary. It is relationship between words on the basis of the fact that these words oftenoccur in the same surroundings or are associated with each other. The data below shows the collocation in narrative text of Malin Kundang.

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in west Sumatra lived a woman and her son, Malin Kundang. Malin Kundang and his mother had to live hard because his father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sell the caught fish in the town. Paragraph [1]

Based on the data above, the researcher discovered that the words woman, her son and Malin Kundang are categorized as collocation since both of them frequently co-occur in the same surrounding. Then, the researcher also found in it the following writing.

Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy, he had a huge ship and a lot of crews who worked loading trading goods. He also married to a beautiful woman. When he was sailing on this trading journey, his ship landed on a coast near a small village. The local people recognize that it was MalinKundang, a boy from the area. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. Paragraph [3]

The words become wealthy, he had a huge ship, and a lot of crews are categorized as collocation because those words frequently co-occur in the same surrounding. In addition, the collocation is also illustrated in the data below.

An old man, who was Malin Kundang’s mother, ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She wanted to huge him to release her sadness of being lonely after a long time. When his mother came near him, Malin Kundang who was with his beautiful wife and his ship crews denied that she was his mother. She had pleaded Malin Kundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. At last, Malin Kundang said to her” enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly women!”. After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full of sadness and anger. Finally, feeling enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize to her. Malin Kundang just laughed and set sail. Suddenly, a thunderstorm came in the quiet sea, wrecking his huge ship. He was thrown out to a small island. It was really too a late for him to avoid his curse, he had turned in to a stone. Paragraph [4]

Collocation is signaled by the present of the word cursed and stone which have the association in the same environment where both of them relate to mutual relation. The words thunderstorm, wrecking and thrown are classified as collocation.


168

Grammatical CohesionA grammatical cohesive device is the way that grammatical features are attached

together across sentence boundaries. It’s divided into four types namely reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. These grammatical cohesion are explained below.

ReferenceReference is the specific nature of the information that is signaled for retrieval. In

case of reference, the information to be retrieved is the referential meaning, the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being referred to; the cohesion lies in the continuity of reference, whereby the something enters into the discourse a second time. Reference may be endophora and exophora is reference that lies in the inside of the text. In this study, the thesis will only focus to analyze reference in endophora side. Endophora reference is classified into cataphora and anaphora reference.

The first type is cataphora reference. This type is forward pointing, in the sense that in a text the unnamed expression, usually a pronoun or demonstrative, appears first and the named expression appears second. The references are illustrated in the following data.

When he was a baby. Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent and strong boy. (S 2-3).

With his bravery, MalinKundang helped the merchant defeat the pirates. (S 7)To thank him, the merchant allowed Malin Kundang to sail with him. (S 8)When his mother came near him, Malin Kundang who was with his beautiful wife

and his ship crews. (S 18)At last, Malin Kundang said to her enough, old woman! I have never had a mother

like you, a dirty and ugly women!”. (S 21)Based on the data (21) the words like he, refers to Malin Kundang. This reference is

called cataphora. It refers forward to Malin Kundang. In addition, the word his in the data (22) refers to Malin Kundang. This kinds of reference is called cathapora reference. It refers forward to Malin Kundang. This type of reference is also illustrated in data (23) to (25)

The second type is called anaphoric reference. This type is backward looking in the sense that the named item appears first and the pronoun appears second. Based on the data, anaphora references are as follow.

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in west Sumatra lived a woman and her son, Malin Kundang. (S 1)

Malin Kundang and his mother had to live hard because his father had pass away when hewas a baby. (S 2)

He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sell the caught fish in the town. He and his refer to Malin Kundang. (S 4-5)

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant’s ship being raided by a band of pirates. (S 6).


169

Malin Kundang agreed in the hope to get a better life. He left his mother alone. (S 9-10)

Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy, he had a huge ship and a lot of crews who worked loading trading goods. (S 11)

He also married to a beautiful woman. (S 12)When he was sailing on this trading journey, his ship landed. (S 13)The news ran fast in the town; Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here.

(S 15)An old man, who was Malin Kundang’s mother, ran to the beach to meet the new

rich merchant. She wanted to huge him to release her sadness of being lonely after a long time.(S 16-17).

She had pleaded Malin Kundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. (S 19-20)

After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full of sadness and anger. (S 22)

Finally, feeling enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize to her. (S 23)

Malin Kundang just laughed and set sail. Suddenly, a thunderstorm came in the quiet sea, wrecking his huge ship. (S 24)

He was thrown out to a small island. It was really too a late for him to avoid his curse, he had turned in to a stone. (S 26).

Based on data (26), the word her refers to the woman. This type of reference is called anaphora reference because it refers back to the woman. It also found in the data (27). Based on the data (27), the word his refers to Malin Kundang. This reference is called anaphora reference. It refers back to the Malin Kundang. Furthermore, the anaphora reference also found in data (29) to (40).

Furthermore, reference is divided into three parts namely personal, demonstrative, and comparative reference. But in this data the researcher only found two types of reference namely personal and demonstrative reference. These are shown in the data below.

Personal ReferencePersonal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, thought

the category of person. The category of personals that is found in this data only two classes.

Personal Pronoun ReferenceIn the data, personal pronoun references that are found such as he, his, she, you and

him . These are illustrated in the following paragraphs. A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in west Sumatra lived a woman

and her son, Malin Kundang. Malin Kundang and his mother had to live hard because his father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent


170

and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sell the caught fish in the town. Paragraph [1]

The word her in sentence ‘in west Sumatra lived a woman and her son’ refers to Malin Kundang mother’s. While the word his in sentence ‘his mother had to live hard because his father had passed away’ and ‘he would bring it to his mother’ refers to Malin Kundang. Then, the word he in sentence ‘he was a baby’ and ‘he would bring it’ represents to Malin Kundang. Furthermore, the researcher also found personal pronoun it in this data. It shows in sentence ‘he would bring it’. The word it thid this sentence refers to the fish. Personal pronoun reference is also found in the writing below.

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant’s ship being raided by a band of pirates. With his bravery, Malin Kundang helped the merchant defeat the pirates. To thank him, the merchant allowed Malin Kundang to sail with him. Malin Kundang agreed in the hope to get a better life. He left his mother alone. Paragraph [2]

Based on the data (42), there are three types of personal pronoun references namely he, his and him. The word he in sentence ‘he saw a merchant’s ship and he left his mother alone refers to Malin Kundang. Moreover, the word his in phrase ‘with his bravery and the word him in sentence ‘to thank him’ refers to Malin Kundang. Besides, the personal pronoun reference is found in the following data.

Many years later, MalinKundang became wealthy, he had a huge ship and a lot of crews who worked loading trading goods. He also married to a beautiful woman. When he was sailing on this trading journey, his ship landed on a coast near a small village. The local people recognize that it was MalinKundang, a boy from the area. The news ran fast in the town; Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. Paragraph [3]

Based on the data (43) above, there are two types of personal pronoun reference such as he and it. The word he in sentence ‘he had a huge ship’, ‘he also married’ and he is here refers to Malin Kundang. In addition, the word it as in sentence it was Malin Kundang refers to Malin Kundang. Then, personal pronoun references are found in the writing (44) below.

An old woman, who was Malin Kundang’s mother, ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She wanted to huge him to release her sadness of being lonely after a long time. When his mother came near him, Malin Kundang who was with his beautiful wife and his ship crews denied that she was his mother. She had pleaded Malin Kundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. At last, Malin Kundang said to her enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly women!. After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full of sadness and anger. Finally, feeling enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize to her. Malin Kundang just laughed and set sail. Suddenly, a thunderstorm came in the quiet sea, wrecking his huge ship. He was thrown out to a small island. It was really too a late for him to avoid his curse, he had turned in to a stone. Paragraph [4]


171

Based on data (44) above, the researcher found several personal pronouns references such as she, him, her, he, you and it. The first is personal pronoun she. It demonstrates in sentences ‘she wanted to huge him’, ‘she had pleaded Malin Kundang’, ‘she cursed Malin Kundang’. The word she in sentences above refers to Malin Kundang’s mother. The second is him. This is shown in sentences such as ‘‘she wanted to huge him’, ‘When his mother came near him’, and ‘It was really too a late for him to avoid his curse’. The word him in this sentences refers to Malin Kundang. The third is her. It illustrates in sentences ‘Malin Kundang said to her enough’, ‘he didn’t apologize to her’ and ‘yelling at her’. This word refers to Malin Kundang’s mother. The nest is you. This reference is shown in sentence ‘I have never had a mother like you’. The word you that is illustrated above refers to Malin Kumndang’s mother. The last is it. This is appeared in sentence ‘But he kept refusing to do it’. The word it in this sentence refer to Malin Kundang’s promise.

Demonstrative Reference Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location on scale of proximity. It

is essentially a form of verbal pointing, as said before the speaker identifies the referent by locating it on scale of proximity. The researcher just found demonstrative references here in Malin Kundang narrative text. This reference is shown in the data below.

The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. (S 15)

The word here in the data (45) refers to Malin Kunandang’s place. It tells to the reader that Malin Kundang has come to his original place or his town.

Substitution Substitution is defined as a replacement of an item with another item which

corresponds to the verb to substitute, is the replacement of a word or a group of words with a word which is apparently not related to the replaced words. It means that one word stand for an entire structure. Substitution is divided into three types; there are nominal, verbal, clausal substitutions. The researcher found do as verbal substitution. It is demonstrated in the data below.

But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. (S 20) Based on the data above, the word do is used to substitute the phrase to admit that

she was her mother.

Conjunction Conjunction elements are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly by virtue of

their specific meaning; not primarily devices for reaching out into the preceding (or following) text, but expressing certain meaning which presuppose the presence of other components in the discourse. It is a familiar type of explicitly marked relationship in texts, indicated by formal markers (Djuwari, 2013) as related to what is about to be said to what has been said before-markers like and, but, so, and then The followings


172

are the types of conjunction found in the data namely additive, adversative, causal and temporal conjunction.

Additive Conjunction The additive conjunction is somewhat different from coordination proper, although

it is no doubt derivable from it. The researcher found additive relations are expressed by using of the word and, also and or from data. These are demonstrated in the following data.

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in west Sumatra lived a woman and her son, Malin Kundang. (S 1)

Malin Kundang and his mother had to live hard because his father had pass away when he was a baby. (S 2)

Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent and strong boy. (S 3)After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sell the caught fish in the town.

(S 5)Many years later, MalinKundang became wealthy, he had a huge ship and a lot of

crews who worked loading trading goods. (S 11)He also married to a beautiful woman. (S 12)The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is

here”. (S 15)When his mother came near him, MalinKundang who was with his beautiful wife

and his ship crews denied that she was his mother. (S 18)She had pleaded MalinKundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. (S 19)At last, MalinKundang said to her” enough, old woman! I have never had a mother

like you, a dirty and ugly women!”. (S 21)After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full

of sadness and anger. (S 22)MalinKundang just laughed and set sail. (S 24)The words and, also and or in the text above belongs to additive conjunction which

support to the preceding sentence. These words are used to add and combine the information to another.

Adversative ConjunctionAdversative conjunction is contrary to expectation that may be derived from the

content of what is being said, or from communication process, the speaker-hearer situation. In this study the researcher found an adversative conjunction of but. It is demonstrated in following data.

She had pleaded Malin Kundang to look at her and admit that she was her mother. But he kept refusing to do it and yelling at her. (S 20)


173

In this data, the word but expresses the controversy idea. The controversy idea is Malin Kundang promises to look his mother and admit that she is his mother, but Malin Kundang does not do it. In other word, Malin Kundang refuses to do it.

Causal Conjunction Causal conjunction involves primarily reason, result and purpose relation between

the sentences. The simple of causal relation is expressed by so, thus, hence therefore, consequently, accordingly, and a number of expressions like as result (of that), in consequence (of that), because of that, etc. in this case, the researcher found because as causal conjunction in the data. It is appeared in the data below.

Malin Kundang and his mother had to live hard because his father had passed away when he was a baby. (S 2)

The causal conjunction in this sentence is because . It illustrates that malin Kundang and his mother should live hard because his father has died when he was a baby. It is a result why Malin Kundang and his mother should live too hard.

Temporal Conjunction Temporal relation is expressed in its simplest form by then, next, afterwards, after

that, subsequently, etc. It may be made more specific by the presence of an additional component in the meaning, as well as that of succession of time. The word expressed of temporal conjunction that is found on this data are one day, many years later, at last, after, when, after that, finally, and suddenly. Those are shown in the data below.

After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sell the caught fish in the town. (S 5)

At last, MalinKundang said to her” enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly women!”. (S 21)

After that, he ordered his crews to set sail to leave the old woman who was then full of sadness and anger. (S 22)

Finally, feeling enraged, she cursed MalinKundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn’t apologize to her. (S 23)

Temporal Conjunction in this data are after, at last, after that, and finally. Those words are use to unite one sentence to the other in paragraph. The temporal conjunction always uses in telling a story or how to do something.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings and discussions of the Characteristic of Cohesion in Malin Kundang Narrative Text, the researcher draws conclusions are as follows. The first, there are two types of lexical cohesion used in Malin Kundang narrative text namely reiteration and collocation. Reiteration consists of repetition, synonymy, hyponymy, metonymy and antonym.


174

The second, there are three kinds of grammatical cohesion found in the Malin Kundang narrative text. They are reference, substitution and conjunction. Reference consists of personal and demonstrative reference. Personal pronouns consist of he, it, her and him and his while demonstrative adjective comprises of here. Besides, the researcher found verbal substitution consists of do. Furthermore, the researcher found four kinds of conjunction that are used in this narrative text. These conjunctions are additive, adversative, causal, and temporal conjunction. Additive relation consists of and, also and or. Also, because as causal conjunction. In addition, temporal conjunction that are found namely at last, after, when, after that and finally.

LITERATURE CITED

Anderson, M. & Anderson, K. 1997. Text Types 1. South Yarra: Macmillan Education Australia PIY LTD. Retrieved on November 5, 2019 from http://bit.ly/2pGQo47

Bloor, T., & Bloor, M. (2013). The functional analysis of English: A Hallidayan approach. Routledge. Retrieved on November 8, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2rwWZPp

Bustan, F. (2005). Wacana budaya tudak dalam ritual penti pada kelompok etnik Mang-garai di Flores Barat: sebuah nalisis linguistik kebudayaan. Retrieved on November 8, 2019 from https://bit.ly/36jbvsP

Cousin, G. (2009). Researching learning in higher education: An introduction to con-temporary methods and approaches. Routledge. Retrieved on November 9, 2019 from https://bit.ly/342IgZJ

Cook, G. (1997). Key concepts in ELT. Schemas. ELT journal, 51(1), 86-86. Retrieved on November 10, 2019 from https://bit.ly/354IeSw

Djuwari, D. (2012). Arguments by the Contributors of Research Journal Publica-tion. IAMURE International Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 1-1. Retrieved on No-vember 10, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2Yxru3S

Djuwari, D. (2013). Logical connectors in the discussion sections of research journal articles. IAMURE International Journal of Education, 6(1), 1-1. Retrieved on No-vember 12, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2ruR8u3

Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. 1976.Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Re-trieved on November 14, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2P3bZxv


175

Karolina, I. (2006). Teaching Narrative Text in Improving Writing to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA Negeri 1 Petarukan, Pemalang (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Negeri Semarang). Retrieved on November 13, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2E3Flpi

Kuncahya, A. O. (2015). Cohesion in Narrative Texts Presented in the Electronic Textbook of Senior High School Grade X Entitled Developing English Compe-tence. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Retrieved on November 14, 2019 from https://bit.ly/2YxL3sL

Nunan, D. (1998). Teaching grammar in context. Retrieved on November 14, 2019 from https://bit.ly/35a1Cxq

Renkema, J. (Ed.). (2009). Discourse, of course: An overview of research in discourse stud-ies. John Benjamins Publishing. Retrieved on November 15, 2019 from https://bit.ly/36fp1O4

Rocci, A.2009. Doing discourse analysis with possible words, in J. Renkema (ed.), Dis-courseof course: an overview of research in discourse studies. Amsterdam: John Ben-jamins Publishing Co.

Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse analysis. Retrieved on November 15, 2019 from https://bit.ly/349sxIl

the characteristics of cohesion in malin kundang narrative text · 2020. 6. 18. · narrative text...

Documents