the chemistry and biology of treating municipal drinking water
TRANSCRIPT
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COURTNEY LEISTINGERCHEMISTRY/FORENSIC SCIENCE MAJOR
The Chemistry and Biology of Treating Municipal Drinking Water
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John P. Buckley Water Treatment Plant
City of Troy Department of Public Utilities
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What are the main components of water treatment?
Chemistry Tests Filtration Bacterial Sampling
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Water Testing
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Iodine
Important for metabolism Can still be lethal in large doses Removed through activated charcoal
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Aluminum
Indigestible Lethality is questionable; limit still enforced Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)
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Turbidity
Translucence of a water source Dirt/sand absorbs light Jackson turbidimeter
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A Rare Exception: Blue Lake
Located in New Zealand Has water with no turbidity Connected to neighboring lake
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Color
Light is reflected and absorbed Platinum Cobalt Scale Color must be slightly above 0
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pH
Most natural water is slightly acidic Too acidic = Eating through pipes Too basic = Calcium buildup
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Water Filtration
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Alum
Double sulfate salt Electric double layer Collected particles sink
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Active Carbon Filtering
Porous charcoal High surface area Portable water filters
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Bacterial Water Sampling
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Quick History Lesson
1836: Antonio Bassi and muscardine 1850s – 1920s: Germ Theory 1885: First routine bacterial examination 1891: Fecal bacteria needs to be identified
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Collecting Samples
100 mL sterile bottles -> listed water sources Sterilized source faucets Chain of Custody
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Membrane Filtration
Vacuum suction and standardized paper filter Small portion kept aside (unfiltered) Unfiltered reserved for specific plate count
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Preparing and Incubating Plates
ME Plates -> 24 hours SPC Plates -> 48 hours Colonies tallied
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Errors in Bacterial Water Sampling
Sterilization Plate Preparation Air Density Agar Batch
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Potential Application: Microbial Source Tracking
DNA of fecal colonies used to identify source Can help to stop/prevent contaminants Ingestion of certain chemicals
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Dangers of Cyanobacteria
“blue-green algae” Blooms destroy aquatic ecosystems Excess nitrogen from fecal sources makes bacteria flourish
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Chemistry and Biology is Important!
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References
"APHA = Pt-Co = Hazen Color." Measure True Color. Hunter Lab, 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://measuretruecolor.hunterlab.com/2012/10/23/apha-pt-co-hazen-color/>.Afifi, A. A. "Determination of Dissolved Aluminum in Water Samples." USGS: Science for a Changing World. US Geological Survey, 2 Feb. 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri824018>.Ahad, Farhana, and Shaiq Ganie. "Iodine, Iodine Metabolism and Iodine Deficiency Disorders Revisited." Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Medknow Publications. 2010. Web.
28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063534/>."Aluminum in Drinking-water: Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking- water Quality." World Health Organization. World Health Organization, 1 Mar. 2004. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/aluminium.pdf>.Beddow, Victoria. "A Brief History of Water and Health from Ancient Civilizations to Modern Times." - IWA Water Wiki. 8 Feb. 2010. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/-ABRIEFHISTORYOFWATERANDHEALTHFROMANCIENTCIVILIZATIONSTOMODERNTIMES#Information>.
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References
"Blue Lake, Nelson, New Zealand - The Clearest Lake in the World | Amusing Planet." Blue Lake, Nelson, New Zealand - The Clearest Lake in the World | Amusing Planet.
Amusing Planet, 18 June 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/06/blue-lake-nelson-new-zealandclearest.html>.Britannica Editing Team. (2014, October 23). Agostino Bassi (Italian bacteriologist). Retrieved November 18, 2014, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55517/Agostino Bassi#ref19832"Chapter 4 - From the Field to the Lab." How to Measure TSS and Turbidity. Washington
State Department of Ecology. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/4tss.html>Harvard College. (2014) Germ Theory. Retrieved November 18, 2014, fromhttp://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/germtheory.htmlHelmenstine, Anne Marie. "What Is Alum? - Alum Facts, Types, Uses, and More." About
Education. 15 Jan. 2015. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://chemistry.about.com/od/moleculescompounds/f/What-Is-Alum.htm>.
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References
"Iodine in Drinking-water: Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality." World Health Organization. World Health Organization, 1 Mar. 2004. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/aluminium.p df>.Matthews, D. M. (2013). Microbiology lab manual. Unpublished manuscript. Russell Sage College, Troy, NY."Nelson's Blue Lake – The Clearest Freshwater Ever Reported." NIWA Taihoro Nukurangi. 19 Dec. 2011. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.niwa.co.nz/news/nelson’s-blue-lake-–-the-clearest freshwater- ever-reported>.Rompré, A., Servais, P., Baudart, J., De-Roubin, M., & Laurent, P. (2002). Detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: Current methods and emerging approaches. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 49, 31-54.Scott, T., Rose, J., Jenkins, T., Farrah, S., & Lukasik, J. (2002). Microbial Source Tracking: Current Methodology And Future Directions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(12), 57965803.
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References
"The History of Drinking Water Treatment." Epa.gov. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Feb. 2000. Web. 28 Feb.
2015. <http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/consumer/pdf/hist.pdf>."Wellcare Information For You About PH in Drinking Water." Wellcare
Information For You About PH in Drinking Water. Water Systems Council, 1 Sept. 2007. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.watersystemscouncil.org/download/wellcare_informa
tion_sheets/potential_groundwater_contaminant_information_shee ts/9709284pH_Update_September_2007.pdf>.