the chemistry of life bonds bond is a force that holds atoms together o h h
TRANSCRIPT
Ionic bonds
• Atoms bond with each other by gaining or losing electrons in outer shells, opposite forces attract– Example: sodium loses an electron to become
stable
chlorine gains an electron and becomes stable
Compound
• Substance composed of atoms that are bonded together
• Examples:
• 2 types– Organic compounds: contain carbon rings or
chains– Inorganic: don’t have carbon rings or chains
Look at p. 51 fig. 3-1 organic or inorganic
PP: What is a monomer, polymer, and macromolecule?
Read 1st paragraph on p. 53 and define those words.
Carbohydrates“Carbon Water”
• C, H, O• Always Ratio of 2
Hydrogens to 1 Oxygen CH2O
• Main Role in Body:– Simple Carbs (Sugars)
• Immediate Energy but doesn’t last long
– Complex Carbs (Starches)
• Longer lasting energy but not immediate
Monosaccharide“One Sugar”
• Monomer unit of carb• C6H12O6
• Types:– Glucose- made by plants– Fructose-Fruits
• OSE-ending= Oh So SwEEEt
• Simple Sugar• Isomer- different
structures but same chemical formula
Disaccharide“Two Sugars”
• Two monosaccharides linked together
• Types:– Sucrose- Table Sugar– Lactose- Milk Sugar
• C12H22O11
• Simple Sugar
Polysaccharide“Many Sugars”
• 1000s of monosaccharides linked
• Complex carb: provides long sustaining energy but must be broken down first
Types of Polysaccharides
• Starch– Made by plants for energy storage– We can get energy by eating these– Potatoes, Pastas, Breads etc
• Glycogen– Made by animals for limited energy storage– Stored in liver and muscle
• Cellulose– Made by plants for structure– We cannot digest this for energy: It is fiber– Leafy veggies, CELLERY, grass
Lipids
• Elements: C, H, O (much less O)
• Will NOT dissolve in water
• Main Functions:– Fats: store energy,
padding, and insulation– Wax: waterproof, forms
protective layers– Oil: protects skin, hair,
feathers
Fatty Acid
• Monomer of Lipid• Saturated Fatty Acid:
Full amount of Hydrogens
• Unsaturated Fatty Acid: Missing hydrogens due to double bond Carbons
• Head end: hydrophilic• Tail end : hydrophobic
Common Fats
• Saturated– Made by animals (lard)– Solid at room temp– Made with saturated
Fatty Acids
• Unsaturated– Made plants- OILS– Liquid at room temp– Made with unsat FAs
Other Types of Lipids
• Wax– Waterproofing agent– Earwax, candle wax
• Steriods– Make up hormones like
testosterone
Proteins
• C, H, O, N • Nitrogen is not in
carbs or lipids• Types:
– Structural:• Muscle, hair, enzymes
– Enzymes: • speed up chemical
reactions
Amino Acids
• Monomer of Proteins• 20 Different Kinds• R group is the group
that makes each amino acid different
Peptide Means protein
• Peptide bond- bond between two amino acids
• Dipeptide- two amino acids linked
• Polypeptide- many amino acids linked
Nucleic Acids
• 2 types– DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) in nucleus, in chromosomes, molecule of heredity
– RNA (ribonucleic acid) makes proteins, ribosomes
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