Such wns the life I led from about the time I unr iâ,EntEEn Ëntil I war

twenüy. Finally my parrnts' senre of responsibility eompclled mc, âgainrt my

will, I confess, to give up the allurements of the soft ltib rnd forced me totake a wife. The ancient name of her house rves rnore impresrive than itsestate, which at the tirre was burdened with problems becausc of lack ofattention from its aged owner. A young grandchild who had survived herfather succeeded to it, and later yielded to my nuptial torches.

Once I had decided to bear the burden laid upon me, in only a few days I\Mas content, aided by the ardor of youth and a zealous spirit, to enjoy the

establishment I had acquired. Quickly I forced myself and my people toexchange seductive idleness for unaccustomed activity. Some of them I chal-lenged with the example of my own labor, but others I compelled against

their will with the severity of a master. And so, actively pursuing the duties ofmy new situation, I immediately took action to bring the fallow lands undercultivation and to renew the exhausted vineyards with prompt attention, once

I had learned how. And I was first to pây my tax obligations ât the appointed

time, willingly and of my orü/n accord -

something that seems to many âparticulaù bitter pill to swallow; but thereby I quickly assured myself ofleisure to expend later upon private relaxation.

Paulinus describes the luxury of his household.

As much as I enjoyed pleasing and welcome amenities, the great devotionI had for my parents was dearer still and outweighed them all. It bound me

with a tie of overwhelming love, so thât for the greâter part of a year we kept

them company, ân ârrangement we all wanted and found rewarding.

Would that this way of life granted to us might have lasted longer by the

bountiful gift of Christ and that also the earlier period of peace might have

continued. In so many rrr/ays my youth could have done with the constant

attention of my father's experience, and my education could have been fur-thered by good models. But the completion of the third decade of life [a.

4o6] was marked by the unhappy onset of wvo afflictions. In a public câtâstro-

phe mourned by everyone, enemies were poured into the guts of the Romanrealm. This coincided with a private misfortune, the death and funeral of myfather. For the last days of the end of his life accorded almost exacdy with the

time when the peace was broken. But for me the.destruction caused to my

home by the ravages of the enemy, though in itself considerable, was lighterby far than the immeasurable grief caused by the death of my father. He

made both homeland and home itself dear to me. For we had such genuine

mutual respect for each other that we lived as if there were no age difference

between us and our friendship surpassed that of friends of the same age.

TER FOUR

TF{ E ANTIOUE CHRON TCLE TR.ADNTXONI

I N TI..NE FIFTH AND SNXTI_N CENTUR.NES

'llwr ,rrc uo extensiue nanatiue histories Jor the fifth century. Coitemporary historians

ild tlul tuith euents under the western emperors during this period, but their works,

,0r,,rli,?,(§ o.f eastern provefiance, suruiue as fragments embedded in later sources (see

ilt 27, Jt). For complete examples oJ western historical writing in thefiJth ce,xtu{y -antl .litr many of that period\ events and much of its chronology - we haue to loole to

iltnntilcs.()hronicles became a signficant form oJ historical writing in the western empire in

the .liurth century under the infiuence of the work l<nown as Eusebius-Jerome. This

ilut ,t ruorld chronicle, setting out in tabular Jorm biblical, secular, and ecclesiastical his-

tory.liom Abraham to the present.The original version was written'in Greek by the

rc'ldmn'd church historian Eusebius (ca. z6o-i4o), bkhop of Caesarea; it suruiues now

uly in.fïagments and in Armenian and l-atin translations. In j9o, Saint Jerome (ca.

j1:-4io),adapted an edition of Eusebius\ work. that ended in A.D. jz5, translating it

Ittto Lrrtin and bringing euents down to the year j78. It was Jerome's I-atin uersion

llnl lrymme infiuential in the west, and his ffirt to bring the chronicle up to date

b*,ttttc ,r modelJor western practitioners of chronicle historiography.The main chronicles

Itiurslûed here are all continuations of Jerome and record people and euents oJ recent

hittory.'l'lu'y often do so in a deliberatefashion that belies their appearance as sterile com-

pctilit t»f haphazard data. The chronicle Jorm may not immediately invite reflectiue

n'iiliu.q, ltut modern scholarship has shown how the genre in its late antiqwe and eaily

nrtlirwl .form desert,es to be treated as the purytoseful construct of authors with distinct

Itttrttliotts. For this reason, not to mention the intrinsic interest and sometimes unique

tnltr of' their contents, I have included large excerpts from the chronicles and attempted

trttnybtcness ouer a substantial range of entries.

I ltnve also kept some, though not all, chronologiul trappings of the chronicles.

llrttrttion oJ contemporary dating conventions is often a necessity: not all chronicle

t'tttriu can be reduced to simple, standard anno domini dating. Rcaders should also be

ûu\ut' (!l the nwmber of chronological systems available to thosc recortling euents; forrlrrotrolo.gy was, among other things, an aspect oJ historical scU'-conseiouvrcss and a refi-

trtiott qf the the public face of the Roman state. Finally, sonc undarstdnding of the

nttir'ly ttf systems in use in theffth and sixth centuie5 and tlu'ir impcrfictions, may

Itrly n'dders understand the practical problems Jaced by nwdcrn atrd dildcnt sch()lars

ttyi,t.( to reconstruct a chronologicalframeworkfor historical n.tftttlit4',

16. PROSPER OF AQUITAINE

Prosper oJ Aquitaine (or ProsJter Tiro) was d natiue oJ Giaut who tpent nuu'lr ü' his

aduh lfe in Rome. He may haue held an impofiant position in papal drcles, possibly

dying in 463. Pyosper was deeply inuolued in the theological disputes of his rlay in both

Caul and Rome, especially thase concerning grace and free will. Hk ehronicle is justone oJhis works, Itwas conceiueil as an abbreyiation of thefamous chronicle oJJerome,

with an original continuation by Prosper himselJ that began in j78;it was composed in

a number of editions between 4y and 455.Prosper\ chronicle was infiuenced .by another Jorm of contemporary historical recoril-

keeping, consulay annals. Sinæ Republican times, the year in Roman practice had been

named'after the two consuls who took ffice on t January;by late imperial conuention,

one consul was named from the West and one ÿom the East. Lists of these consuls cir-

culated, often with octasional and brieJ annotations that might be used by chroniclers or

historians; suruiving examples of annals sometimes contain ytrecise dates for important

public euents. Proslter adopted consular chronology for his chronicle, combining it with a

system of his own deuising that numbered years from Christ\ crucifixion.

In the excerpts below, a selection of the years Jor the eailier portions of Prosper\

continuation is giuen. From the year 4og the chronicle is complete; the years »ith con-

suls but no euents giuen in Mommsen's edition haue been omitted. No attempt has

been made to distinguish uarious recensions, but in a couple of cases I haue giuen vari-

ants. I haue combined the dating schemes into one line: the number oJ the years fromChrbt\ passion, followed by the names (usually two) of the consuls for the year in

question. Prosper\ dating can readily be incorporated into the later anno dominischeme of dating, which has been placed in the margin.

Source: Prosperi Tironis epitoma chronicon, ed. Th. Mommsen, Clronlca Mitora r, MGH AA 9(r892), pp. 385-485.Translation by A.C. Murray.

a.37e Year 352 [from Christh passion].Âusonius and Olybrius [consuls].

- ...In this period, Priscillian, bishop of Gallaecia, established from the

dogma of the Manichees and Gnostics the heresy bearing his name.

a. i8r Year 354. Syagrius and Eucherius.

Martin, bishop of the,city of Tours in Gaul, was famous for many exam-

ples o[ miracles...

a. 382 Year 355.Antonius and Syagrius.

Athanaric, king of the Goths, was killed at Constantinople on the fifteenthday after he had been received thcre...

a. 384 Year 357. Richomer and C)learclrus.

Honorius, the son ofTheod«rsius wrs born.

§iriciur'pr$ided over thê Romen church Efter Drnnnrut ü tha thirry*ixthbuhop'

In Britein Maximus wâs medc empercr by a mudny of the loldiers, He

;6Etl crïri3ed ov€r to Gaul. Gratian was dcfcatcd at Parii through the treach-

Ë{ of thc mester of the soldiers, Merobaudes, end f,eeing was captured and

lÉlled at Lyons. Maximus mâde his sonVictor his colleague in power.

Valentinian [l], forty-second emperor, reigned for I years with Theodo-

liur,

Ye.r ish. nt adius and Bauto,

,,,Priscillian, knowing he would be condemned at the Synod of Bordeaux,

rpperled to the emperor [Maximus]. He was tried at Trier and, along with

Ettcltnltia, wife of Delfidius the teacher of rhetoric, Latroniânus, and other

Psrtners in his error, wâs put to death by Euvodius, Maximus's praetorian

pref'ect,At Bordeaux a cefiatî disciple of Priscillian called Urbica was stoned.

to dcatl'r on account of her pbstinate impiety by an unruly mob.

Yelr 3fir.Theodosius for the second time and Cynegius.'l'he usurper Maximus, despoiled of his royal garments, appeared before

Vele tttinian and Theodosius at the third milestone from Aquilea and was con-

deurned to death. His sonVictor was killed in Gaul by Count Arbogàst in the

mnlc yeâr.

Yclr 36z.Timasius and Promotlls.

llishops Itacius and lJrsacius, on account of the destruction of Priscillian,

wlrose accusers they were, were deprived of the communion of the church.

Yeur 365.Arcadius for the second time and Rufinus.'l'he extreme severiry of Arbogast, master of the soldiers, droveValentinian

tnt() committing suicide at Vienne by hanging himself. On the death ofValcntinian, Arbogast, who was burdened with the way the emperor died, as

corrrrnander of the army, made Eugenius emperor in Gaul''I'heodosius, forry+hird emperor, already in power for 14 years, reigned for

I yclrs with his sons Arcadius and Honorius.

Yclr 367.Arcadius for the third time and Honorius for the second.

.fohn the hermit monk was renowned. He had been granted the gift ofprophecy and predicted that Theodosius, who was consulting him on the

outcome of the campaign he was mounting against Eugenius, would be vic-

lorious.

â.3ej Year 368. Olybrius end Prrbinur,Theodosius defeated and killed Eugcnius,

Augustine, the disciplc of the blessed Ambrose and eminent ln eloquence

and learning, was made bishop at Hippo in Africa'

At this time, Claudian, the distinguished poet, became well known.

Theodosius died at Milan.Arcadius, forty-fourth emperor, already in power fot tz yeats, reigned 13

years with his brother Honorius...

a.4o6 Year 379.Arcadius for the sixth time and Probus.

vandals and Alans crossed the Rhine and entered Gaul on December 3r.

a.4o7 Year 38o. Honorius ôr the seventh time andTheodosius for the second.

Constanline arose in Britain as a usurper and crossed to Gaul.

a. 4o8 Year 38r. Bassus and Philippus.

Arcadius died in ConstantinoPle.

Honorius, forthy-fifth emperor, reigned for r5 years with Theodosius [II],the son of Honorius's brother.

a.4oe year 3gz. Honorius for the eighth time andTheodosius for the third.

TheVandals took Spain.

Attalus was made emperor at Rome. He was soon deprived of power but

remained connected with the Goths.

a.4ro Year 383. SenatorVaranes.

Rome was captured by the Goths under the command of Alaric' and for

this reason there was on-try a consul for the east, a practice followed the next

year as well.

Year 384. Augustus Theodosius ôr the fourth time'

constantine was defeated and captured by Honorius's generals, constan-

tius and Ulfila, at the town ofArles. Count Gerontius killed Constantine's son

Oonstans, who had begun his rule in Spain, passing the usurper's role to a

ecftilirl Maximus.

ar *g YÉêt 3t5. Hçnorius for the ninth time and Theodosius for the fifth.

In §prin Maxiurlrs was removed from power and was granted his lifeill-v/i11lfeUæ €he mOdereti.u and insignificance of the man did not merit

§}d hir effêctltiort of ltrthoriry.

At thic time, Hetos, r holy nan and dieeiple of blomcd Mrtda' wru driræn

out of Arles by iB people while he preBided over the eity nl bbhopi he wao

S,itrtu* end ntt *uUjo.t to âny ehârgÇ, In his place $,e! od.in_ed Patttelus,

Érieud and acquâintence of Constantius, master of the soldie*, whose fevor he

prucured, This affair wâs a subject of great disagrccments âmong the bishops

of thc region,

l, 4?,Yeer'.11i6. Senator Lucius.

His colleague in the consulship was Heraclian' who was responsible for

Fvolution in Africa and deprived of his honor and his life'

The tsurgundians acquired part of Gaul near the Rhine'

The brothers Jovinus and Sebastian seized power in Gaul and were killed'

At that time the Briton Pelagius set forth the doctrine bearing his name

egainst the grace of Christ; Caelestius and Julian [of Eclanum] were his assis.

trnts, He attracted many people to his erroneous views' He proclaimed that

enclt person is guided to righteousness by his own will and receives as much

grâ(:eashedeserves,sinceÀdam'ssininjuredonlyhimselfanddidnotalsoiriuct his descendants. For this reason it would be possible for those so wishing

to bt: completely without sin and for all little children to be born as innocent

àr wâs the first man before transgression; nor are children to be baptized so

tlteycanbedivestedofsinbutsotheycanbehonoredwiththesacramentofndoPtion.

i.4irYerrr 387. Constantius and Constans'

Attalus on the advice of the Goths and with their help resumed the role

ol ttsurper in Gaul.

, '] i'Yclrr388.HonoriusforthetenthtimeandTheodosiusforthesixth.

AttaluswasabandonedbytheGoths,whoremovedthemselvestoSpain,,rtrrl, deprived of their support, was captured and presented alive to Constan-

tirts the patrician.

Athaulf,woundedbyoneofhisownmen'died'and'Walliaseizedhiskirrgdomafterdestroyingthosewhowerethoughttowantthesamething.

l":,1Y...':Ag.th.odosius for the seventh time and Palladius'

s".ti.rg peace with Honorius, wallia restored the daughter of the emperor

'l'hcodosius [I], Placidia, whom the Goths had captured and whom Athaulf

Itacl married, and Constantius won her hand in marriage'

Zosimus took up the episcopal ofiice of the Roman church' He was the

llrirry-ninth bishoP.

At this time the Pelagians, already condemned by Pope Innocent' v/ereCbthr enteretl (iatrl under King Athaulf.

resisted by the diligence of the Africanr and especirlly § the knowledge ofBishop Augustine.

a. 4t7 Year 39o. Honorius for the eleventh time, Constantius for the second.Honorius enrered Rome in a triumph with Attalus walking ahead of his

chariot. Honorius ordered him to live in exile on the island of Lipara.

â.4r8 Year 39r. Honorius for the twelfth time andTheodosius for the eighth.At this time Constantius, a servant of Christ, and former vicar, living at

Rome, most devoutly resisted the Pelagians on behalf of the grace of God.The many things he endured at the hands of their faction placed him amongthe holy confessors.

A council was held at Carthage and the synodal decrees of the two hun-dred and fourteen bishops \^/ere conveyed to Pope Zosimus. They wereapproved and the Pelagian heresy was condemned throughout the wholeworld.

Valentinian, the son of Constantius and Placidia, was born on z July.

,r. 4r9 Year 3gz. Monaxius and Plinta.

At Rome Boniface took up the episcopal oflice, the fortieth bishop of theRoman church.

Constantius the patrician made peace with Wallia and gave him theprovince of Aquitania secunda to live in and certain cities of neighboringprovinces.

t 4zo Year 3g3.Theodosius for the ninth time and Constantius for the third.Constantius was taken as a colleague in power by Honorius.

Jerome the priest died at the age of ninery-one on 3o September.

^.4zt Year 3g4.Agricola and Eustathius.

Emperor Constantius died.

t- 4zz Year 395. Honorius for the thirteenth time and rheodosius for the tenth.At this time an ârmy wâs sent to Spain against theVandals under the com-

mand of Castinus. By a senseless and wrongful order, he made Boniface, a

man quite famous in the arts of war, averse to participating in his expedition.And Boniface, reckoning thât ro follow Castinus, whom he had found dis-agreeable and proud, would be dangerous to himself and degrading, rushedoff to Portus and from there to Africa. That was the beginning of many difii-culties and subsequent evils for the stâte. [Cf. 18, Hydatius, s.a. 4zz.)

Yeer Jgo, Mariniarrur rnd Ârehpiodotur,,{ugusta lllacidie, dtiven rwry by her bnrther Honodul, wËtlt t§ the east

with her children Honorir gndVelentiniatt,

Cclcstiue wâs set over the Roman church as its forry-flrrt bishop,

Horrorius died and John took his imperial authority, It was thought that

Cartilus, who commanded the army es master of the soldier§, pretended to

look thc other way,

Theodosius [l] held the Roman empire as forty-sixth emperor.

Ycar 397. Castinus andVictor.

Exuperantius of Poitiers, praetorian prefect for Gaul, was killed in the ciry

ot'Arles by a mutiny of the soldiers, and this deed was not avenged byJohn.'Iheodosius made his cousin Valentinian [II! Caesar and sent him along

witl, the Augusta, his mother, to take back the western empire. At the time,

.folrn',s defenses were made weaker because he tried to recapture Africa, over

wlrich Boniface wâs maintaining his hold.

Ycirr jg8.Theodosus, for the eleventh time, and CaesarValentinian'

Augusta Placidia and Caesar Valentinian with astonishing good fortune

crushed the usurper John and as victors regained royal power' Pardon was

given,to Aêtius, because the Huns he had brought in on behalf ofJohn were

lrr1ed back home by his efforts. Castinus, on the other hand, was sent into

cxile, because it seemed as ifJohn would not have been able to take over the

kirrgdom without his connivance.'fhe manuscripts oler two slightly dffirent uersions oJ the next entry:

r.Valentinian was hailed asÂugustus by a decree ofTheodosius'

z. Valentinian was hailed as Àugustus by the army.

Arles, noble ciry of Gaul, was assailed by the Goths with great violence,

until, threatened by Àëtius, they withdrew not without losses.

1-rn Ycar 399. Theodosius for the twelfth time and Valentinian Augustus for the

sccond.

Patroclus, bishop of Arles, was wounded many times and killed by a

tribune, a certain Barnabus. This crime was blamed on the orders of Felix,

nraster of the soldiers, at whose instigation the deacon Titus, a holy man dis-

tributing money to the poor at Rome, was also killed.

{,, Yc'ar 4oo. Hierius and Ardabur.

Due to the decision of Felix, war wâs waged against Boniface in the name

of the state by the generals Mavortius, Gallio, and Sanoeces. Bonifacet power

;rnd fame were growing in Africa and he had refused to come to Italy. The

67

generâls beseiging IJorriface were killed, betrayed by srnoecer, end soon hewho had betrayed them was himself killed. Thereafter accesr to the sea wâtgained by peoples who were unacquainred with ships until they were calledin by the rival sides to give assistance. The conduct of the war undertakenagainst Boniface \Mas transferred to Count Sigisvult.

The Vandal people crossed from Spain to Africa.

d. 428 Year 4or. Felix and Taurus.

Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, tried to introduce a new error intothe churches. He proclaimed that Christ was born of Mary as a man only, notalso as God, and divinity was conferred upon him because of his merit. Thediligence of Bishop Cyril of Alexandria in particular and the authority ofPope Caelestinus opposed this impiery.

Part of Gaul near the Rhine seized by the Franks was recovered by theforces of Count Aëtius.

rr.4:9 Ycar 4oz. Florentius and Dionysius.

Felix was promoted to the oflice of patrician andAëtius was made master

of the soldiers.

Agricola the Pelagian, the son of Bishop Severianus the Pelagian, cor-rupted the churches of Britain by introducing his own doctrine. On the rec=

ommendation of the deacon Palladius, Pope Celestine sent Germanus, bishopof Auxerre, as his representative, and when the heretics had been cast down,he guided the Britons to the Catholic faith.

a.43o Year 4o3.Theodosius for the thirteenth time andValentinian for the third.Aëtius killed Felix and his wife Padusia and the deacon Grun-itus, sensing

that they were plotting against him.Aurelius Augustine, a bishop most olttstanding in evey respect, died z8

August. In his very last days he was responding to the books ofJulian [ofEclanum] amidst the âttâcks of besieging Vandals and persevering gloriouslyin deflense of Christian grace.

a. 43r Year 4o4.Bassus and Ântiochus.A synod of more than rwo hundred bishops gathered at Ephesus. Nesto-

rius was condemned along with the heresy bearing his name and many Pela-gians who supported it because the doctrine was related to their own.

Palladius, having been ordained by Pope Celestine, was rhe first bishopsent to the Scots believing in Christ.

a. 432 Year 4o5.Âëtius andValerius.

Sixtus was set over the Roman church as the thirty-second bishop. The

Tàole eiry rÈmêlned pcâcêfuIin urcnderful hrrmony,

Bonifeee 'recêived thc ofüce of mâtter of the roldlËil rad came fnrm

to ltaly by wey of Rome, -{lthough hc fought r battle wlth Aëtius,

war opposing him, rnd defeated him, he died r few dnye later from ill-Aëtius, who had surrendercd po$rcr, residcd on his country cstates and

lome of his enemies tricd to crush him in a sudden attack. Fleeing to

and from there to Dalmatia, he thererfter rcachcd the Huns through

ia, He used their friendship and assistance to obtain the peace of the

Itipcnrrs and get his power restored.

l, '/, j'Yesr 4o6.Theodosius for the fourteenth time and Maximus.

Âll the years calculated up to the fourteenth consulship of Theodosius and

ibat of Maximus:

From the fifteenth year ofTiberius and the passion of the Lord,4o6 years.

From the restoration of the temple under Darius, ro54 years.

r-rcm the first Olympiad and Isaia the prophet, r2ro years.

Fr<rm Solomon and the first building of the temple, 1466 years.

lirom Moses and Cecrops, king of Attica, 1965 years. ;

From Abraham and the rule of Ninus, 2450 years.

Now from the flood to Abraham there are g42 yeàrs, and from Adam to

tlre llood 2242 years.Thus from Âdam to the time of the consuls mentioned

âhove, the years amount to 5634..- rl.

Yc;rr 4oS.fheodosius for the fifteenth time andValentinian for the fourth.

l)eace made with the Vandals by Trigetius ât Hippo on r r February. The

Vrrrdals were given a part ofAfrica to live in.

At the same time Aëtius crushed Gundichar,-who was king of the Burgun-

rli;rns and living in Gaul. In response to his entreary Aêtius gave him peace,

which the king did not enjoy for long. For the Huns destroyed him and his

llcople root and branch.fir I t:,:

Yt'ar 4o9. lsidorus and Senator.

The Goths conôunded the peace agreements and seized many towns intlrc vicinity of their settlements, attacking the city of Narbonne most of all.

When it had sufered for some time from siege and hunger, the city was

s;tved from both dangers by Count Litorius. For he put the enemy to flight

,rrrd filled the city with grain, having each of his troopers bring along two

nleasures of wheat.

Year 4ro. Aëtius for the second time and Sigisvult.'War was waged against the Goths with the help of the Huns.

In Africa, Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, wanted to use the Arian impiery to

undo the Catholic faith within the regions where he redded, He persecuted

some of our bishops, of whom the most famous were Posidius, Novatus, and

Severianus, to the extent that he deprived them of their right to theirchurches and even drove them from their cities, for their steadfastness wouldnot yield to the terrors of that most proud king.

The Augustus Valentinian went to the emperor Theodosius at Constan-

tinople and married his daughter.

In the same period, four Spaniards, Arcadius, Paschasius, Probus, and Euÿ-chianus were formerly considered by Gaiseric to be valued and distinguished

by virtue of their wisdom and faithful service. To make them even more

esteemed, he commanded them to convert to the Arian heresy. But as they

most steadfasdy rejected this wickedness, the barbarian was roused to a most

furious anger. First their property was confiscated, next they were driven intoexile, then tortured severely, and, finally, suffering death in various ways, they

succumbed wonderfully to â most glorious martydom. A boy called Paulillus,

the brother of Eurychianus and Paschasius, was very dear to the king on

account ofhis fine body and refined nâture; since he could not be separated

by threats from his acknowledgment and love of the Catholic faith, he was

beaten for some time with rods and condemned to the meânest serütude. Hewâs not killed, it seems, so that youth should not also take g1ory in over-

throwing the savagery of an impious man.

In the same year barbarian deserters of the federates took to pirâcy.

â. 438 Year 4rr.Theodosius for the sixteenth time and Faustus.

In this year too the same pirates plundered many islands, especially Sicily.

Measures against the Goths in Gaul went well.

a. 439 Year 4rz.Theodosius for the seventeenth time and Festus.

Litorius, who led Hun auxiliaries, second in command after Aëtius, rashly

joined battle with the Goths, striving to surpâss the glory ofAëtius and trust-

ing in the oracles of diviners and the portents of demons. He made us under-

stand the success the band that perished with him might have achieved, had

he chosen to follow â course better than his own foolhardiness; for he infli-cted such losses on the enemy that, if he had not fallen into captiviry by

fighting heedlessly, it would have been doubtful to what side victory should

properly have been ascribed.

At this time, Julian of Eclanum, a most boastful defender of the Pelagian

error was aroused by an immoderate longing for a former§ lost bishopric. Bythe varied art of deceiving, and exhibiting the pretence of having amended

lril wayr, lte ettrleavrlrccl to insinuate himself into the communion of the

church, llut l'ope Sixtus, with the urging of Leo the deacon, opposed these

triekr rnd allowed no appnxrclr to lie open to these pestilential efforts, and he

eaffied all Càtholiel tô reJoi€ê |n threwing beek the dceeitful bealt, ar if the

apostolic Br,ÿord thËn for the firrt time beheaded the molt Pmud herêry'

ln the same period, vlterlcur wffi comidered loyd to our itête and

renowned for the frequent demonstrstion of his skill in war'

Peacc made with the Coths, for thcy sought it more humbly than ever

lrefore after the lamentable trial of an inconclusive war'

SinceAëtiuswasconcernedwithmettersthatwerebeingsettledinGaul,Gaiseric had nothing to fear from losing his friendship' On r9 October' he

took advantage of the peace and seized carthage. He put its citizens to vari-

ous kinds of torture and took all of their wealth as his own' Nor did he

refrain from despoiling the churches' Euryrying them of their sacred vessels'

lncldeprivingthemoftheattentionoftheirpriests,heorderedthattheynol,r,rg., b. places of divine worship but quarters for his people' He was harsh

towards the entire captive population but particular§ hostile to the nobility

and clergy so that no one could tell whether he was waging war more against

lllln or God. Carthage suffered this captivity in the 585th year after it had

become Roman.

Year 4I3.Valentinian Augustus for the fifth time and Anatolius'

WhenBishopSixtusdied,theRomanchurchwaswithoutabishopfor

. nlore than forty days, awaiting with wondrous peacefulness and forbearance

the arrival of Deacon Leo, who was detained in Gaul restoring the friendship

between Aëtius and Albinus. It was as if he had been removed quite a dis-

tgrce so that both the merit of him chosen and the judgment of those

clroosing might be tested. Then Deacon Leo, summoned by a civic legation

lrrcl delivered to his rejoicing home ciry was consecrâted the forty-third

hishop of the Roman church.

!ÿhile Gaiseric was inflicring serious damage on Sicily, he received word

tlr;tt sebastian [the son-in-law of Boniface] was crossing from Spain to Africa

rnd quickly returned to carthage. Gaiseric thought it would be dangerous to

lrirrrself and his people if a man skilled in \ /âr was bent upon retaking

( )rrrthage. But Sebastian, wishing to be regarded as a friend râther than as an

crrcmy, found everything in the mind of the barbarian contrary to what he

lncl supposed. That hope wâs to him a cause of the greatest calamiry and an

trrrluppy death.-[Cf. r8, Hydatius, s'a' 444,445, 449'1

r Yt'rtr 414. Cyrus..l.heodosiusopenedhostilitieswiththeVandalsbysendingthegenerals

Ariobindus, Ànsila, and Germanus with a large fleet. They deferred the busi-

rrcss with long delays and proved to be more of a burden to Sicily than a help

to Africa.

I

t.442 Year 4r5. Dioscorus and Eudoxius.As the Huns were laying waste to Thrace and Illyrlcum tvith ravage plun-

dering, the army that \Mas delayrng in sicily returned for the defence of thceâstern proünces.

The Augustus valentinian made peace with Gaiseric and Africa wasdiüded between the two inro disfincr rerrirories.

Some of Gaiseric's magnâtes conspired against him because he was proud,even among tris own people, due to the successful outcome of events. Butwhen the undertaking was discovered, they were subjected to many torturesand killed by him.'Whenever others seemed to venture rhe same thing, theking's mistrust served to destroy so many that he lost more men by this anxi.ety of his than if he had been overthrown in war.

à. 443 Year 4r6.Maximus for the second time and Paterius.

At this time it became clear to the diligent perception of pope Leo thatmany Manichees were taking refuge in the city. He rooted them out frorntheir hiding places and revealed rhem ro the eyes of the whole church; hecaused them to censure and report all the deformities of their doctrine andhad great piles of books that had been seized burned. This concern, inspired ,

in the holy man, it seems, by God, was of the greatest benefit not only to thecity of Rome but also to the whole world, inasmuch as the confessions ofthose arrested in Rome might reveal the identity of their teachers, bishops orpriests, and the proünces or cities in which they lived. Many bishops in theeast imitated the energy of the apostolic governor.

a. 444 Year 4r7. Theodosius for the eighteenth time and Albinus.In this year Easter was celebrated on 4 April.This was not an error, ôr

the day of the passion was on zr April. out of respect,the anniversary of theCity [on zr April] passed without circuses.

Attila king of the Huns killed Bteda, his brother and co-ruler, and forcedhis people to submit to him.

a. 448 Yeat 4zt.Postumianus and Zeno.At this time the Euÿchian heresy arose. Ir was created by Eutyches a cer-

tain priest who presided over a renotÿvned monastery in Constantinople. Heproclaimed that Jesus Christ, our Lord and son of the blessed Virgin Maryhad no maternal substance, but only the nature of God's word was in him inthe likeness of a human. on account of this impiety he was condemned byFlavian, bishop of the same ciry for he would not be corrected. But reÿingon royal friendship and the favor of courtiers, he asked to be heard by a uni-versal synod. Thçodosius gave his consent and ordered all the bishops to

gremble ât'EphêBur in otdæ to ndthdtaw thir eondenrnrtion, In this eouncil,

Eutyehes wes absolvcd rnd DicrcUrur, bishop sf Nexlndria, clainring primrcy

t'or himself, proposed â 3ÊntÊneê of condemnation against Flavian, bishop ofC)orrstautinople.This was done oÿer.thc objections of Hilarus, deacon of the

ehurch of Rome, who had been sent fiorn the apostolic see along with Julius

the bishop to Pozzuoli to represent the holy Pope Leo. For all the bishops

who rnade up the council were compelled to render consent to this heresy

try force and fear of counts and soldiers whom the emperor had assigned to

l)ioscorus, bishop of Alexandria;,but the aforesaid deacon, amid serious dan-

ger to his life, called out his objection although the fury this caused threat-

encd to destroy him. Leaving ,1 6 6wn-people there, he secretly departed so

lrc might lay beôre the aforesaid pope and other Italian bishops an accusâtion

of how the Catholic faith was üolated at the council. The holy Flavian passed

op to Christ, ending his life in a most glorious fashion, while in the hands ofthose who led him into exile.

l- îôYcar 433.Valentinian for the seventh time and Avienus.

When Theodosius had died and the chamberlain Chrysaphius. who had

rnisused the friendship of the emperor, had been killed, Marcian received the

kingdom with the agreement of the whole army. He wâs a most impressive

rnan, indispensible to not only the state but also the church'

By his edicts, which complied with the authority of the apostolic see, the

synod of Ephesus was condemned, and it was decided that an episcopal

council should be held at chalcedon, so rhat forgiveness might heal the

reformed aqd the intransigent might be driven out with their heresy'

tl.4t ' l1,., t ..1 I

Year 434. Augustus Marcian and Adelphius'

After killing his brother, Attila was strengthened by the resources of the

deceased and forced many thousands of neighboring peoples into a war. This

war, he announced as guardian of Roman friendship, he would wage only

against the Goths. But when he had crossed the Rhine and many Gallic cities

experienced his savage attâcks, both our people and the Goths soon agreed to

oppose with allied forces the fury of their proud enemies. Ând Aëtius had

such great foresight that, when fighting men were hurriedly collected from

everywhere, a not unequal force met the opposing multitude. Although the

slaughter of alt ihose who died rhere was incalculable -

for neither side gave

way -

it appears that the Fluns were defeated in this battle because those

âmong them that survived lost their tâste for fighting and turned back home.

[, r,;/Yeir' az§. Senator Herculanus and Sporacius.

Attila restored the forces he lost in Gaul and tried to enter Italy by way of

l'atrtteitlia, ()ttr t:onrtnattcler Aëtitrs rnadc rro provision following the exertionsof the previous war and failed to rnake use of the barrieru of'thc Alps bywhich the enerry could have been checked. He believed his o,ly hope lay ina full retreat from Italy along with the emperor. But since this course seemeddisgraceful and fraught with danger, a sense of shame restrâined fear and thewidespread overthrow of so many of the noble provinces was used to sâtiatethe savagery and greed of the enemy. of all the plans of the emperor, senare,and people of Rome, none seemed sounder than to send envoys to seekpeace from this most fierce of kings. The blessed pope Leo, supported by thehelp of God, whom he knew never neglects the labors of the devout, took upthis matter along with Avienus, a man of consurar rank, and rrygetius, a manwith the rank of prefect. Nor was the result other than what faith had takenfor granted. For when the entire delegation was honorably received, the kingwas so delighted with the presence of the chief bishop that he ordered thewar to be halted and, having promised peace, retired beyond the Danube.

a.4j3 Year 426. Senator Opilio andVincomalus.The synod of chalcedon ended. Euryches and Dioscorus were con-

demned. All who disassociated themserves from them were received intocommunion. [Jniversally confirmed was the faith that was proclaimed byholy Pope Leo with respect to the incarnation of the word, according to theevangelic and apostolic doctrine.

Attila died in his own territory. At first great struggles over succession rothe kingship broke out among his sons; then a few of the peoples that used toobey the Huns tried to revolt and created conditions and opportunities forwars. In these the fiercest peoples were corlsulned by attacks upon oneanother.

Among the Goths residing in Gaul, dissersic»T xrose among the sons ofKingTheodoric, the eldest of which,Thorisnrund, succeeded his father.'whenthe king tried to act against both the llourarr pcace and the repose of theGoths, he was killed by his brothers, fcrr he lrrcssecl on uncontrollably withharmful measures.

a. 454 Year 427. Aétius and Studius.Ominous enmities grew stronger tretwecrr tlre Augustus Valentinian and

the patrician Aëtius, even after oathl lrmruirirrg rrruttral loyalty and after anâgreement to join their childrert in tnarriuge,Wlrcrc the kindness of affectionought to have been streugthctred, thert the tirrrler of hatred burst into flameat the instigation, so it was believed, of Herhclius tl)c eunuch. By insinceredevotion, he gained such inflttencÉ wer the errrper«rrls thinking that he couldeasily push him into doing whetever he wirlrcrl,

The manusdltls runlaln tuto tænlane $ rubsequent even$:

t, Sincc Hereclius peruurded the enrpcxrr of all manner of wickedness on

Aëtius' pârt, there wes thought to be just one course of action available to

Éâve the cmpcror: get his eReRly béfore he got him, As a result Aëtius was

cruelly put to the sword within the recesses of the palace at the hands of the

ernperor and his entourage.

z, And so while Aëtius more vehemently sought agreements and more

frgssiollâtely pressed the case of his son, he was cruelly put to the sword

witlrin the recesses of the palace at the hands of the emperor and his

entourage.

lJoethius, the praetorian prefect, wa§ killed at the same time; he wâs con-

nccted to Aëtius by great friendship.

I, ,,, ,,,

Yeirr 4ztt.Valentinian for the eighth time andAnthemius.

Thc death ofValentinian followed not long after the death ofAëtius. So

iurpludently was it not avoided that the killer of Aëtius associated with the

tttanis friends and retainers. They found the right time for their crime and,

recrctly stalking the prince when he left the city and was awaiting a display oflrttts, stabbed him unexpectedly. Heraclius was killed at the same time, as he

wâs llext to the emperor, and no one of that royal host was incited to take

rcvcnge for so great a crime.

As this murder was carried out, moreover, Maximus, t'urice possessor oftltc consulship and holder of the patrician dig"iry took up the imperial

powcr. Although people believed he would be in every way beneficial to the

erttlungered state, it did not take long for him to show by example the kindnl'rtrirrd he had. Not only did he not punish the killers of Valentinian, but he

feceivqd them as friends; and he forbade the Augusta, Valentinian's wife, tonlouru the loss of her husband and within a few days forced her to mârry

hirrr. llut he was not to indulge this lack of restraint for long. After another

nlolrtll he got news of the arrival of Gaiseric from Africa, and many nobles

arrtl cornmoners fled the city.When he gave permission for everyone to leave

attrl wished himself to get away in haste, on the seventy-seventh day after his

reiu urc of power, he was torn to pieces by the royal slaves; thrown in pieces

Ittto thc Tiber, he wâs even deprived of burial. After this end to Maximus, a

Itonrln câptivity, deserving of many tears, immediately followed, and Gaiseric

ohtlinc'cl the ciry devoid of â11 protection. Holy Bishop Leo met him outside

tlte glters and his supplication mollified him through the power of God torur'lr urr cxtent that, when everything was given into his hands, he was held

lrack rrcvcrtheless from burning, killing, and torture. Then for fourteen days,

thnrugh àr1 untrâmmeled and open search, l\otne was emptied of all itswr,rltlr, lnd many thousands of captives, all that wcre satisfactory âs to age or

71

occupatioll, along wlth the queen rnd her ehlldrcn, were raken àway toCarthage.

In rhe same year Easter wer celebnted on :4 April, according to the stub-born assertion of the bishop of Alcxandria, with whom all the easterncrgthink they should âgree, even when holy Pope Leo proresred that it shouldrather be observed on r7'April. on that day there was no error in the calcu,lation of the firll moon or in the demarcation of the first month. There existletters of the same pope sent.to the most merciful prince Marcian, in whichthe calculation of the true date is laid out carefully and plainly and in whichthe catholic church can be instructed. Though the opinion of easterners wastolerated out ofa desire for unity and peace rather than approved, it must byno means go on being imitated, since an opinion that has brought destructivèof[ense should forever lose authority.

TT.T}JE GALLIC CHRONICLE OF 452

This chronicle is the work. oJ an anonymous Caul, writing uery close to the year 452;Itlothing is known of the awthor but what un be inferred of his uiews ÿom the con-

tents of his chronicle. His perspectiue is sfficently clear to suggest interesting points oJ

contrast with that of his contemporary Proslter. Like Prosper\ work, the Gallicchronicle of 452 was a continuation of an epitome of Jerome's translation of Euse-

bius, and begins where Jerome left off in j7s. I gbe the continuation in its entiretyi

from 379.

The chronicler's treatment of years anil dates contains a number of errors, traceable

in part to the sources he used, which are only reasonably detectable in the earlier Ttor-tions oJ the chroniele, Not only did the chronicler work with incorrect regnal year cotlnts

for the reigns of Gratian, Theodosius I, and Honoius, but his relatiue placement oJ

events is not always acturdte. Following Mommsen's edition, I haye added annodomini dates sparingly ryt to the end of Honorius's reign. After 424 the number ofregnal years is correct, and it is possible to equate these with anno domini dates, butreaders shoulil be aware that doing so does not preclude misilating, intentional or other-

wise,by the chronicler.The Cltorucle is eorreet in the lastfew years after 447.Wherethe chronicle shows 'double dating'- that is the sprcad of what might be construed

as one entry oÿer nlore than a single year - I havc grouped the years together rather

than assuming a blank. year. Finally, it should bc noted that,followingJerome, not onlydoes the chronieler date euents by the regnal years of emperors, but he also introduces

olympiads eueryfour years and the years of Abraham euery decade; I haue omitted thelaîïer two modes of dating.

In the translation, anno domini datcs ara placcd in the left margin. The year

numbers oJ the emperor's reign are in boltllo«' Arabic numerals set fiext to the'firstentry oJ the year, and the number in hrtrûals û tltc cnd of each entry conesltonds to

*t nunheil4q oJ Monmsenl edhlon'The headlngt Ne thotê of the ehrcakle'

: Ohnwka (irllint A, (:C:C:e:Ltl, crl,Tlt, Mottttttscrr, (lltrottirn Mhktftt t, M(iH AA u (tlluz),

6+ô-ôtrri arrd ef, Stc'vctt Muhlbergcr, 'l'h? ttl.litt"(ilttttty Ohruûilerc: l\ttptr, llyrlttiltt, uil rht

(lhrriller rl'45t (Leccls, I99o), pp, t37-15:,Trrnslation by A.o, Mtrrtry'

, Gratian rcigned for 6 years [a. IZC-f8S]

n, since he had quite a young brother as a royal colleague, admitted a

t of suitable age,Theodosius;'into partnership in the kingdom.[z]

(iratiau was much inclined to religion and well disposed toward the

hes in all matters.[3]

Martirr, bishop ofTours, was regarded as outstanding for his apostolic pow-

4l

lelosius restored the exhausted state in the regions of the East.[5]

In ltritrrin Maximus wâs set up âs llsurper by the soldiers.[6],

Mtxirtrus vigorously overcâme invading Picts and Scots.[7]

Altrhrosius wrote most splendid books against the faithlessness of the Anans

tltc Augustus Gratian.[8]

Maxiirrus crossed the channel and, after a clash with Gratian, killed the

§lttperor as he fled to Lyons.[g]

Theodosius reigned for rr years [a.384-395]

Maxintus, out of fear of the leader of the eastern empire,Theodosius, entered

intu l treaty withValentinian [II]. [tt]At'l'rier, Manichees were detected and destroyed owing to the utmost zeâl

of Mrximus. Irz]

Jultirrl, the mother of Valentinian, favored the Arians and heaped various

types of injustices upon Ambrose and the entire church of Milan. [r3]l(clics of the martyrs Gervasius and Protasius first discovered by Ambrose

el Milrrn.Ir4]

Arpbrosei hymns composed; they wele sung in a form never before heard

Itt l,ltin churches. [r5]

M,rxirrrus, saying that an unworthy action had been taken against the position

ot tlrc church, discovered a wây to break the treaty he had made with

a. 388 4

à- 392 tO

II

8-9

valentinian. valentinian, fearing the usurper, who wnc dnrdy * threat to hislife, fled to Theodosius,[r6l

Augustine, while at first teaching rheroric at Milan, geve up the crassroomand converted to the true faith, for previously he was a Manichee. [r7]

Theodosius came over to Italy with an army, killed Maximus, and restoredValentinian to his kingdom. [r8]

Justina, who had africted the churches, \Mas prevented by death from get-ting back the kingdom with her son.[r9]

The devout emperor expunged the monstrous act committed in Thessa-lonica by an extrâordinary example of repentence for the people he massa-cred.Izo]

Heresy of the Apollinarians begun by Apollinaris. [zr]

The Arians, who polluted almost the entire East and West, were, by an edictof the devout emperor, despoiled of their churches, which were assigned toCatholics.[zz]

John, an Egyptian monk, was regarded as famous because he earned the giftof prophecy from the Lord owing to the puriry of his life.[23]

After Damasus, Siricius was the thirty-sixth bishop to take up direction of theRoman church. At Alexandria, on the death of Peter, Timotheus, and afterhim, Theophilus were made bishops. At Jerusalem, after Cyril, John receivedthe church. At Antioch, on the death of Miletius, Flavianus took his place.[24]

A huge dispute ârose among us. The bishops who had been driven out byheretics wanted none but themselves to fill the priestly office now that the,heretics had been removed by the emperor.[25]

A terrible portent, resembling in every respect a column, appeared in thesky.[26]

Temples were destroyed in Alexandria, among thcm the very ancient andfamous temple of Serapis, which, like some colurn,, was keeping idolatryfrom falling.[28]

valentinian was eliminated at vienne by Arbogast, his own counr. Eugeniustook the emperorh place, seizing power âs a ururper,lagl

To revenge valentinian's death and erurh the usurpation of Eugenius, Theo.dosius crossed over into ltaly; the frrrcr of tlod wls rcvealed when the ele-ments conspired to assist that very endgar;nr,l,tol

7ât t;After Eugeniur hsd been Orcr€ëmc, Theodoriur rcached t[e end of his lifc

ln the seventeenth yeât of hil rclgn'l3tl

Arcadiur and Honorlur reigned for 3a years

[Arcadlur, i. 395-408' Honorius, a.395'44]t r L.-/

€iorrsturtirrople, in fear of God's anger revealed in fire- flashing dreadfully

âbove the clouds, escaped by turning to Penânce with its whole heart.[33]

stilicho killed Rufinus of the Bosphorus region after overcoming the

gftarcl of Huns that supported him, because Rufinus reached the summit of

irrrperial service but could not abide that Stilirho was preferred to him.[34]

(llludian the poet was considered worthy of admiration.[35]

(iildo stirred Africa into rebellion and withdrew the usual taxes from the

l(omans.[36]

Prudentius, our [i.e. christian] lyric poet, a spaniard by his illustrious

birth, developed the strength of his talents.[37]

1 Stilicho, master of the soldiers, killed Gildo in Mâuretânia and restored Africa

t(' its former status.[38]

Innocent wâs the thirty-seventh bishop to occupy the throne of the

Itornan church. [39]

'll'rnples of the ancient superstition destroyed over the whole Roman

world.[4o]Paulinus of Nola, later a bishop' sold everything as an admirable example,

lirr he was the master of innumerable estates, and unimpeded chose the reli-

gious life.[4r]

.f«rhn [Chrysostom], bishop of Constantinople, shone in word and deed'[42]

Martin, after living an extraordinary life, put aside his [mortal] body.[a3]

'fhe insane Pelagius qied to soil the churches with his purulent doctrine.[44]

A synod at Alexandria was convened to deal with a dispute arising from the

cloctrine of Origen. This decision emerged from it: that whoever approved of

the works of the above mentioned Origen should be placed outside the

church. [45]

There was an eclipse of the sun.[46]

7Ë

Augustine trcated r Er€rG ërrÿ Ëattét! in countless books,[461

p In three books Severus used examples of the raint',s holiness to givc us a lifeof Martin.[48]

ro-rr A savage storm ofbarbaric disturbance lay over Italy. For Radagaisus, king ofthe Goths, crossed the frontier of Italy to plunder.[5o]

As a consequence of this, the Arians who had been driven some distancefrom the Roman world began to take encouragement from the protection ofthe barbarian peoples ro whom they had turned.[5r]

à. 4a5 12 Radagaisus laid many cities waste before he fell: his division of his army intothree parts under different leaders opened up to the Romans some means ofresisting. Stilicho wheeled around his Hun auxiliaries and annihilated a thirdpart of the enemy force in a notable victory. [52]

a.4o8 Arcadius, ruler of the eâst, died leaving quite a small son,Theodosius, as hissuccessor to the empire.[53]

Caelestine was the thirry-eighth bishop ro govern the Roman church.[54]

13 The fury of various peoples began to tear Gaul to pieces. Stilicho set themloose as much as he could, indignant that his son had been denied the king-dom.155 |

,+ | At uti., the land in the forum of Trajan let out a bellowing noise for seven

I days.[50]

a. 4oll Many advised, among other things, the death of Stilicho in the interests ofthe state, because he was devising plots against the well-being of theemperor.[57]

Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople [a. 428-çr), turned to a heresy thatseparâtes God from man in [the person of] Christ.[58]

15 John, count of Africa, wâs killed by the people.[59]Proculus, bishop of Marseilles, was considered a man of renown: he agreed

to an extensive investigation being conducted into the suspected adultery ofbishop Remedius [Remigius].[6o]

t6 At this time. as the host of enemies grew stronger, the powers of the Romanswere weakened to their very foundation.[6r]

The British provinces were laid waste by an invasion of Saxons.[62]TheVandals andAlans ravaged part of Gaul; Constantine the usurper took

possession of what was left.[63]

.,10.s,iJr" took owr the gæatet pÈrt of §prin,[6a]

Finnlly, the capit{ of the rrydd, Rome herself, was most foully exposed to

t\at thc hands of the Goths'[651

,\ ,lthe usurper v/es kiüêd,[661

ânothcr looting of Gaul, by the Goths who, under the command of

§aric, had taken Rome and had then crossed the Alps.[67]

Jêvirrus scized power as a usurper after Constantine.[68]

Hy the diligence of a vigorous man, Datdanus, who \À/as the only one not

tê lubnrit to the usurper, Àthaulf, who was in command of the Goths after

Aluric, was turned away from an alliance withJovinus.[69]

Slllustius as well as Sebastian fbrothers ofJovinus] were killed.[7o]

Vitlelce, the noblest city of Gaul, was stormed by the Goths; Jovinus had

EoIc there in flight.[7r]

Enorurous famine in Gaul.[72] "'

Aquitaine given over to the Goths.[73]

l)ttroclus, bishop of Arles, dared to conduct a disreputable trade in the sale

ot' cpiscopal oftices. [741

Heraclian, count of Africa, who rendered vigorous service in the restora-

tion of the Roman world, was killed when he âttempted a revolurion.[75]

L:l'lrrcidia,'the emperor's sister, who was a câptive for a long time, and then wife

ol'a king, married Constantius, after the king was killed by deception.[77]

The Goths were driven back by an attack of Constantius when they

nroved again after the death ofAthaulf.[78]

'l'lre heresy of the praedestinati,satd to have started with Augustine, began to

spread in this period.[8r]

'lhere was an eclipse of the sun.[82]

Sixtus was the thirry-ninth bishop to direct the Roman church l^. 432-

44ol . [8 3]

A wonderful portent appeared in the sky.[84]

Maximus the usurper took control of Spain by force'[851

Honoratus, Minervius, Castor, and Jovian, the heads of c{iffcrent lnonasteries,

Ilourished in Gaul. [86]

29-30

420-2r

The imperial digniry was conferred on constantius at the wiûer of Hono_rius. consrantius exercised it for scarcery eight months and died, leaving aneight year-old son Valentinian. [88]

The usurper Maximus was toppled from power and taken to Ravennawhere he was put on display before the emperor during the cerebrations ofHônorius's thirrieth anniversary. [g9]

The Vandals crcmed the redt to AÊler end, havlng torn thê provinee to

inflietcd an immense diralter on the Rornans,[to8]

1.7hiitonsulate had been proclriÉed, Aëtius, turning to better protection,

lvây to Boniface, who hrd eome fiom Africa on)rthe summons of the

,IroplThcre was severe cold that was also ruinous to the health of a great many

people,Ir ro]

lloniface was wounded in a battle he won against Aëtius but retired from

It to die.1Cf. 16, Prosper, s.a. 432.1[r r r]

l, "i'.,''.,

After the battle, Aëtius turned to the Huns, who at the time were led by

Rugila, and returned to Roman territory with the help he had asked

ôr,lr rzl 4'l'he Goths were summoned by the Romans to bring help.[r13](iermanus the bishop of Auxerre became renowned for his miraculous

powcrs and the strictness of his life.[rr4] ,.

i , ,," i*_l

Aëtius was received into favor.[rr5]I\ugila, king of the Huns, with whom peace had been made, died. He was

.utccceded by Bleda.[r r6]

, i'. ir-Frrther Gaul followed Tibatto, the Jeader of a rebellion, and separated from

l(ornan society. This was only the beginning of almost all the servile order

ltrvitial of Gaul ôoming into accord in a Bacaudic rcvolt (Bacauda).1n7)

i , "'., {iA rnemorable war against the Burgundians broke out in which almost the

urtire people with their king were destroyed by Aëtius. Ir r 8]

!. J'r 4

After Tibitto was captured and the other leaders of the revolt were put inlronds or killed, the commotion of the Bacaudae quietened down.[r19]

'. :.

'l'he Theodosian book bringing together all the laws of legitimate emperors

lirr the first time.was issued in this year.[rzo]

[Polemius] Si1üus, who was quite mentally disturbed, composed some

writings on religion after he completed his duty serving in the palace.[rzr]t-'

l.eo was the fortieth bishop to take up leadership of the Roman church.[rzz]

i, tiil{aving pacified disturbances in Gaul,Âëtius returned to ltaly. Irz3]

Abandoned country properties of the city ofValence were given over for

3r Placidia was discovered plotting against her brother and exiled to Rome.[go]

a. 423 32 Honorius died at Ravenna.[g2]

John, a former chief of the bureau of notaries, assumed po,ù/er, though hehad no right to it.[92]

Honorius left an empire severely weakened by many crises.[93]

Theodosius [I] reigned for z7 years [a. 424_4So]

a. 424 r Placidia sent a message to Theodosius begging help.[95]Sigisvult hastened to Africa against Boniface.[96]

a'+25 z In Gaul, the [praetorian] prefect Exuperanrius was kilred by the soldiers.[97]Carthage was surrounded with a wall. From the time when the ancient

city had been destroyed, carthage \Mas not allowed to be fortified by walls bydecree of the Romans in case it sheltered rebellion.[9g]

John was defeated by the army of the east and killed. Ravenna then waslaid waste by looting.[99]

Aëtius, rhe son of count Gaudentius who was killed by the sordiers inGaul, entered Italy with Huns in order to supportJohn.[roo]

t. 426 3 Valentinian [III] was made emperor at Rome.[ror]

a. 427 + Arles was freed from the Goths by Aëtius.[roz]

a' 428 s At last Placidia was brought to the power she wished for.[ro3]

t. 42e o cassian set forth in books distributed to a great many people the lives of thefathers, their teachings and rules, which he had rearneJin Ègypt.[roa]

a n,07-8 Aëtius tried to bring about the destruction of theJuthungi.[ro6]Massacre of almost 2o,ooo troops fighting in spain against thevandals. [cf.

16, Prosper, s.a.422; rg, Hydatius, s,a, 4zz.llto7)

83

r8-r9

a. 44r-42

a.443 20

a.444 2t

a.446 23

a. 447 24

division to the Alans who were led by Sarnbida.frz4]

The British provinces, which up to this time had endured a variery of disas-

ters and misfortunes, were subjected to the authority of the Saxons.[rz6]The lands of Farther Gaul were handed over by the patrician Aëtius to

Alans to be divided with the inhabitants. They subdued those whothem with arms, drove out the owners, and obtained possession of the

by force.fizTl 1l

Sapaudia was given to the remnants of the Burgundians to be dividedthe native inhabitants. [rz8]

Carthage was captured by the Vandals [r. +:S] and along with atl Africaoff the might of the Roman Empire with lamentable harm and injury.thereby it became a possession of theVandals.[rz9]

Vrhndalra [II, fr. lSll and Mrrclrnl. Y, Athll tirne the pitiable condition of the state wm quitc evident, for there

no prlovince without a b*beriân settler, ând thc unspeakable hcrcsy ofArians, which had permcâted the barbarian nalons, §preâd over the

world and laid claim to the name Catholic.I1381

Ittila entercd Gaul as if he had the right,to ask fora wife that was owed

hilu, There he inflicted and suffered defeat and then withdrew to his

I - '',OChir yerr a greât mâny portents appeared.[r4o]

a. 44s 22 Thrace was shaken by an attack of the Huns.[r3o]

Bleda, king of the Huns, was struck down through the deceit of his

Attila, who succeeded him.[r3r]

New destruction broke out in the East. No less than seventy cities were

waste by the plundering of the Huns, for no assistence was brought from the

W'est.Ir3z]

a.448 23 Eudoxius, a physician by profession and ofperverse, ifwell-developed, talents;

fled to the Huns when implicated in the Bacauda that took place at thattime.Ir3 j]

Eucherius, bishop of Lyons, and Hilary ofArles died, bringing to a close theirextraordinary lives. I r 34]

An abominable heresy was stirred up by a certain abbot [Euryches]. Theodo-sius, who provided him with support, died in July, having completed overforty years in power. Marcian succeeded him.[r35]

Placidia also died in this year, after a life that was irreproachable followingher conversion, and while her son completed his twenty-fifth year inpower.Ir36]

à.449 26

a.4so 27

Âl he had suffered an unexpected defeat in Gaul, Attila, enraged, attacked

whiclr the inhabitants, alarmed by fear alone, had stripped of its protec-

It*r I

IH. FROMITHE CHRONICLE OF HY,DATIUS

ol'wltat we lenow of Hydatius depends on the testimony of hk own chronicle. He

lnru in Ltmica (the area around present-day Ginzo d.e Limia in north-western

in thc prouince of Callaecia (Calicia, the modern name, rcfers to a smaller area

Its.filih-ccntury equiualent); Callaecia was the home country oJTheodosius the

, At a child Hydatius truvelled to Palestine, probably in 407, where he saw,

ollrcr rhurch luminaries, Saint Jerorne. We can infer that he came from a well-

tttl wcll-cohnected, Christianfamily. He tells us that he became a bkhop in 428

dars rrot explicitly tell us the city, though it was likely Chaues ln modern Portugal.

Iflr Ohronicle, which he completed writing around 470, is a continuation of the

§U*ltlus-lmtme world chronicle. It is preserued in later epitomes, and a near,ly com-

ft'rsioil oJ it suruives in one Carolingian MS. For the per:iod Jollowing the close

tlnr.rlrr.rlç Histories, it is thefunddmental sourcefor Iberian history and the only

r',r',rrnplc of Spanbh historiography prior to the late s.ixth century. But these are

llrc rrnsons the ChrontcTe is quoted at length here (in fact much of Hydatius's

ftriturt ,,1' strictly local ffiirs, especially concerning the Sueves, has had to be omitted

hl ,Iil\ thttlldtion). Hydatius was also deeply interestetl in euents elsewhere in the

rrorld, esBecially in Caul and ltaly. In llydatius\ day the Iberian peninsula

IHr tlil/ srrpposed to be part of the Gallic prefecture and the Goths, operating out of'frtttlrnt ()aul at the behest oJ the imperial goÿernment, were beginning their profound

rrporr the course oJ Spanish history.

llnlirtuntcly Hydatius\ uersion oJ euents is often complicated by chronological

ruhich are especially euident in his ualuable account of the period ortr, 4ss.

t itt tlrc Chronicle are dated lry regnal years of empcrors, but these cannot

tt5

Of Anastasius; ths consulr were Felix liu the Wett] rnd §ecurrdinus [in the

East].The indiction was the fourth, the era S4Z7.l= â, Srrl

ZO. THE CHRONICLE OF MARIUS OFÀVENCHES

Marius was bishop of Auenches probably from ca. SZ4 to 5g4. Auenches was in the

Burgundian leingdom, near l-ake Neuchâtel. Marius's chronicle fuk only known work)

is preserued in a single manuscript of Carolingian date, where it appears as a eontinu-

ation of Jerome's chronicle, the Gallic Chronicle of 452 and the last years of Pros-

per's chronicle. Among his sources, Marius mad.e use oJ consular and Callic annals,

including annals resembling those that must haue been used by Cregory oJ Tours. Inthis translation I haue noted parallek and analogues with sources that appear elsewhere

in this Reader but not with Italian and eastern annals.

Marius dates his euents by means oJ consular years, At the time of writing, the old

consular system had finally broken down. The last annual consulship was that ofBasilius in 54t. The years following were dated Jrom his consulship (the period being

called his post-consulship), until the consulship was finally appropriated as part of the

imperial title. A peculiarity of Marius's chronology is that an extld post-consukhip ofBasilius was added at the year 566 combined with a misdating of Justinian\ death;

thereafter the yearly numbering of the imperial consulship is off by a year.

A temporary interruption of the yeaily appointment of consuls, with a consequent

post-consulship, also occurred in 5jt.Starting in 5zj Marius includes ind.ictions in his dating scheme. At one time the

term indiction meant afiscal cycle of fifteen years beginning with the year,312, but

eventually each of the years within the cycle itself came to be called an indiction, num-

beredfrom I to XVThe indietion began on t September, and so overlapped two con-

sular years, but for purposes of calculation was normalty identified with the consular

year in which most of its months fell, In the one instance where Marius does not

merely include notice of the indiction but precisely tlates an euent by month and indic-

tion (s.a.58t),the event obviouslyfalls in the preuious consular year.There are other

examples where the indictions are right, though euents are placed under the wrong con-

sular year. Unlike the consular dates, the indictions Jor the reign oJ Justin Jall in the

coffe(t year.

I give only those years in which euents hauc bcen entered, though these are com-

plete, and the year oJJustin\ iruperial «tnsulship, which th.e manuscript marked with

capital letters. The use oJ dating by consulshilt allou,s us readily to giue anno dominiequiualents, which in the transldtion are ltla«'d in the margin. Cross rcferences to

Hydatius and the Chronicle of 5rt can he .lrrund in documents t6 and 19 respec-

tiuely.The abbreuiation }{ist. reJers to f/lc His«lrics tÿ' Marius's contem.porary, Gregory

ofTours; see 46-49,where most (ut uot ,il|) tlusr toss rcferences will beJound.

Two.erlitioru wrre uretl irr thlr ranrlatiorr, (r) Cftrr»r/rir a, f,'f]f,'flÀtr-DL§,t{§l etl,Th,}|nttttttrert, ()hruilra Mlmn:, MGH AA rr (rNr;4), pp, :iJ-.19, Ql I*t Chn»ùque tle lt{,drltn

(ist"ltt,), ed, nnd trrnr,Jurtin Favr'rrd, rnd, ed, (Lsurrnne, rgql)t thh hlr rr pho«r-lirrriurile of thc MS,Tfunclutiorr lry A,(1, Murrly,

(, "'/Valcntinian, for the cighth time, and Anthemilrs.

The.final year of Prosper\ chronicle follows (as aboue t6).Prcrper cnds at this point and Bishop Marius begiru.

ln the year of the above consul[s], Avitus was raised up as emperor in€attl, arrd Theoderic, king of the Ôoths, entered Arles in peace with his

brathcrr,(. \("

Eottruh Johrr and Varanes.

Itr the ycar of their consulships, Emperor Avitus was toppled by Majorianlfld l{iciruer at Placentia and made bishop for the ciry.

ltt this year the Burgundians took part of Gaul and divided the lands withihe (iallic senators.

I )r,;., i"

I

€otuuls Magnus and Apollinaris.

Itt tlre year of their consulships, Emperor Majorian went to Spâin.

- lrt this year ships were câptured by the Vandals at Elche near Spanish

Cirrtl'rrrge. [Cf. 18, s.a. 463; r9, Leo 3.](, É.1

€ottsuls Severinus and Dagauulf [Dagalaiphus]., lrr thc year of their consulships, the emperor Majorian was toppled from

Powcr at Tortona by the patrictan Ricimer and killed on the river Scrivia.

§evcrus was raised.up as emperor at Ravenna.Ir-":. It: ^:

( lonstrls Basilius andVivianus.lrr the year of their consulships, a battle was fought between Aegidius and

tlte ( loths berween the Loire and the Loiret near Orleans, and there Frederic,

[trrg .,f the Goths, was killed. [Cf. 18, s.a.463; 19, Leo S;and 35]l

( lrusuls Pusaeus and John.lrr the year of their consulships,Anthemius was raised up âs emperor.lrr this year Theoderic, king of the Goths, was killed by his brother Euric

al'lirnlouse. [Cf. r8,.s.a. 466-62; 19, Leo ro.]'lJ

lco, consul for the fifth time.

Irr the year of his consulship, Glycerius was raised up ât Ravennâ as

It)ll

er r rPcror.

r.474 Leo,junior.In the year of his consulship, (ilycerius was depoled fnrtn drc inrperial

ofiice, and Nepos was raised up âs emperor.

a. +76 Consuls Basiliscus and Armatus.'When they were consuls, Odoacer was raised up as king.

â. 48e Consuls Probinus and Eusebius.

In the year of their consulships, Theoderic [the Great], king of the

[Ostro]goths, entered Italy at Bridge of the Isonzo lMainizza].

^. 4s3 [Consuls Eusebius, for the second time, and Faustus Albinus]

In the year of their consulships, King Odoacer was killed by

Theoderic at [the palace of] Lauretum.

a. 5oo Consuls Patricius and Hypatius.

ln the year of their consulships, a battle was fought at Dijon ber'uveen

Franks and Burgundians, due to the deceitful machinations of Godigi

against his brother Gundobad. In the battle Godigisel along with his followe

fought alongside the Franks against his brother Gundobad. After Gu

fled, Godigisel obtained his brother's kingdom for a little while, and

dobad took refuge in Aügnon. lCf . Hist.Il 32.]

ln this year Gundobad regained his strength and surrounded Vienne withaî army. He took the ciry killed his brother, and condemned to death

many refined tortures a good number of magnates and Burgundians who

been in âgreement with Godigisel. Gundobad recovered the kingdom he

lost along with that which his brother had held and ruled successfully

to the day of his death. [Cf. Hrsr. II 33.]

In this year Odoin was killed at Rome.

a. jo9 Consul Inportunus.

In the year of his consulship, Mammo, a duke of the [Ostro]goths plun-

dered part of Gaul

a. 5r5 Consuls Florentius and Anthemius,

In the year of their consulships, thc lllol)âstery ât Agâune was builtSigismund. [Cf. Hrit.III 5.]

a. 5t6 Consul Peter.

In the year of his consulship, King (iutttkrbird died, and his son

was raised up as king. [Hrst, III 5:]

Y-7,1eorrnuii Syinrnâchui f, nd BoÉrhlur,

ln thc 'year of their contuhhipr, Segeric, the ron of §igltrnulrd, w;u

§Qiurtly killed by ordcr of his fether, lCf', Hrsl,III 5,1

i't,)).' I

€on*ul Maximus,lndiction I, \In thc year of his consulship, Sigismund, king of the Burgurrdians, was sur-

tÊndercd by thc l3urgundians to the Franks, led inro Francia dressed as a

Itonk, nnd there thrown into a well with his wife and children. lCf. Hkt. III6,1 i

'r . ,1,' {r€ottruls Justirr and Opilio, Indiction II.

ln the year of their consulships, Godomar, the brother of Sigismund, was

lppointccl king of the Burgundians. [Cf. H,i/. III 6.]

tn this year, he fought against Chlodomer, king of the Franks, atVézeronce

ütd tlrere Chlodomer was killed. [Cf. H,s/. III 6.]

' ltt tlris year, Boethius the patrician was killed in the territory of Milan.i {,r

I I

€pttruls Probus junior and Philoxenus, Indiction III.Itt thc year of their consulships, Symmachus the patrician was kfled at

*âve,,,,r.\'I

I ()lybrius, Indiction IVItt tltc year of his consulship, Theoderic, king of the [Ostro]goths died inrity of Ravenna, and Athalaric, his grandson, was raised up as king.

Üecut'.| ycar of the post-consulships of Lampadius and Orestes, Indiction X.ttt tlris year of their consulships, Hypatius the patrician was raised up as

?nltr(.r)r' in an uprising of the people and was killed at the order of the

Attgtrrt,'* Justinian. Pompeius and almost 3o,ooo people were put to the

tiÀrrtl ;rlong with Hypatius in the circus.

,,,}

Gurtrrrls [ustinianus the Augustus, for the fourth rime. and] Paulinus junior.ln+lt,'ti.,rr Xll. fPaulinus was the last western consul.)

Itt thc year of their- consulships, the kings of the Franks, Childebert,Êlhfurth,rr, and Tlheudebert, took hold of Burgundy and, when they had put

ftlng ( ioclomar to flight, divided his kingdom. [Cf. H,s/. III rr]' Itr tlris year, Africa was restored to the Roman empire after ninety-rwo

ftËatl hy lleûsarius the patrician. Gelimer, king of theVandals, was delivered a

Éattttvc to Constantinople and presented with his wife and treâsure to the

Âttgt',t,'ri Justinian by the above mentioned patrician.

,r, sJJ Cousul l}elislrius, htdictio» XIII,In the year he was consul and gave consular gernes, he lerrdcd in Sicily and

restored it to the lloman empire.

a. 538 Consul John, Indiction I.In the year he was consul, Milan was stormed by the [Ostro]goths and

Burgundians, and there senâtors and priests along with other people werekilled even in the holy places, so thât the altars \À/ere stained with their blood,

a. J3e Consul Apio, Indiction II.In the year he was consul, Theudebert, king of the Franks, entered Italy

and wasted Liguria and Aemilia. His army caught the sickness of the regionand was greatly affiicted.

l

â. J4o Consul Justin, Indiction III.In the year he was consul, the Persians ravaged Antioch and laid waste all

of Syria.

In this year, BeJisarius the patrician took away'Witigis as a captive frort'r

Ravenna and presented him along with his wife and treâsure to the Augustus

Justin[ian] at Constantinople.

a.547 Sixth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indiction X.In this year,Vigilius the Roman pope hastened to Constantinople.In this year, Baduila [Totila], king of the [Ostro]goths, took Rome and laid

it waste. He pulled down the walls and set part of the ciry on fire.In this year, General Belisarius restored his forces and brought the ciry

Rome back under Roman rule.

a. 54s Seventh year of the post-consulship of I3asilius, Indiction XI.In this year, Theudebert, the great king of the Franks, died, and his son

Theudebald replaced him in the kingship. lCf, Hrsr. lll 36,37.1In this year, Lanthacarius, â dukc of tlrc Franks, died, stabbed during

Roman war.

a.553 Twelfth year of the post-consulship of llasilius, lncliction I.In this year, Baduila [Totilal, king of thc l()stro]goths, was killed by an

army of the Roman state under Ncrsel, il ruuu(ih secretâry (chartularius).Teias

received Baduilat kingdom.

à.ii4 Thirteenth year of the post-con,iulrhip ot'llolilirrs, Indiction II.In this year, Teias, king of the (iotlu, war killcd by the above mentioned

Narses.

frrFcurteenth yeâr of thê port Ëonruhhip of Builiur, Indiction IIL

In thir year, Theudebcld, Ling of thc Frankr, dicd, end Chlothrr the peter-

rul uncle of his fathcr took eontrcl of hir kingdom. [Cf, H/rt, IV 9.1

In this year, Chramn, the rcn of King Chlothar, was indueed by his pater-

uncle Childebert to tâke refuge with him, [Cf, ,{lsÊ' IV t6,]In this year, the Saxons rebelled, and Chlothar fought against them with a

tîqior fbrce: a host of Franks and Saxons fell in the- fighting but Chlothar

*ent âv/ay the victor. lCC. Hist.IV Io, 14.]

ln tlris period, Buccelin, a duke of the Franks, perished in the Roman war

tlrxrg with all of his army. [Cf. Hrsr,IV 9.]."','. r',.,, \, b

Fitteerrth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indiction IVItr this year, the Saxons rebelled again and King Chlothar engaged them in

bsttle where the larger part of the Saxons fell..$7ist. IV ro, r4.]

ttt this year, the Franks devastated all ofThuringia because it had conspired

ÿlth tlre Saxons. [Hlsl. IV ro, r4.]

At tlre same tipe, Chramn gâthered an arrrry and laid waste the territoryof lris firther. fHisllY ry.]

,,,.:ll::1,:ï:liii:\,'";:;,*îi"::JT:.iff :jÏ:#"îîl*"'f "'lrr this year, when their strength was restored, the forces of the Roman

ltâte took possession of the part of Italy that King Theudebert had acquired.- .it r..#

tieverrteenth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, IndictionVI., lrr this yeaa Childebert, king of the Franks, passed away, and his brother

Kirrg Ohlothar took possession of his kingdom. [C1. Hkt.IV zo.]1f \' t

Ntrrctcenth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, IndictionVIILlrr this year the sixteenth moon'was darkened in the clear s§ amidst the

rlttrrirrg stars and could scarcely be seen.

lrr this year, Chramn, after giving oaths to his father, went to the Bretons

attrl, :rttempting to seize his father's kingdom, dared to .lnove against him,revcrcly plundering many districts. To stop his son's madness, the father

quickly brought up an ârmy and killed the count of the Bretons. He took( ihrirrrtn alive, burned him along with his wife and children, and put an end

[u tlre destruction of the whole region. [Cf . Hkt. IV zo.]

'llvcrrtieth ÿear of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indiction IX.lrr this year, King Chlothar died and his sons - that is Charibert, Gun-

tr,rrrr, Ohilperic, and Sigibert - diüded his kingdom. lcf. Hist.lY zr, zz.l

t

x. .5ô3 Twenty-secoud year of the post-corrsulship of I3asiliur, Indiction XI.In this yeâr, the power l mount of Tâuredunum in the'territory ofValais

collapsed so sudden-ly that it crushed the fortress which was ncarby and thevillages along with all their inhabitants. It set in motion the whole lake sixtymiles long and twenty miles wide so that the outpouring of water devastated

the ancient üllages on both banks with their inhabitants and herds and also

demolished many holy places with their servants. The force.of the 'rvâterbrought down the bridge at Geneva, mills and people, and the flood pouringinto the city of Geneva killed a great many people. [Cf. Hist.IV 3r.]

à. s6s Twenry-fourth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indiction XIII.In this year, the monks of Àgaune, roused by the spirit of anger, stormed

the church house at night, trying to kill their bishop Agricola and the clergyand citizens who were with him.'While the clergy and citizens strove to pro.tect their bishop, they were seriously wounded by those monks.

In this year Magnachar, a duke of the Franks, passed away. [Cf. Hist.IY z5;Y 17, zo.)

a.566 Twenty-fifth year of the post-consulship of Basilius, Indicrion XIVIn this year, a sign appeared in the sky for seventy days.

In this year Augustus Justinian died [r. S6S], and his nephew Justin took upthe imperial ofiice.

In this year, the winter was very severe, so that for five or more monthsthe land could not be seen owing to the great amount of snow. These harsh

conditions killed many animals.

In this yeaç Sindual the Herul usurped power but was killed by Narses.

à. s67 Frnsr Yran oF rHE coNSULSHTp oF rHE Aucusrus JusrrN f f [a. jOO];

INprcrroN XV. Fnola rHE BEGINNING oF THE woRLD To rHrs coNSULTHE YEARS AMoUNT ro 5,7r8.

a.568 SEcoN» Ynan or rHE coNsuLSHIp ol Aucusrqs JusrrN II, IN»rc-TION I.

After Narses, former superintendent lof thc sacred bedchamber] and patri-cian, had laid low so many usurpers - that is lladuila [Totila] and Teias, kingsof the Goths; and Buccelin, a duke of the Franks; as well as Sindual the Herul

- he was recalled from Italy in this ye:rr by thc above-mentioned Augustus,having commendably restored Milarr ancl othcr rowns the [Ostro]goths hadruined.

86"Thirrl yeai of the eonrulehip of AuguituË Jurtill II, Indiction IL

In thir year, the kirrg of the tonrtrrrdr Alboin, with sll hir forces, lcft and

burnccl his hermeland Pannonia, nnd, in an expedition thet includecl wivcs

ârtd his entirc people, took porie$iorr of Italy; thcre sonre dicd by clisease,

rctue by hunger, and not a few by the sword, [Cf. HrsÊ IV ar,lln this year also, they dared to entcr thc adjoining districts of (]aul, where

I lergc nurnbcr of them were captured and put up for sale.

,'+üFourth year of the consulship of AugustusJustin II, Indiction III.

Itt this year, a severe illness accompanied by diarrhea ând pustules struck

ItEly rrnd Gaul severely, and cattle in particular perished throughout the

abuve-tnentioned regions.

Irr this year, Celsus the patrician died. [Cf. Hist. lY 42.),,"1 .4,

Fiftlr year of the consulship of Augustus Justin II, Indiction IVlrr tlris year, an unspeakable disease of the groin called the pox (ltustula)

Ievrgccl countlesslpeople in the above-mentioned districts. lCf . Hist.IV 3r.]. i t/

§ixth year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, IndictionVln this year,Alboin, king of the Lombards was killed atVerona by his own

ft)llowc:rs - that is Helmichis and others - with the agreement of the kih.g's

witb, And the above-mentioned Helmichis, in company with the aforesaid

lvifb, whom he married, surrendered himself at Ravenna to the Roman stâte

*long with part of the army and all the treasure brought from Pannonia as

wrll ls that accumulated in Italy.

ji§evorth'year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, IndictionVI.

lrr this year, a duke of the Lombards called Cleph was appointed king oftlut people, and many magnates and those of moderate rank were killed by

Irtrrr.

Irr this year, Vaefarius, a duke of the Franks, died, and Theudefred was

i.ppointed duke [of theTlansjuran region] in his place.

'r ' j i- .-d

F,tglrth year of the consul§hip ofAugustusJustin II, IndictionVII.ln this year,,Cleph, king of the Lombards, was killed by one of his own

Iel,rirtcrs.

ln this year, the Lombards again invaded Valais and took possession of(ilusrre.They lived in the monastery of the saints of Agaune for many days,

arrtl rrfterward engaged an arrrly of the Franks in battle at llcx, where they

rvclc killed almost to a rnar,; a few escaped by flight, Morcovcr Mauri and

other peoples werc defcated S th: mnie Fnnkr 6t wnHring to irrvade their\territory ofProvence,

a. s76 Tenth year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, Indiction IX,In this year, Sigibert, king of the Franks, began hostilities against his

brother chilperic, and when he had already boxed him in and \Mas conrem.plating killing him, he was killed by Chilperic's men through deception;SigiberttsonChi1deberttookupthekingship.[Cf.Hist.IV5r,s.a.575.]

I

a.577 Eleventh year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, Indiction X.In this year died the royal and distinguished youths chlothar and

Chlodomer, the sons of king Guntram. ICfl Hkt.IV z5;V t7, s.a. 577.) ;l

â.578Twe1fthyearoftheconsu1shipofAugustuSJustinII,IndictionXI.In this year, Merovech, the son of King Chilperic was killed. lcf. Hkt.

18, s.a. 577.1

a. s7s Thirteenth year of the consulship ofAugustusJustin II, Indiction XII.In this year the rwo brothers Bishops Salonius and Sagittarius were

removed from the dignity of the episcopal office for various crimes by a

council that gathered at Chalon-sur-Sâone. lcf.Hist.V 27,s.a.579.1In this year, the Augustus Justin died and riberius succeeded him [g octo-

ber 5781.

a. 58o First year of the consulship of Augustus Tiberius Constantinus, IndictionXIII.

In this year, in the month of october, the Rhône so overflowed its banksin the territory ofvalais that it impeded the gathering of the harvest.And inItaly the rivers so overflowed that the farmers suffered losses. [cf. Hist.y y,s.a. 58o.]

â JSr Second year of the consulship of Augustus Tiberius Constantinus, IndictionXIV

In this indiction, in the month of September 1: a. 5go], eueen Aus-trechild died; because of her passing, two doctors, Nicolaus and Donatus,were killed. lcfl Hist. V 35, s,a. 5Bo.l

In this year, Mummolus the patricirn took refuge in the border counrry ofking childebert, rhât is Avignon, taking with him his wife and children, a

host of household servants, and mueh weelth. lCf. Hr.sr.VI r, s.a.5gr.]

CHAPTER FIVE

SALVIAN OF MARSEILLES -oN GOD'SJUDGMENT

§,1lpis11 was born of a noblefanily ca, 4lo and died cd.48o, His birthplace is generally

thought ttt haue been nofihern Gaul, probably Tiier or Cologne. He married (hb wtJe\

lltnn' u,as Palladia) and had a daughter, but, after her birth, he and his wfe adopted

IÉligirrrrs lives anil separated. Saluian entered the mofiastery of Urins ca. 424 and

ïrtil\'d to Marseilles in the 4jos; by thk time he had become a priest. A number of his

ll,.trkt surÿiÿe: a treatise against auarice written under the pseudonymTimotlry, a hand-

tltl ol' lctters, and the work for which he is renowned, On the Governance of God.()rr the Governance of God, the main argument oJ which is excerpted here,

Httiutdins thar Go(\ judgment is irnmanent. In so doing, it prouides a theological

esplntationfor the poorJortunes oJ the Roman state.Written in the 440s, the work is

noublc.for its reJerenæs to contemporary and neu cofitemporary conditions and society,

-both Roman and barbarian, but readers should beware. Saluian does not attempt to

dtxvibc society, nor strictly speaking does he prouide a commentary on it; his subject \finvility, his aim is the reJorm of human behauior, and his method is an indictment'of

îfu priuate and public moràls of the Roman elite.

'lb -facilitate re,ailing anil reJerence, I have added two levels of subheadings.

\rrrrrlc: Iûe Writings of Salvian the Presbyter, trans.Jererniah E O'Sullivan, (NewYork, r947), withrrrrrrc ruinor revisions-

2I. ON THË COZERNANCË OF GOD

. BOOK I

r. God's Judgment and God's Governance

l\iorne men say that God is indiffereirt and, as it were, unconcerned withIrrrnran acts, inasmuch as He neither protects the good nor curbs the wicked.'l'lrey say that in this world, therefore, the good are generally unhappy; the

cvildoers, happy. Because I am addressing Christians, the holy scriptures alonerlrould suflice as a refutation of this charge. But, because many have some

Ir09