the church handy dictionary

andjl^ictionapg

LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARYPRINCETON. N. J,

PRESENTED BY

The Estate of Rev. Robert Williams

SK 95 .C58 1890

The Church Handy dictionary

/^'Pe'^^

THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY,

To

The Right Reverend Father in God

CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, D.D.

Lord Bishop of Lincoln,

this little book is

(with his lordship's KIND PERMISSION)

RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

BY

The Author.

/

Dedicated by perniissioyi

To THE Right Rev. the

LORD BISHOP OF LINCOLN.

JAMES POTT & CO., 14 & 16, ASTOR PLACE.

1890.

CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

Additions and Corrections,

ALTAR CLOTH, p. 3, add—This is the modern Roman sequence of colours, but there is anotheimore truly belonging to the English Church, viz., the Sarum, in

which only Red and White are used.

HERESY, p. 53, line 4, for " not taught " read "formally condemned."

MIRACLES, p. 69, at the end, dele . and add—, which latter deals with certain specious arguments adduced by thesewriters against the a priori possibility of a miracle taking place.

PRESENCE, REAL, p. 81, add,—Bishop Harold Browne says, in his history of Art. 28, "The doctrine of

a real, spiritual presence is the doctrine of the English Church," andquotes the following passage from Jer. Taylor :

" The result of whichdoctrine is this : it is bread, and it is Christ's Body. It is bread in

substance, Christ in the Sacrament ; and Christ is as really given to

all that are truly disposed, as the symbols are: each as they can;Christ as Christ can be given; the bread and the wine as they can;and to the same real purpose to which they were designed."

The Article referred to above states, " The Body of Christ is given,

taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual

manner. And the mean whereby the Body of Christ is received andeaten in the Supper is Faith."

i3rrfare.

From the nature of the case a little work such as this cannot lay claim to

much originality, but must be, in the main, a compilation from various

sources. Thus the articles on controverted subjects set forth the views of

the best authorities to which the compiler has had access, but not necessarily

his own, though his stand-point all along is, he trusts, distinctly that of the

Church of England.

The idea of this book was suggested by Dean Hook's invaluable Church

Dictionary, but, as will be seen on comparison, it is by no means a mere

abridgement of that work, many other authors having been laid under con-

tribution, and fresh articles having been added. Dean Hook's Dictionary

is admirable for its comprehensiveness and general accuracy, but unfortu-

nately the price puts it out of the reach of most of those for whose use

the present " Handy Dictionary" is intended.

The compiler wishes to furnish not only the younger clergy, but also the

laity of the Church of England, with a cheap and handy book of reference

on all Church matters. He believes that Sunday School Teachers and

Church Workers, Teachers in National Schools, the upper scholars in

Church Schools of higher grade, both public and private ; and, indeed, all

engaged in the elementary study of the Prayer Book, or of Church History,

will find this short " Handy Dictionary " full of useful information.

The compiler desires in this place to acknowledge gratefully his obligations

to all the authors and books consulted, especially to those contained in the

following list :

—

Hook's Church Dictionary.

Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity.

Bishop Harold Browne on the Thirty-nine Articles.

Bishop Wordsworth's Greek Testament.

Bishop Wordsworth's Theophilus Anglicanus.

Hart's Ecclesiastical Record'.

viii.

Riddle's Christian Antiquities.

Smith's Bible Dictionary.

Sir R. Phillimore's Ecclesiastical Law.

The S.P.C. K. Teacher's Prayer Book.

Bishop Barry's Teacher's Prayer Book.

Procter on the Book of Common Prayer.

Palmer's Origines Liturgicae.

Wheatly on the Book of Common Prayer,

Pearson on the Creed.

Sanderson's Handbook of Theology.

Hardwick's and other Church Histories.

Blunt's Household Theology.

Encyclopedia Britannica.

Chamber's Encyclopedia

The Globe Encyclopedia.

The Official Year Book of the Church of England.

Whitaker's Almanack,

etc., etc.

ABL.ABLUTIONS- Small quantities

of wine and water poured into

the chalice, after a celebration,

and consumed by the Priest.

Some take two ablutions, the

first of wine, the second of wineand water mixed. The object

of this is to insure the entire

consumption of the consecrated

element.

ABSOLUTION". In the An-glican Church the authoritative

declaration, by a Bishop orPriest, of God's pardon to

the truly penitent. "All theoffice and power of man in it is

only to minister the externalform, but the internal power andgrace of remission of sins is

properly God's." {Bingham.)

There are three forms of abso-lution in our Prayer Book, viz.,

in the Order for Alorning andEvening Prayer ; in the Com-munion Service, and in theOffice for the Visitation of theSick. It is to be noticed in eachcase that Confession precedesAbsolution. The Scriptural au-thority for Absolution is foundin Matt. xvi. 19 ; xviii. 18

; JohnXX. 23 ; I Cor. v. 3-5 ; 2 Cor.ii. 10.

St. Jerome compares the office

ADV.of the Christian Priest in Abso-lution, with that of the JewishPriest in cases of cleansing fromleprosy.

ABSTINENCE, see Fasting.

ACOLYTE. One of the minorOrders of the Church of Rome.An Acolyte's duties are to wait

upon the Priests and Deacons,carrying the bread and wine, &c.

In some of our churches alayman, called a " Server," per-

forms these duties.

ADULT BAPTISM, see Baptism.

ADVENT. Latin, Coming. FourAdvent Sundays immediatelyprecede Christmas. They are

so called because they are

designed to prepare us to com-memorate the advent, or coming,

of Christ in the flesh at Christ-

mas, and also to prepare for Hissecond coming to judge the

world. The Ecclesiastical, or

Church Year, begins with AdventSunday. The season of Adventis spoken of in a homily written

as far back as the year a.d. 450.

ADVOWSON. The right in per-

petuity of patronage to a church,

or any ecclesiastical benefice.

THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

AFF.ArFINITY, see Kindred.

AGAPJE. Love feasts. After a

celebration of Holy Communionthe early Christians frequently

partook of a social and friendly

repast known by this name.

This custom was discontinued in

the Vth. century on account of

abuses. It has been partially

revived by some dissenting sects

of our own day, who partake of

a frugal meal and narrate their

spiritual "experiences."

AGNUS DEI. Two Latin words,meaning " Lamb of God." It

is an anthem sung in some places

by the choir during the Com-munion of the Priest. The choir

sing thrice, " O Lamb of God,that takest away the sins of the

world," adding twice, " Havemercy upon us," and the third

time, " Grant us Thy peace."The anthem is found in EdwardVI. 's First Prayer Book.

AGNOSTICISM. A school ofthought which denies that wecan know anything of God, orof a future state. It does notsay that there is no God, butsimply that it is impossible for

us to know anything of God.It would do away with all reve-

lation and theology, and makeus think of God as the great

Unknown and Unknowable.

AISLE. From a Latin word,meaning a iving. The lateral

division of the choir, nave, ortransept of a church.

ALB, see Vestments.

ALLELUIAorHALLELUJAH.A Hebrew word, meaning Praise

ye the Lord.

ALT.ALL SAINTS' DAY. Nov. ist.

On this day the Church com-inemorates all the known andunknown departed Christianworthies, and the communionof the Church triumphant withthe Church as yet militant onearth. It is called also All

Hallows Day.

ALMONEK. One who has the

distribution of alms to the needy.

In monasteries it was the officer

who had charge of the Almonry,or room where alms were dis-

tributed. The Lord High Al-

moner is a Prelate who has the

disposing of the alms of the

sovereign.

ALMS. Relief given out of pity

to the poor. In ecclesiastical

language, the money collected

during the Offertory. Almsshould be collected every Sun-day, whether there is a commu-nion or not, as the rubic directs.

The disposal of the alms rests

with the clergyman and church-wardens, when there is an offer-

tory, i.e., when the offertory

sentences are read (see Rubric).Collections made at other timesseem to be at the Clergyman'ssole disposal.

ALTAR ; LORD'S TABLE ;

HOLY TABLE ; COMMU-NION TABLE. Disputes havefrequently arisen as to whetherthe Holy Table was to be called

the CovimunionTable or the Altar.

Bingham writes—"The ancientwriters used both names indiffer-

ently ; some calling it Altar,

others the Lord's Table, theHoly Table, the Mystical Table,the Tremendous Table, &c., andsometimes both Table and Altar


ALT.

in the same sentence. Ignatius,

Irenaeus, Origan, and Tertullianall call it Altar. It is certain

that they did not mean by Altarwhat the Jews and heathenmeant : either an altar dressedup with images, or an altar for

bloody sacrifices. In the first

sense they rejected altars, bothname and thing. But for their

O .vn mystical, unbloody sacrifice,

a 5 they called the Eucharist, theyalways owned they had an altar."

In our Prayer Book it is styled

the Table, the Holy Table, andthe Lord's Table. The phraseCommunion Table occurs in theCanons only. The word Altar is

used in the Coronation Service.

Bishop Sparrow, one of thereviewers of the Prayer Book in

1662, writes thus:—"That noman take offence at the wordAltar, l^t him know, that ancient-

ly both these names, Altar, orHoly Table were used for thesame thing ; though most fre-

quently the Fathers and Councilsuse the name Altar. And bothare fit names for that holy thing.

Por theHolyEucharist being con-sidered as a sacrifice, in therepresentation of the breaking of

the bread, and the pouring forth

of the cup, doing that to the holysymbols which was done to

Christ's body and blood, and so

showing forth and commemorat-ing the Lord's death, and offer-

ing upon it the same sacrifice

that was offered upon the cross,

or rather the commemoration of

of that sacrifice, it may fitly becalled an Altar ; which again is

as fitly called an Holy Table, theEucharist being considered as aSacrament , which is nothing else

but a distribution and applica-

tion of the sacrifice to the several

receivers."

ALT.ALTAR CLOTH. The 82ndCanon provides that the Altarbe covered with a carpet of silk,

or some other decent stuft ; also

with a fair linen cloth at thetime of the ministration. It is

usual in many churches to vest

the Altar in different colours to

mark the various seasons of theChurch. Thus at Christmas,Easter, and festivals, other thanthe feasts of Martyrs, White is

used. For Whit Sunday andfeasts of Martyrs, Red is used.

For Trinity Sunday White is

used, but for the Sundays after

Trinity, Green. Violet is thecolour for Advent, Lent, Roga-tion Days, and Vigils.

ALTAR LIGHTS, CANDLES.On this subject, Proctor in his

book on the Prayer Book says,

"No direction was given uponthesubject of the Ornaments of theChurch in Edward VI. 's First

Prayer Book, or in the Act of

Uniformity which sanctioned it:

but the publication of the Bookwas immediately followed byInjunctions (1549), condemningsundry popish ceremonies, andamong them forbidding to set

"any lights upon the Lord'sboard at any time." This wasespecially mentioned becausethe Injunctions of 1547 had for-

bidden candles before pictures

or images, but allowed "onlytwo lights upon the high altar,

before the Sacrament, for the

signification that Christ is the

very true light of the world."

Although these Injunctions(i549)

have not the authority of Parlia-

ment, yet they were undoubted-ly issued with the intention of

promoting that uniformity in all

parts of Public Worship whichlaad been enjoined by statute,


ALT.

and under the large notions of

the royal supremacy which then

prevailed. They may fairly beconsidered as affording evidence

of the contemporary practice,

and of the intention of the

authors of the Prayer Book in

matters of rites and ceremonies.

Persons who yield the amountof authority to these Injunctions

(which never became law) whichis readily given to others (which

were law), consider that candles

upon the Communion Table are

ornaments which were forbidden

in the second year of EdwardVI., and therefore are not au-

thorized by our present Rubric.

On the other hand, we mayconclude from the terms of

Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity,

and from the Rubric of herPrayer Book, that it was herintention to distinguish betweenthe customs of 1549, represented

by Edward's Injunctions of that

year, and those which, not beingmentioned and forbidden in the

statute, might be considered as

authorized by the Parliament of

1549. And she certainly gavethis practical interpretation to

her own law, since in the royal

chapel " the cross stood on the

altar, and two candlesticks, andtwo tapers burning." Hook, in

his Church Dictionary, says,

—

"From the time of Edwardthere never seems to have beena time when the lights were notretained in Cathedral churches,and wherever we might look for

an authoritative interpretation of

the Law. And to the presentday the candles are to be seenon the Altars of almost all Ca-thedrals. In Collegiate churches,also, they are usually found

;

and so also in the Chapels Royal,and in the Chapels of several

ALT.^

Colleges in Oxford and Cam-bridge.

ALTAR LINEN. The rubric atthe beginning of the CommunionService provides that " TheTable, at the Communion-time,"is to have a " fair white linen

cloth upon it." And a furtherrubric declares that " Whatremaineth of the consecratedElements " is to be covered with"a fair linen cloth." This latter

cloth is called a cor/ora/, althoughsome understand a cloth laid onthe altar by that name. Otherthings used in some churchesat the time of the celebration

are— (i) a chalice-vcil, which is asquare of silk embroidered andfringed, varying in colour, ac-cording to the season, orof trans-

parent material edged with lace.

It is used for covering the chalice.

(2) The pall, a small square ofcard-board, with linen on either

side, is sometimes used to coverthe chalice till after the peoplehave communicated. (3) Theburse is a kind of purse or pocketin which the corporal and pall

are kept.

ALTAR RAILS. ArchbishopLaud, 1640, ordered that theHoly Table should be placed at

the east end of the chancel, andprotected from rude approachby rails. They do not appearto have been in general use in

the Western Church before the

Reformation ; although it is

probable their use in the side

chapels of Cathedrals is early.

It is hard to say whether by the

Latin word cancelli is meant the

chancel-screen or the altar-rails,

in somecases probablythe latter.

The use of altar-rails is ancient

in the Eastern Church. The


ALT.space within the rails, wherethe altar stands, is called the

sanctuary.

ALTAR SCHEEN.behind the altar.

screen

ALTAR VESSELS. Flagon,Chalice or Cup, and Paten.

To these may be added the 6Y-

horium, a covered vessel, placedupon the altar of Roman Cath-olic churches, and holding theconsecrated host. Altar vessels

from very ancient times haveusually been made of the mostcostly materials which the con-gregation using them couldafford. The flagon appears to

be the vessel in which the wineis placed before consecration.

The chalice,orcup, that in whichit is consecrated, and adminis-tered to the people. The patenis the plate on which the breadis consecrated, and from whichit is dispensed to the people. Asecond plate is used for the un-consecrated bread, and is placed,

with the flagon, on the CredenceTable.

ALTRUISM, see Comtism.

AMBULATORY, or PROCES-SIONARY. The continuanceof the aisles round the east endof a church, behind the altar.

AMEN. A Hebrew word mean-ing " So be it," and thus it is

explained in the Catechism.The same word in the Greek is

rendered the "Verily, verily"of our Lord's parables. It

should be said aloud by everymember of the congregation, astestifying his assent to theprayer or praise offered, whothus makes it his own. St.

ANG.Jerome says the primitiveChristians at their public offices

"echoed out the Amen like athunderclap."When printed in the Roman

character in our Prayer Book it

is for the minister to say alone;

when in Italics, it is for thepeople to say, and not for theminister.

AMICE, see Vestments.

ANABAPTISTS, see Baptists.

ANDREW'S (St.) DAY. Nov.30th. St. Andrew appears to

have been a disciple of the Bap-tist before he became a follower

of our Lord. He was the meansof bringing his brother Simon,afterwards called Peter, to Jesus.After the Ascension he is sup-posed to have laboured in

Scythia, and finally to havesuffered death by crucifixion.

The form of the cross on whichhe was martyred is called after

him the St. Andrew's Cross.

ANGEL. A Greek word, meaninga messenger, and as such it is

applied sometimes to God'sministers on earth; e.g., the

Bishops of the seven Churchesof Asia are called "Angels " in

Rev. i. and ii. The word is moregenerally used of those bright

beings who wait around thethrone of God to do His will.

They are the ministers of Hisgood Providence to us.

Angels are of a different orderof creation from man. It is amistake to believe that "thedead in Christ " become angels.

There are different ordersamong the angels ; the PrayerBook speaks of "Archangels,"of "Cherubim and Seraphim."


ANG.The Bible tells us that the nameof one of the Archangels is

INIichael ; Gabriel is also prob-ably of this order, and Raphael.The Cherubim (the derivation of

this word is uncertain) are fre-

quently spoken of in the Bible

:

Gen. iii. 24 ; Exodus xxv. 19, 20;

Ezekiel i. 10 ; Rev. iv. 6. TheSeraphim, (plural of Seraph.

a Hebrew word, meaning Jicry,

or burning) are possibly referred

to in Psalm civ. 4, " He makethHis angels spirits, and His mini-

sters a flaming five."

The Holy Angels are the ob-

jects of worship in the Church of

Rome, in a degree which manythink idolatrous, although Ro-manists deny this.

ANGLO-CATHOLIC CHURCH,see Church of England.

ANNATES, 6ce Bounty, QueenAnne's.

ANNUNCIATION OF THEBLESSED VIRGIN MARY.March 25th. At the time of the

Reformation the Church heldseven festivals in honour of the

Virgin. Our Reformers have ap-

pointed a Collect, Epistle, anaGospel, for only those twovs/hich have a foundation in the

Gospel, viz: the Annunciationand the Purification. Twomore, however, are retained in

the Calendar, viz : the Visita-

tion of the B. V. M., July 2nd,

and the Nativity of the B. V. M.,September Sth. The two prin-

cipal festivals were probablyobserved as early as the 5th

century. It is to be noticed

how the collects for both these

festivals bring forward their

bearing on our Lord's life,

rather than the incidents theycommemorate in the life of theBlessed Virgin.

APO.ANTHEM, see Church. Music.

ANTINOMIANISM. (literally

"against lau' ") The doctrineor opinion that the Elect (see

Calvinism) are freed from obli-

gation to keep the Law of God.A power or privilege is assertedfor the elect to do what theyplease without prejudice to their

sanctity ; it being maintainedthat to them nothing is sinful,

and this is represented as theperfection of Christian Liberty.

History shows, as was to be ex-

pected, that this doctrine hasborne the most disastrous fruits

among those who have em-braced it.

ANTIPHON, ANTIPHONAL-Ly, see Ciiurch Music.

ANTI-TYPE, see Type-

APOSTASY. A renouncing of

our religion either formally, or

virtually by our actions.

APOSTLE. From a Greek word,meaning "one sent." A desig-

nation of those twelve who wereour Lord's companions on earth,

and who, afterwards, were scni

into "all the world to preachthe Gospel to every creature."

After the ti-eachery and death of

Judas Iscariot, INIatthias waschosen to fill his place, St.

Paul, by virtue of his heavenlycommission, is also termed anApostle.

APOSTLES' CREED, see Cx-eed.

APOSTOLICAL SUCCESSION" The line in which the ministry

of the Church is handed on fromage to age by the laying on of

hands by Bishops ; the corporate

lineage of the Christian clergy,


A PP.just as in the Jewish Churchthere was a family Hneage. TheChurch of England maintainsthe Apostolical Succession in thepreface to her Ordination Service.

Those are said to be in Apostol-ical Succession who have beensent to labour in the Lord'svineyard by Bishops, who wereconsecrated by other Bishops,who, in their turn, were conse-crated by others, until the derivedauthority is traced to theApostles,and through them to the great

Head of the Church. The Apos-tolical Succession of the Ministryis essential to the right adminis-tration of the Sacraments. Theclergy of the Church of Englandcan trace their connexion withthe Apostles by links in the longchain, not one of which is want-ing, from the times of St. Pauland St. Peter to our own."

{Hook's Church Dictionary.)

APPROPBIATIOI^. In pre-

Reformation times. Monasteries,and other spiritual corporations,

frequently annexed to them-selves benefices, placing in themsome clergyman, who was called

a Vicar, to do the work of theplace, for which they allowedhim a certain sum out of theincome they had appropriated.At the Reformation, the Monas-teries, and religious houseswere put down, and their pro-perty distributed among thefavourites of Henry VIII. , andso the patronage and major part

of the income of these appropri-ated benefices came into thehands of laymen. Thus, at thepresent day, a great number of

our nobility and landed gentryare drawing large incomes fromland, which is, in all right, theproperty of the Church, while

ARC,the clergy who do the work of

the Church receive a miserablepittance out of what was oncetheir own. Laymen drawingthese incomes, "great-tithes,"

as they are called, are namedLay-Rectors. A benefice in thehands of a layman is termed,not an Appropriation, but anImpropriation.

APSE or APSIS. A semi-cir-

cular, or polyhedral terminationof the chancel. This style of

Church building, although com-mon in the East, has not beenin use since the 13th centuryin England until quite the last fewyears. Mr. Street, the Archi-tect of the Law Courts, built

many churches in this style. Inchurches of this kind the altar

should not be placed against theEast wall, but upon the chordof the arc, as in the ancientBasilicas.

ARCHBISHOP. AnArchbishopdoes not differ from a Bishop in

order, but only in degree. Like aBishop he has his own diocese,

but besides that he is the chief

of the clergy of a whole province.This, however, is not always thecase in the Roman and Easternchurches. To him all appealsare made from inferior jurisdic-

tions within his province. Healso, upon the King's writ, calls

the Bishops and clergy withinhis province to meet in Convo-cation.

ARCHDEACON. As each pro-vince is divided into dioceses,

severally presided over by aBishop, so each diocese is divi-

ded into archdeaconries, consist-

ing of a certain number ofparishes.Over each archdeaconry


ARC.one of the clergy, a priest, some-

times a bishop, is appointed to

preside in subordination to the

Bishop of the diocese. The office

dates back to very early times.

In England the dioceses weredivided into archdeaconriesabout

the time of the Norman Con-quest.

ARCHES, COURT OF. Anancient court of appeal, belong-

ing to the Archbishop of Canter-

bury. The judge of it is called

the Dean of Arches, because heanciently held his court in the

Church of St. Mary-le-Bow(Sancta Maria de Arcubus). (See

^Ecclesiastical Courts.)

ARCHITECTURE. Theprincipalstyles of English Architectureare—

Norman, io66toii54. Round-headed doorways, windows andarches, heavy pillars and zig-zag

ornaments. The Nave ofRochester Cathedral is a goodexample. From 1154 to 1189this style underwent a.Tra?2sition,

the rounded arches becomingpointed, as in the choir ofCanterbury Cathedral.

Early English, 11S9 to 1272.Narrow, pointed windows, lancet-shaped ; clustered pillars. Ex-ample, the choir, WestminsterAbbey, or Salisbury Cathedral.

1272 to 1307 was another Transi-

tion period, tracery being intro-

duced into the windows, as

at the east end of Lincoln Cathe-dral.

Decorated, 1307 to 1377.Geometrical tracery in windows,enriched doorways, and beauti-fully arranged mouldings. The

ARM.Lady Chapel of Ely Cathedralis a good example. This style

underwent Transition from 1377to 1407, when the lines becameless flowing, as in the choir of

York jNIinster.

Perpendicular, 1399 to 1547.Upright lines of moulding in

windows ; doorways, a combina-tion of square heads with pointed

arches. Example, King's College

Chapel, Cambridge.

Tudor, or Elizabethan, 1550to 1600. A debased species of

Perpendicular, mostly employedin domestic architecture.

Jacobean, 1603 to 1641. Anadmixture of the Classical withthe Gothic, or Pointed style.

ARIANS. Heretics, so namedfrom Arius^ a native of Libya,their first founder. He wasborn about the middle of the 3rdcentury, and taught that Godthe Son was not equal to Godthe Father, being neither con-substantial nor co-eternal withthe Father. As created by theFather, Arius looked upon ourLord as the highest of all crea-

tures, and in that sense the Sonof God. These heretics Vv-ere

condemned by the Council ofNice, in 325.

ARMINTANS. A party so-called

after Arminius, (the Latin formof James Harmensen, a Dutch-man,) the opposer of Calvin-ism. Arminius held that sal-

vation is possible for all men,if they repent and believe in

Jesus Christ, inasmuch as Hedied for the sins of the wholeworld. They reject the doctrine

of Predestination, as generally

held ; and the doctrine of final


ART.perseverance, they deem uncer-tain and needing more proof.

{SeeAntiiioiiiiaiiisjiiaudCalviiiism.)

ARTICLES, THE THIRTY-NINE. TheChurch of England'sdefinition of Christian doctrine,and as such they have to be sub-scribed by all who seek HolyOrders. Formerly, every grad-uate of our Universities had to

subscribe them. Many of theArticles are of a confessedlyelastic nature, being so framedas to embrace the views of thevarious parties in the Church :

but at the same time they arenot so indefinite as many wouldhave us believe.

Their history is this :—In

1553 Cranmer, Ridley, andothers, drew up 42 Articles,

which were more or less takenfrom the "Confession of Augs-burgh , '

' composed byLuther andINIelancthon. In 1562 these 42Articles were entirely re-model-led by Archbishop Parker andConvocation, when they werereduced to 38. In 1571, Parkerand Convocation added Article

xxix., which made up our present

39, which were subscribed in

the Upper House of Convoca-tion, by the Archbishops andBishops, and by all the clergy

of the Lower House. Theyw-ere published the year after

(1572) under the superintendenceof Bishop Jewel, and the Ratifi-

cation, still subjoined to themin the Prayer Book, was added.With regard to their arrange-

ment—The first five treat of the

doctrine of the Holy Trinity

;

the three following establish the

rule of Christian Faith ; fromthe ninth to the eighteenth they

bear reference to Christians con-

sidered as individuals ; and

ATH.thence to the end they relate toChristians, considered as ISIem-bers of a Church or religioussociety.

ASCENSION DAY or HOLYTHURSDAY. The observationof this Festival cannot be tracedwith certainty to an earlierperiod than the 4th century, al-

though, in the Western Church,at any rate, it was in St. Augus-tine's time so thorough anduniversal, that he supposes it

to have had an Apostolic origin.

It is one of the four great Festi-

vals of the Church. It is heldforty days after Easter, in mem-ory of our Lord's Ascension into

heaven. Special psalms and les-

sons are appointed for the day, asis also a special preface in theCommunion Service.

ASH-WEDNESDAY. The first

day of Lent. It is so called fromthe ceremony anciently used in

admitting people to penance,ashes being sprinkled upon their

heads.

A special service, called theCommination Service, is ap-pointed for use on this day.

ASSOCIATIONS.see Societies.

CHURCH,

ATHANASIAN CREED, see

Creed.

ATHEIST. The "fool who saith

in his heart, There is no God."Ps liii. The atheist differs en-

tirely from the sceptic and agnostic

(which see). In "A plea for

Atheism," the writer says : "Ifthe word * God ' is defined to

mean an existence other thanthat existence of which I ama mode, then I deny 'God,'

lO THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

ATO.and affirm that it is impossiblethat ' God ' can be." ThePsalmist's definition is the

clearer.

ATONEMENT. Originallyat-onc-mcnt, the reconciling oftwo parties who were before at

variance. From that the wordeasily passed into a term to de-note the means by which thereconciliation was made, viz

:

the life and death of our Saviour,Eph. ii. i6.

The doctrine of the Churchon this subject is expressed in

Article ii.

ATTRITION. This term is usedby Romanists to denote thelowest form of Contrition, orRepentance; namely, mere sor-

row for sin because of its conse-quences.

BANNS OF MARRIAGE see

Matrimony.

BAPTISM. This word meansliterally "dipping." HolyBaptismis one of the two Sacramentstaught by our Church to begenerally (universally) necessaryto salvation. The reason whythe Church baptizes is wellshewn in the exhortation whichimmediately follows the Gospelin the Service for the " PublicBaptism of such as are of riperyears." The doctrine of theChurch on the subject is ex-plained in Article xxvii., and inthe Catechism

; also throughouther Baptismal Offices she showswhat she believes it to be. Not-withstanding this, there arediverse views held of HolyBaptism by parties in theChurch ; as, for example, some

BAP.will deny that the passage in

John iii. 3 has anything to dowith Baptism, although theChurch quotes it as a Scripturalauthority for Baptism in theexhortation previously alludedto. These seem to degradeHoly Baptism into a mere formaladmittance into the visible

Church, this being the view theWesleyans of the //r5f/;/ rfajV take,

but not their founder's view.Hooker, in his fifth book, writesthus,— " Baptism is not merelya sign or token of grace given,

but an instrument or meanwhereby we receive that grace

;

for it is a Sacrament instituted

by God for incorporation into

Christ, and so through Hismerit to obtain (i) that savinggrace of imputation which takesaway all former guiltiness, (2)

that infused divine virtue of theHoly Ghost which gives to the

powers of the soul their first

disposition towards future new-ness of life. It is a seal perhapsto the grace of election beforereceived ; but to our sanctifica-

tion here a step that hath notany before it."

BAPTISM, ADULT. Thisofficewas added at the last revision of

the Prayer Book, in 1661. It

was made necessary by the gen-

eral neglect ofChurch ordinancesduring the Rebellion. The Ser-

vice is formed from that for the

Baptism of Infants, but there

are important differences, as will

be seen by comparison. Confirm-ation and Communion shouldimmediately follow the Baptismof an adult.

BAPTISM, INFANT. Thequestion whether it is right to

baptize infants will be gone into


BAP.

under the head of Baptists. Ourpresent service for the Baptismof Infants is the out-come ofmany much older. Baptismshould always be administeredin the presence of a congregation,as the Rubric orders. Thequestion about sponsors will begone into under that head. Thefirst prayer is by Luther, thesecond is from an old Office

;

the Gospel, with nearly all theaddresses or exhortations hereand elsewhere in the PrayerBook, is fromthe"Consultation,"the work of Hermann, a Germanreformer. The questions to thesponsors are taken from an old

Office.Theprayerof Consecrationcame into the present form in

1661 ; but by Consecration herewe only mean that the element of

water is separated from commonto sacred uses. It is not anecessary part of Baptism, asis shown by its being omitted in

in the Office for Private Baptism.The only two things necessaryfor the validity of Holy Baptismare (i) that it should be adminis-tered in water, (2) in the nameof the Holy Trinity, as is shownby the questions in that part of

the Office for Private Baptismwhich treats of receiving a child

publicly into the Church. It

is to be noticed that the rule of

our Church is that the child

should be immersed in the water(see the Rubric before the formof words which accompany the

act of Baptism). Thus the

rite of immersion can beclaimed by any Church people.

The custom of aftusion, or asper-

sion, or sprinkling, came into

use in the Western Church as

early as the 13th century ; butin the ancient Church Baptismwas so administered to the sick.

BAP.The difference in the climates ofWestern Europe and the HolyLand is sufficient to account forthe custom.The words which express the

reception of the newly-baptizedchild intothe congregationbelongaltogether to the English PrayerBook. The ceremony of makingthe sign of the cross has comedown from the ancient Church.The Address to the congrega-

tion, the Lord's Prayer, and theThanksgiving which follows,were placed here in 1552. It is

to be noticed how clearly theChurch expresses her belief in

the regeneration (see Rcgcncva-tioii) of each baptized infant.

The latter part of the last ex-hortation was added in 1661." The vulgar tongue " of coursemeans the " common " or Eng-lish language.

The note at the end of theOffice, although declaring theeternal safety of a baptizedchild, dying before it commitsactual sin, does not express anyopinion as to the future of anunbaptized child.

BAPTISM, PRIVATE. To beused only for " great cause andnecessity." This service wasdrawn up in 1661, chiefly fromthe "Consultation." It is verymuch to be deplored that so fewof the children baptized at home,who live, are brought to bepublicly received into theChurch. The distinction whichthe poor draw between Baptismand Christening as meaningrespectively Private and PublicBaptism is, of course.unfounded.Baptism is also called "Christen-

ing," because in it the child is

made a Christian, or member of

Christ.

12 THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

BAP.Under this head we may also

treat of

Lay Baptism. Until 1604 this

was allowed in the Church of

England, but the rubrics werethen brought into such a shape

that Baptism by any but a" lawful minister" was distinctly

disallowed. Still we find that

by the present law, Lay Baptism,that is to say. Baptism by anyman, or even woman, is valid

so far as to qualify for burial withthe usual service. Lay Baptismis allowed in the Roman Church,as it was in theMedia;val Church,and in primitive times. Suchhaving always been the customof the Catholic Church, it is well

that anybody should baptize achild in a case of great emerg-ency, when a " lawful minister "

cannot be procured. Shouldthe child live and be brought to

church, the clergyman canalways, if doubtful of the validity

of the Baptism, use the hypo-thetical form at the end of the

Office for Private Baptism.

BAPTISTS or ANABAP-TISTS. A name improperlyassumed by those who deny thevalidity of Infant Baptism. Theywere formerly called Anabaptists

because they rc-baptizcd all whohad been baptized in their in-

fancy. The Baptists formed aseparate community in EnglandiniG33. They may be looked uponas the successors of the DutchAnabaptists.Theirobject in form-ing themselves into a separate

body was (i) for the maintenanceof a strictly Calvinistic doctrine;

(2) for the exercise of a vigor-

ous and exclusive discipline;

(3) for the practice of a literal

scriptural ritual, especially in

the matter of Baptism. In

BAP.Church polity they follow theIndependents. The Baptists holdthat immersion is essential to the

validity of the ordinance. Theirleading idea is that the Churchmust consist of true Christians,

and not merely of professingones.

In 1S82 in the United King-dom there were

3Iinisters, 2Iembers, Chapels, Scholars,

1,905. 298,880. 3,502. 401,517.

In addition to these they havenumerous congregations abroad,and they raise about ;^2oo,ooo

yearly for missionary and benev-olent purposes.

Infant Baptism. The follow-

ing reasons seem to afford ampleproof that the baptism of infants

has always been the practice of

the Church, notwithstanding all

the Baptists allege against it.

Under the Law infants wereadmitted into covenant withGod by circumcision wheneight days old. Gen. xvii. 10, 14,

so, too, when the Jews admittedproselytes into theircommunion,they not only circumcised all

the males, but baptized all, maleand female, infant and adult.

Thus, when the Apostles v^-ere

sent " to make proselytes of all

nations, by baptizing them"(Matt, xviii. ig, should be so

translated) would they not bap-tize infants as well as adults, see-

ing that such was the Jewishcustom ?

Compare John iii. 5,'' Except

a man (Greek, except any onc)heborn of watey and of the Spirit

he cannot enter the kingdom ofGod, with Mark x. 14, whereour Lord says of infants that" of such is the kingdom of God."If so, they must be capable of

THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY. 13

BAR.baptism, both by water and theSpirit.

St. Peter, when speaking ofbaptism, said the promise wasnot only to adults, but also totheir children, Acts ii. 38, 39.Again, w^ere there no children

among the whole householdswhich were baptized by the apos-tles, Acts xvi. 15, 33, I Cor. i. 16 ?

The early Fathers show thatchildren were baptized in their

time, which, in some cases, wasless than a century after theApostles lived. Justin Martyr,for instance, writing a.d. 148{i.e., 48 years after the death ofthe last Apostle), speaks of per-

sons 60 and 70 years old, whohad been made disciples to

Christ in their infancy. Howcan infants be made disciples,

but by baptism ? And, if these

had been baptized in their in-

fancy, it must have been duringthe lifetime of the i^postle St.

John, and of other apostolic men.BARNABAS' (St.) DAY. Junenth. This Apostle's namew-as changed from Joses into

Barnabas, which means the" Son of Consolation." He wasa highly educated man, beingbrought up, as St. Paul was, at

the feet of Gamaliel. He tra-

velled with St. Paul until therew-as a disagreement on the subjectof Mark, the kinsman of Barna-bas. After they separated, it is

probable that St. Barnabas la-

boured in Cyprus. He is believ-

ed to have suffered martyrdomat Salamis by being stoned.

BARTHOLOMEW'S (St.) DAY.August 24th. This Apostle is

believed to have been identical

with Nathaniel. We are told

nothing of his labours in theBible. He is believed to haveworked inArmenia andLycaonia,

BEN.and to have suffered martyrdomby crucifixion at Albanople.This day is rendered famous

in history, on account of thehorrible massacre of Protestantsin Paris in 1572. Thirty thou-sand persons were put to deathin France, and this with thedeliberate consent of the Popeand the authorities of theRoman Church !

BELFRY. Originally and proper-ly, a watch-tower. That part ofa churchwhere thebells are huno-o *

BELLS. Bells have been used inchurches in England from the7th century. Their various usesare well summed up in the fol-

lowing monkish distichs,

—

" Laudo Deuni veruni.plebem voco,congrego clcruni,

Defunctos ploro. pestem fugo,festa decoro."

"Funera plango. fulgura frango,sabbata pa ago,

Excite lentos, (iissipo veutos, pacocruentos."

In the Roman Church they are"baptized," with a certain cere-mony ; in the English Churchthey are merely consecrated, thatis, set apart for a sacred purpose.The " passing bell " is the

tolling of a bell while anybodyis dying, or fassiiig out of this

life, in order that the faithful

may offer prayers on his be-half. It is ordered by Canon 67.

BENEDICITE. The apocryphalending of Daniel iii. Ii is aparaphrastical exposition of Ps.

148 ; it was commonly sung in theChristian Church in the 4th cen-tury. In 1549 it was ordered to

be sung during Lent instead ofthe TeDcum. It is now generallyused when the lessons speak ofthe Creation. The " three chil-

dren " are Ananias, Azarias, and


BEX.Misael, who are better known by

their Chald?ean names of Sha-

drach, Meshach, and Abednego.

BENEDICTION. A solemn act

of blessing performed byBishopsand Priests of the Church. Acertain form was given by GodHimself for the use of the Jewish

Priests, Num. vi. 22-27. In our

Church several forms are used

agreeing with the Office of whichthey form a part. The ordinary

benediction at the end of the

CommunionService is from Phil,

iv. 7, and Num. vi. 23.

BENEDICTUS. The song ofj

Zacharias, the father of theI

Baptist, Luke i. 6S-79. Thealternate Psalm, called the Jrc-

bilatc Deo, was inserted in 1552to be used when the Benedictus

happened to be read in thesecond lesson. The song of

Zacharias has always been ahym.n of the Church.

BENEFICE or LIVING. Achurch endowed with a revenuefor the performance of DivineService; the holder of which is

called a Rector, or Vicar, orIncumbent, or Perpetual Curate(see under each head). Heresy,Simony,and other grave offences,

disqualify a man from holding abenefice.

A clergyman can only be de-

prived of his benefice for want of

capacity, Hercs}-, Contempt of

Court, or crime.

BIBLE, THE HOLY. So called

from a Greek word, meaning" the books," just as the wordScriptures means " the writings."The Bible is divided into twoparts— the Old and the NewTestaments, or Covenants. TheOld Testament, or the Covenantof God with the Hebrew nation,

is written partly in Hebrew, and

BIB.

partly— the latter part—in Ara-

maic. It is most important to

remember that it was written

by many different persons, andat widely different times, spread-

ing over the course of 2,000

years. The New Testament, or

the New^ Covenant of God with

His people, whether Jews or

Gentiles, although also written

by many various authors, wasproduced between the years

A.D. 50, and A.D. 100.

The Bible is called the " Wordof God " because the authorswrote by the inspiration of the

Holy Ghost, Heb. i. i ; Acts iv.

25; 2 Peter i. 21; &c. It is

important to remember that wedo not claim a verbal inspiration,

for the writers, but simply that

God put into their mindswhat they should write. In-

spiration did not preserve themfrom errors in grammar, or nat-

ural philosophy, or anything else

foreign to the actual design of theBible, which is the revelation ofGod, and of His will to man.Thus, it is most important

that we should know what booksare inspired, and have a right to

form a part of the Holy Scrip-tures, in other words whatbooks are canonical. The OldTestament, as we have it now,was used by the Jews in the timeof our Lord, who often quotesfrom its various books Himself,thus stamping them with thedivine authority which theyclaimed. Ezra seems to havedetermined the canon of OldTestament Scriptures. Withregard to the New Testament,the question of the authenticityand canonicity of some bookswas ver)- much more difficult todetermine, and an enormous a-mountof labour and scholarship


BIB.

has been expended on the sub-

ject. There can be no reason-

able doubt now with regard to

any of the books of the NewTestament ; the only thing nowdoubtful is what the original

words were in the places wherethe ancient manuscripts difter.

These differences are called vari-

ous readings. The publication of

the Revised Version of the NewTestament in iSSi was partly

an attempt to settle this question.

The differences, as a rule, arevery unimportant.The chief translations of the

Bible into English are Wiclif's,

1360 ; Tindal (or Tyndale) andCoverdale's, 1526; The GenevaBible, 1560; The Bishops' Bible,

156S. The Translation we usenow, called the Authorized Ver-sion, was published in 161 1.

About 50 learned men were ap-pointed by King James ist for

the task.

We will now proceed to con-sider the contents of the Bible,

first remarking that the division

into Chapters and verses doesnot date back beyond the 13thcentury, that it rests on no au-thority, and verv often spoils

the sense.

The Old Test..\ment consists

of 39 books, which may be thusclassified :—The Books of theLaw ; The Historical Books

;

The Holy Writings, or PoeticalBooks ; and the PropheticalBooks.

The Books of the Law, five in

number, were written by Moses,and are called the Pentateuch

;

they are :—Genesis. Exodus,Leviticus, Numbers, and Deu-teronomy.

The Historical Books are twelve.Where the name of the Authordiffers from the name of the

BIB.

Book it is given in brackets,

—

Joshua, Judges (Samuel?), Ruth(Samuel or Ezra), ist and 2ndSamuel (Samuel, Nathan, andGad), ist and 2nd Kings (Jere-

miah), ist and and Chronicles(Ezra ?), Ezra,Nehemiah, Esther(author not known).The Poetical Books, or Hagio-

grapha, consist of five books,

—

Job (author not known), Psalms(by various authors, about half

by David), Proverbs (Solomonchiefly), Ecclesiastes (generally

attributed to Solomon), Song ofSolomon, or Canticles.

The Prophetical Hooks are divi-

ded into two classes, the GreaterProphets and the Lesser Pro-phets. They are so called, notfrom any superiority or inferior-

ity, but from the extent of their

writings.

The Greater Prophets are four

in number,—Isaiah, Jeremiah(author of two books—his Pro-phecy and his Lamentations),Ezekiel, Daniel.

The Blinor Prophets are twelve,

—H^osea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah,Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habak-kuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zech-ariah, Malachi.

The ordinary reader of theBible misses much from the fact

that the books are not groupedin any chronological order. Inthe following table the booksare placed so as to form a con-tinuous history of the Jews,while, by their side, are thenames of those books whichshould be read as commentarieson the period. The book of

Job. hov/ever, it is impossible to

place. He seems to have beena shepherd king, perhaps of thetime of Abraham, but he was notof the Hebrew nation. The twobooks of the Chronicles contain

i6 THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

BIB.

a summary of history from the

Creation down to the Restora-

tion underCyrus; parts,however,

may be read with other books.

{For Table, see opposite page.)

From the time of Malachi to

the Birth of John the Baptist, aperiod of about 400 years, there

seems to have been no special

revelation from God. TheApocrypha was composed in that

period by various authors. Al-

though parts of it are appointedto be read as Lessons in Church,yet it is not considered as in-

spired, and consequently it doesnot belong to the Word of God.Our Church, in Art. vi., says

that "the other books (viz., the

Apocrypha) the Church dothread for example of life andinstruction of manners, but yet

it doth not apply them to estab-

lish any doctrine." The Churchof Rome receives the Apocryphaas Canonical.We now pass on to consider

the New Testament. It con-sists of 27 books, written by eight

persons. They were all writtenin Greek, unless perhaps St.

Matthew's Gospel, which somecritics hold was originally writtenin Hebrew. The whole of theNew Testament was written be-fore the end of the first century,and during the lifetime of the

BIB.

Apostle John. The books wereall received from the first as in-

spired, except the Epistle to theHebrews, Epistles of James andJude, 2nd of Peter, 2nd and 3rdof John, and the Book of theRevelation ; but all these werein early times accepted as Can-onical. It is still doubtful whowrote theEpistle to the Hebrews.The Four Gospels are by St,

Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke,and St. John. Of these, thefirst three are called the Synop-tical Gospels, because the}^ give

a general view, and contain abrief account of the chief eventsof our Saviour's life, His miraclesand His parables, from the samestandpoint. St. John chiefly

dwells on our Lord's words anddiscourses. The word "Gospel "

means " good news."

The Book of the Acts of the

Apostles is generally consideredto have been written by St. Luke[c.f. Acts i. I with Luke i. 1-4).

The Epistles were written bythe authors whose names theybear (except perhaps Hebrews).Seven of them are called Catholic,

which means addressed to theChurch generally, or universally,

and not to particular persons orparticular bodies of Christians.

The Book of Revelation, orApocalypse, is by St. John theApostle.

The following is a chronological table of the books of the NewTestament, with their probable dates :

—

BOOKS.

S. IMatt.'s

S. Mark'sS. Luke'sS. John'sThe Acts1 Thess.2 Thess.Galatians1 Corinth.

DATE.

A.D.

60646470C4

5252

52

53

BOOKS,


ah

Ou

To

Gj

c

><

o

co

Td

iS THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

BIB.

BIBLE CHRISTIANS. Some-times called Bryanites. Theyare the followers of a Mr.William O'Bryan, a Wesleyanlocal preacher in Cornwall, who,in 1815, separated from the

Wesleyans, and began himself

to form societies upon the Meth-odist plan. In doctrine they donot appear to differ from the

various bodies of ArminianMethodists. The forms of pub-

lic worship are of the samesimple character. But in the

administration of the Lord'sSupper " it is usual to receive

the elements in a sitting posture,

as it is believed that that practice

is more comformable to the

posture of body in which it

was first received by Christ's

Apostles, than kneeling ; butpersons are at liberty to kneel,

if it be more suitable to their

views and feelings to do so.''

Members of this sect are nearlyall Cornish people.

Ministers. Lay Preachers. Members.173. '1,442. 24,238.

On SiatdayProbation. Chapels. Scholars.

822. 574. 37.361.

BIDDING PRAYER. ThePrayer before the Sermon. Be-fore the Reformation it wascalled the Bidding of the beads.

The people were bid to pray for

certain objects as the preachersuccessively named them. Thecanonical form of the presentprayer is given in the 55th Canon.The ordinary practice of usinga collect is now sanctioned bycustom. An extempore prayer,however, from the preacher is

quite unauthorized. At theUniversity sermons, and also onoccasions of more than usualsolemnity, the Bidding Prayer

BOW.is always used. In Boroughtowns it is appropriately repeat-

ed on the Sunday next after

November 9th, when the Mayoris elected.

BIER. The carriage on whichthe coffin is carried to the grave.

BISHOP, see Orders.

BOUNTY, QUEEN ANNES.Before the Reformation, theAnnates or First-fruits, being the

profits for one year of everyvacant benefice, were paid to thePope. In Henry VIII.'s reign

they were paid to him instead.

Queen Anne, however, insteadof receiving them for her ownuse, established a fund for thebenefit of the poor clergy. Thisfund has since been called QueenAnne's Bounty. Money wasgranted to it also by Parliament,and many generous individualsincreased the sum.

BOWING AT THE NAME OPJESUS. This pious custom is

ordered by the iSth Canon ofour Church, in supposed accord-ance with the idea of theApostle in Phil. ii. 9. In manychurches the custom is nov/observed by bowing at the SacredName in the Creed only ; but theCanon orders " due and lowlyreverence to be done '' wheneverthe " Name of the Lord Jesus is

mentioned in the time of DivineService."

BOWING TOWARDS THEALTAR. This reverent cus-tom is still practised in many ofthe Royal Chapels, and in somechurches and Cathedrals, e.g.,

in Christ Church, Oxford, inmany village churches wherethe custom, once universal, has


BRO.not died out, and it survives in

some College Chapels.The synod of 1640 said, " We

heartily commend it to all goodand well affected people, that

they be ready to tender to the

Lord their reverence and obeis-

ance, both at their coming in

and going out of church, accord-ing to the most ancient customof the primitive Church in the

purest times."

BROAD CHURCH, see ChurchParties.

BURIALS ACT. A Bill passedin Parliament, 18S0. Before thepassing of the Act no deceasedpersons (with certain exceptions,

specified in the Rubric) could beburied in consecrated groundwithout theServiceof theChurchof England being read over their

remains. Now, anyone whowishes to have his relatives orfriends buried in any such groundwithout any religious service, orwith any other Christian andorderly service than that of theChurch of England, can do so.

This service may be conductedby anybody, man, woman, orchild, but 48 hours' notice mustbe given in writing to the incum-bent, who still has all his legal

rights preserved. The BurialsBill deals solely with the church-yard, and confers no rights as tothe lolling of the bell, or to theuse of any church or consecratedchapel.

Under this Act the Clergy areempowered to use the Serviceof the Church for the burial ofthe dead in any unconsecratedburial ground or cemetery.The Bill owes its origin to the

agitation of Dissenters, and thattheir supposed grievances were

CAL.purely sentimental is shown bythe fadl that comparatively fewfunerals are taken under this Adl.

BURLAL SERVICE, THE. Thepresent arrangement ofthisOfiiceis the outcome of several re-visions. In 1549 (ist PrayerBook of Edward VI.) there wasa special Communion Office foruse at funerals. The customobtaining in many places of themourners coming to church onthe Sunday next following thefuneral perhaps has its origin inthe ancient practice of theirreceiving Holy Communion to-gether. The Rubric denyingChristian burial to the unbap-tized, the excommunicate, andto suicides was added in 1661.The first two sentences, or an-thems—John xi. 25, 26, and Jobxix. 25-27, formed part of anancient Office. The third sen-tence, I Tim. vi. 7, and Job i. 21,and the two Psalms, were addedin 1549. The Lesson formerlyformed part of the Mass for theDead. The sentences, or an-thems, to be said at the graveside are from old Offices, so alsowhat follows down to the Col-lects. The prayer, " For asmuch," &c., is called the Com-mittal Pvayer, and the practiceof casting earth upon the coffin

is part of a very old ceremony.The last two prayers were addedin 1552, and the "Grace" in1661. Many of the dissentingsects use this Service. Thewhole Office is of a nature tocheer the heart of the mourner,and to rouse in all a " hopefull of immortality."

CALENDAR, THE CHURCH,is the detailed (excepting, of


CAL.

course, the rubrics) law of the

Church for the daily worship of

God. It also contains a list of

Fasts and Festivals, or HolyDays. Our Church recognises

eighty-two such Holy Days, of

which the following is a classifi-

cation, not including Ash Wed-nesday, Holy Week or Passion

Week, and Easter Eve :

—

In honour of our Blessed Lord( including 50 ordinary

Lord's Days) 57In honour of God the Holy

Ghost 3

In honour of the Holy Trinity i

In honour of the Blessed Virgin

Mary ..- .. ... 2

In honour of the Holy Angels i

In honour of the Apostles andEvangelists... 14

In honour of S. John Baptist

and other Saints 4

82

The object for which HolyDays are instituted, is the com-memoration of some person or

event by devotional observance,

the devotion being, of course,

offered to Almighty God.{JilunVs Household Theology.)

The Calendar contains aTableof Lessons, or portions of HolyScripture, to be read in Church,and rules for finding the date ofthe Moveable Feasts.

The present Table of Lessonscame into use Jan. ist, 1S73.

(For Holy Days, &c., see undertheir respective heads.)

CALL TO THE MINISTRY.Every Candidate for Deacon'sOrders (see Ordinal) has this

question put to him by theBishop,—"Do you trust that

you are inwardly moved by theHoly Ghost to take upon youthis Office and Ministration, to

CAL.

serve God for the promoting of

His glory and the edifying of

His people ?"

In the " Ordering of Priests"

a similar question is put in this

form,—"Do you think in yourheart that you be truly called,

according to the will of our LordJesus Christ, and the order of

this Church of England, to theOrder and Ministry of Priest-

hood ? " And in the " Conse-cration ofBishops " the questionis put thus,--" Are you per-

suaded that you be truly called

to this Ministration, accordingto the will of our Lord JesusChrist, and the order of this

realm ?"

It should be noticed that the

question is not " Are you sure ?"

but {a) "Do you trust?" {b)

" Do you think ?" (r) " Are you

persuaded?" If a man deals

earnestly and truly with his ownheart, he can scarcely be de-

ceived as to whether he answersthese solemn questions truly ornot. He need not ^^ait for

some miraculous intimation fromthe Holy Spirit. By ordinarysigns he may safely judge : pri-

marily, from his own sincere

inward conviction ; and in aninferior degree from the adviceof his parents, or of God'sministers, or of other godlypersons qualified to advise in

such a matter. These are all

ways of learning God's will.

Bishop Oxenden, in his " Pas-toral Office," says to the Candi-date for Holy Orders, " If, after

looking well at your motive, youfind it pure,— if you are enteringtheMinistry in a serious, thought-ful spirit,—if the love of souls,

and an earnest desire to savethem, impels you — if you feel

the work is one in which your


CAL.soul v/il! find delight, and that

you are heartily willing to labourin the service of your HeavenlyMaster,—then I hesitate not to

say that you have chosen for

yourself the best and most de-

lightful of all professions." Thisconsciousness of purity of motiveis a true indication that a can-

didate is called of God.

CALVINISTS. These form noparticular sect, but are to befound among different bodies of

Christians. They are the fol-

lov/ers of the Reformer, JohnCalvin, who was born in 1509.

The five points, or essential doc-trines of Calvinism, are (i)

particular election, (2) particular

redemption, (3) moral inability

in a fallen state, (4) irresistible

grace, and (5) the final perse-

verance of the saints. In otherwords, a Calvinist holds that

before the foundation of theworld God elected a certain num-ber to salvation, and reprobated

the rest of mankind to damna-tion ; that Christ Jesus died onlyfor the ele(5l ; that mankind are

' totally depraved in consequenceof the fall ; that God, in His owngood tim_e, calls all those he hasbefore predestinated to life bythe iyyesistihle power of the HolySpirit to grace and salvation

;

that those once called can neverfinally fall from a state of grace.

It is true that the 17th Art.

is so ambiguous in language that

even such a doctrine as theabove is not reproved by it ; butthe Church of England, in herCommunion Office, says that" Christ, by the one oblation ofHimself once offered, made afull, perfect, and sufficient sac-

rifice, oblation, and satisfaction

for the sins of the whole world,"

CAN.and in the Church Catechism it

is said that " God the Son hathredeemed all mankind." Thesetwo passages alone are enoughto show that the Church of

England is not Calvinistic in

her doctrine. (See Antinomianismand Arminians.)

CANDLES, see Altar Lights.

CANON. A Greek word, meaninga Rule or Measure. The lawsof the Church are called Canons.

The Canons made before theReformation are binding on ourChurch nov;, and are acted uponin the Ecclesiastical Courts,

except where they have beensuperseded by subsequent Can-ons, or by the provisions of anAct of Parliament.

CANON. An ecclesiastic, havmgthe right to a stall in a Cathe-dral, and of giving a vote in

the Chapter. He differs froma Prebendary in that a Preben-dary means one who enjoys aPrebend, or endowment, where-as a Canon does not neces-

sarily do so. In England the

Honorary Canons are all withoutcapitular revenues.

CANON. A name applied to part

of the Rom.an Office of Mass,and it was also m.ade use of in

first Prayer Book of Edward VI.The name is given to the m.ore

solemn part of the Eucharistic

Service, from just after the Pre-

face till the final close.

CANON OF SCRIPTURE, sze

Bible.

CANONICAL HOURS. At avery early date special hours of

prayer were appointed by the


CAN.church. In the Church of Romethe Canonical Hours begin with

vespers, or evening prayer, about

6 o'clock, or sunset ; next fol-

lows compline, a service at bed-

time ; at midnight the service of

noctuvns, or matins, was held;

lauds, an early morning service

of praise, was held at cock-crov/.

Then came the " Little Hours,"prime at 6 o'clock, terce at g,

scxt at noon, and nones at 3.

CANTATE DOMINO. Psalmxcviii , used occasionally at

Evening Prayer in place of the

Magnificat.

CANTICLES. Songs, especially

also the Song of Solomon. Thesacred songs appointed to be sungor said in the Order for Morningand Evening Prayer. These aretheVenite.Te Deum, Benedicite,Benedictus, Jubilate, Magnificat,Cantate, Nunc Dimittis, andDeus Misereatur ; each of whichsee.

CASSOCK, see Vestments.

CATECHISM. From a wordmeaning to instruct by word ofmouth. The insertion of this

elementary exposition of Chris-tian Faith and Practice into thePrayer Book is a feature of theReformation. The Catechism, asdrawn up in 1549, finished withthe explanation of the Lord'sPrayer. The explanation of theSacraments was not added until

1604. Bishop Overall is believedto have written it. The Cate-chism formerly stood in theConfirmation Service, but wasplaced in its present position in

1661. The first rubric at thesnd of the Catechism has for along time been rendered practic-

CER.ally obsolete by the institution

ofSunday Schools and Children'sServices.

CATHEDRAL. The chief churchof every diocese is called the

Cathedral, because in it is thecathedra, or seat, of the Bishop.Every Cathedral has a body of

clergy belonging to it of various

degrees of dignity. (See Dean,

Dean and Chapter.)

CATHOLIC. A Greek word,

j

meaning universal or general.

i The Holy Catholic Church is

the visible Church of Christ

throughout the world, of all ages,

all whose branches have retained

unbroken the Apostolical succes-

sion in the Ministry. Theremay be erring Branches of theTrue Church. Art. xix. declares,

"As the Church of Jerusalem,Alexandria, and Antioch haveerred, so also the Church ofRome hath erred . . .

."

It is improper to speak of theRoman Catholic Church simplyby the name of Catholic ; in

England, members of the Churchof England are Catholics.

CEMETERY. A sleeping place.

The beautiful name given to

places of burial by Christians.

CEREMONY. Ceremonia in its

classical sense was a generalterm for worship. Johnson de-fines a ceremony to be " outwardrite, external form in religion."

Hooker uses the word in this

sense. In a larger sense it maymean a whole office. All shouldread that part of the introductionto our Prayer Book which treats" Of Ceremonies, why some areto be abolished, and some re-

tained" (written in 1549). Seealso Art. xxxiv.


CHA.CHALICE, see Altar Vessels.

CHANCEL. The choir, or upperpart of a church, commonly at

the east end, is called thechancel.It is the freehold of the Incum-bent should he be a Rector.

Where there is a lay impro-priator he has the freehold.

It usually is raised some steps

above the level of the nave,

from which it was formerly sep-

arated by a screen, called the

rood screen, upon which was the

rood, or figure of our BlessedLord on the Cross. The chancelcontains the seats, or stalls, for

the clergy and the choir. Theeast end of the chancel is parti-

tioned off by the altar rails.

The part thus enclosed is called

the sanctuary, and contains the

altar. The sanctuary is usually

raised still higher than thechan-cel by additional steps.

CHANCELLOR. A deputy ofthe Bishop, with a jurisdiction

in all ecclesiastical mattersthroughout the diocese.

The Chancellor of a Cathedralis quite a different personage.He is an ecclesiastic, frequentlya canon, who discharges manyduties in connection with theCathedral of which he is Chan-cellor. He directs the services,

is secretary of the chapter, thelibrarian, the superintendent ofschools connected with theCathedral, &c. These offices,

however, are not always com-bined.

CHANT, see Church Music

CHAPEL. Any consecrated build-ing other than a Parish Churchor Cathedral. The word is

also now applied to the MeetingHouses of the various dissenting

CHE.bodies. Lately, some of thesebodies have taken to calling theirplaces of worship churches.

CHAPLAIN. A person author-ized to officiate in places otherthan the Parish Church, such asthe private chapels of noblemen,and the chapels attached to

Asylums,Workhouses, Hospitals,and the like. A statute of HenryVIII. restricts the number ofchaplains which may be appoint-ed by personages of various ranksas follows :—an Archbishop,eight ; a Duke or Bishop, six

;

Marquis or Earl, five; Viscount,four; Baron, Knight of theGarter, or Lord Chancellor,three ; a Duchess, Marchioness,Countess, Baroness,the Treasureror Comptroller of the King'shousehold, the Clerk of theCloset, the King's Secretary, theDean of the Chapel, Almoner,and Master of the Rolls, eachof them two chaplains. TheQueen has forty-eight chaplains,called Chaplains in Ordinary.

CHAPTER. The governing bodyof a Cathedral or CollegiateChurch, consisting of the Dean,the Canons, Prebendaries, &c.(See Dean and Chapter.)

CHAPTER HOUSE. A buildingattached to a Cathedral, in whichthe Dean and Chapter meet forthe transaction of business.

CHARGE. The address deliveredby a Bishop or Archdeacon at

their respective Visitations ofthe Clerg}-.

CHASIBLE, or CHASUBLE,see Vestment.

CHERUB, see Angel.


CHI.

CHIMERE, see Vestments

CHOIR, or QUIRE. That part

of a church which is called the

chancel, is generally called the

choir in a Cathedral. The wordis also applied to the singing

men and boys, who lead the

musical part of the service. (See

Chinch Music.)

CHORISTER. A member of the

choir, and more properly one of

the boys of the choir.

CHRIST. The Anointed One. TheGreek form of the HebrewMessiah. One of the titles of

our Blessed Lord. Acts x. 38.

(See Trinity, The Holy.)

CHRISTEN, TO. The same as

to Baptize. (See Baptism.)

CHRISTIAN. A title given, in

ridicule possibly in the first

instance, to the believers in

Christ by the people of Antioch.(Acts. xi. 26.)

CHRISTIAN NAME. The namegiven us when we were madeChristians, viz., at our baptism.

CHRISTMAS DAY. Dec. 25th.The day kept as the anniversaryof our Saviour's birth. This is

believed to be the true day andmonth. \V. H. Mill says thatthe objections against it are" for the most part w^eak andgroundless." This high Festivalhas been kept at least sincethe IVth century. There arespecial Psalms and Lessonsappointed, and a " proper pre-face" in the Communion Service.

It is one of those " three times "

* at which all professing membersof the Church are expected to

communicate every year

CHU.CHURCH. THE. Our PrayerBook supplies us with a definition

in Art. xix. The three chief

branches of the Church Catholicare— (i) the Eastern, or GreekChurch

; (2) the Western, or

Roman Church; and (3) theAngli-canChurch,ofwhichtheEpiscopalChurches of England, Scotland,Ireland, America, and the Colo-nies form part. Although, un-happily, there are grave differ-

ences in both faith and ceremonyamong these great branches ofthe Church, yet we can still

profess our belief in " one HolyCatholic and Apostolic Church,"inasmuch as we are all one byunity of faith in Christ, byApostolical foundation, and suc-cession of Orders. It seems well

here to give a brief sketch of

the English, Greek, and RomanChurches.

CHURCH OF ENGLAND.Christianity was introduced into

Britain at the end of the first,

or beginning of the second, cen-tury. Three British Bishopswere present at a Council heldat Aries, in Gaul, in 314. At theinvasion of the heathen Anglo-Saxons the British Church re-

treated into Wales. In 597Gregory the Great, Bishop ofRome, sent Augustine to this

island, who was instrumental in

reviving Christianity in thesouth-east of England. When hecame he found seven Bishop-rics existing, and two Arch-bishoprics, viz., London andYork. Augustine was made thefirst Archbishop of Canterbury

;

this was the first appointmentby Papal authority in England.The northern part of Englandwas evangelized in the earlier

portion of the following century,


CHU.by Irish Missionaries from lona,

under Aidan, Bishop of Lindis-farne ; and his successor, Finan,who lived to see Christianityeverywhere established north ofthe Humber, and died in 662.

"The planting, therefore, of theGospel in the Anglo-Saxon pro-vinces of Britain was the workof two rival Missionary bands(597 to 662) ; in the south, theRoman, aided by their converts,

and some teachers out of Gaul

;

in the north, the Irish, whom theconduct of Augustine and his

party had estranged from their

communion. If we may judgefrom the area of their field ofaction, it is plain that the Irish

were the larger body ; but a hostof conspiring causes graduallyresulted in the spread andascendancy of Roman modes ofthought." (Hardwick.)

In the time of ArchbishopTheodore (668—689) the fusionof the English Christians wascompleted, and the Pope beganto assert (not without opposition)an usurped authority in theEnglish Church {c.f., Hardwick).What are called the " dark

ages " were indeed dark in theChurch, for then it was that shebecame erring in faith, doctrine,

and practice, and almost a cari-

cature of what she once was.This state of things continuedimtil the i6th century, when theReformation took place. Themovement was popular in Eng-land, and nearly all, clergy andpeople, were glad to see thesuperstitions and corruptionsw'hich had crept into the Churchswept away by Archbishop Cran-merand his colleagues. Still,therew^as a party which would take noshare in this movement, but re-

mained faithful to the Pope,—the

CHU.representatives of what was false-

ly called the " old faith." Not-withstanding the differences offaith between these two parties,

they both continued nominallymembers of the Church of Eng-land. It was not until 1569 thatthe Roman Catholic party se-

ceded from the Church of Eng-land, and formed a distinct sect.

It is most important for Church-men to remember that theChurch of England did notsecede from that of Rome, butRomanists seceded from theChurch of England. Just asNaaman the leper remained thesame Naaman after he wascured of his leprosy as he wasbefore, so the Church of Englandremained the same Church ofEngland after the Reformationas she was before, composed ofthe same duly consecratedBishops, of the same duly or-

dained Clergy, and of the samefaithful people. The presentChurch of England is the oldCatholic Church of England,reformed in the i6th century ofcertain superstitious errors, butstill the same Church whichcame dovv^n from our British andSaxon ancestors, and as such it

possesses its original endow-ments, which were never, assome suppose, taken from oneChurch and given to another.And thus,when Roman Catholicsspeak of our grand old Cathedralsand Parish Churches as beingonce their's, they assert what is

not historically true. Thesebuildings always belonged, asthey do now, to the Church ofEngland, which Church hasbeen continuous from Britishtimes to the present. (See E)i-

dowmcnt.)

The Established Church in


CHU.England is governed by 2 Arch-bishops and 31 Bishops. Besidesthese, there are 4 Suffragan

(which see) Bishops (Dover,

Bedford, Nottingham, and Col-

chester). There are also 22

retired Colonial Bishops in

England. Four new Bishopricshave recently been created, andtwo more are in course of form-ation. As assistants to theBishops there are 82 Arch-deacons, and 613 Rural Deans.There about 13,500 benefices in

England,and about 23,000 clergy-

men of every class. The Churchsittings number about 6,200,000.

It is somewhat difficult to

arrive at the number of themembers of the Church of Eng-land, as Nonconformists havealways objected to a religious

census being made. Taking thefollowing official returns, we find

that, out of every 100,

—

Chrchs. Dsntrs.

School returns give 72 28Cemetery ,, ,, 70 30Marriages ,, ,, 75 25Army ,, ,, 63 37

(Of which 37 no fewer than 24are Roman Catholics.)

Navy returns give 75 25Workhouse ,, 79 21

Giving an average of 72 percent, to the Church, and 28 percent, to Dissenters.

The whole population in Eng-land and Wales in 187S was24.854-397-

Church population at 72percent. - - 17,995,159

Nonconformist popula-tion (includingRomanCatholics) - - 6,859,238

With regard to EducationalMatters, we find that

CHU.(Scholars.

In Day Schools con-nected with the

Church, there are 2,092,846Ditto with Wesleyans 173,804Ditto Roman Catholics 223,423In British and Undc-

nominationalSchools 324,144School Board Schools 1,197,927

We also find that on HospitalSunday, 1881, the following con-tributions were made :

—

Church of England - ;;^i74,G62

IMethodists (the various

sects together) - - /g.oia

For Missionary purposes thesums of money collected in 188

1

were :

—

Church of England - ;^4Go,395

Nonconformist Societies

in England - - £3^3''^77

Statistics oftheA nglican Ccmr.uinion

Bibh'ps. Clergij.

England and Wales(including 4 Suffra-

gan, and 4 Assist-

ant, Bishops) - 41 23,000Ireland - - - 12 1,700Scotland - - 7 250British Colonies,

India, &c. - - 75 3.100United States - 69 3,600Retired Bishops - 22

Total (in roundnumbers) 226 30,000

CHURCH, THE GREEK. Thisancient branch of the CatholicChurch is the Church of theEast. The great schism be-tween the Eastern and WesternChurches took place in theeleventh century, though forcenturies before a separation hadbeen imminent. One of the chiefcauses of the separation of theEastern from theWestern Church


CHU.was that the latter holds the doc-

trine that the Holy Ghost pro-

ceeds from the Sonf'///c)^2/f)aswell

as from the Father.eternally ; andinserted the words " filioque

"

(and from the Son) in the NiceneCreed. This the Eastern Churchrejects ; and also she errs in

other details both of faith andpractice. Her orders are without

doubt Apostolical, and efforts

have been made for her unionwith the Anglican Church, but

the "filioque" clause in the

Creed has hitherto hindered this

from being accomplished.

CHURCH OF ROME. This is

properly that branch of the great

Church Catholic over which the

Bishop, or Pope, of Rome pre-

sides. It in. no way belongs to

the object of this work to trace

the history of this Church fromApostolic times, nor yet to notice

how by degrees it claimed andassumed the supremacy overother churches. But since wefind amongst us certain congre-

gations who worship accordingto the Roman use, and who look

up to the Pope of Rome as their

head, it will be well to see howRomanism was introduced into

this land after the Reformation.As has been before noticed (see

Church of England), it was not

until about forty years after the

Papal usurpation had been sup-

pressed in England that those

who still remained Roman at

heart fell away from the ancient

Church of England, and consti-

tuted themselves into a distinct

community or sect. This was in

the year 1570. This schismatic

community was first governedby the Jesuits. In 1623 a Bishop,called the Bishop of Chalcedon,was consecrated, and sent from

CHU.Rome to rule the Roman sect in

England. The Bishop of Chal-

cedon was banished in 1628, andthen the adherents of the Papacyin England were left without anyBishops until the reign of JamesII. This King favoured the

Romanists,and would gladly havere-introduced the Roman Catho-lic religion into the country. Hefilled many vacant Sees with

members of the Church of Rome

;

but all he did in favour of Poperywas more than reversed in the

reign of his successor, WilliamIII., Prince of Orange. In 1S29

a Bill, called the Roman Catholic

Emancipation Bill, was passed,

by which Roman Catholics

were made eligible to sit in Par-

liament, and restored to other

rights of English citizenship

from which they had before beenexcluded. In the present reign

(1S50) Dr. Wiseman, and a few

other Roman Catholic priests,

led the Pope to trench uponthe Royal prerogative by estab-

lishing a Romish Hierarchy in

this country. Cardinal Wise-man was made Archbishop of

Westminster ; and twelve others,

Bishops of territorial Sees. ABill, however, was brought into

Parliament by the Governmentto resist this Papal aggression,

and forbidding the assumption of

English territorial titles. This

Act has been repealed.

We of the Reformed Churchhold that many doctrines andpractices of the Church of Romeare erroneous and unscripiural,

the most important of which are

the following :—The doctrine of

Original Sin, and Justification,

as defined by the Council of

Trent ;Propitiatory Sacrifice

of the Mass ;Transubstanti-

ation ;Communicating in one


CHU.kind only ; the Seven Sacra-

ments; Purgatory; the Worship,Invocation, and Intercession of

the Blessed Virgin, Saints, andAngels ; Veneration of Relics

;

Worship of Images ; Universal

Supremacy of the RomanChurch ; the Immaculate Con-ception of the Blessed Virgin

;

and the Infallibility of the Pope.These two last were not imposedupon the Roman Church as

articles of faith, necessary to bebelieved, until 1S54 and 1S70.

With the exception of the last

two, the above is a summaryof the errors of Rome, drawnup by Dr. Barrow, and quotedby Bishop Harold Browne in

his book on the 39 articles.

In England the Roman Churchhas two Cardinals, one of whom(Cardinal Manning) is also Arch-bishop, 17 Bishops, 2,112 otherClergy. The number of Ro-man Catholic Archbishops andBishops now holding otiice in

the British Empire is 131. I

CHURCH MUSIC. Certain parts|

of our Service are directed to bej

" said or sung," the former possi- '

bly describing the parochial, thelatter the Cathedral, manner ofperforming Divine Service. Theuse of musical instruments in

the singing of praise to God is

very ancient. The first Psalm in

the Bible—viz., that which Mosesand M iriam sang after the passageof the Red Sea—was then accom-panied by timbrels. Afterwards,when the Temple was built,

musical instruments were con-stantly used at public worship.In the 150th Psalm the writerespecially calls upon the peopleto prepare the different kinds ofinstruments wherewith to praisethe Lord. And this has been

CHU.the constant practice of theChurch in all ages. It is notclearly known when organs werefirst brought into use, but wefind that as early as the year 766the Emperor of the East sent

an organ as a present to

Pippin, King of France. It is

certain that the use of them hasbeen very common now for

several hundreds of years.

The custom of dividing thechoir into two parts, stationedon either side of the chancel, in

order that they may say, or sing,

alternate verses, dates from theprimitive Church. Thus Miriamsang. (Ex. xv. 20.) Thus theangels in heaven sing. (Isaiah

vi. 3)The Psalms and Canticles are

generally sung to a chant. Theseare of two kinds

—

Gregorian andAnglican. Gregorian chants arevery ancient ; a collection ofthem was compiled by Gregory,Bishop of Rome, about a.d.

600. They are sung in unison.

Anglican chants, which are ofmuch more recent invention, aresung in harmony. Nearly ail

our Church music is based onthe Gregorian chant. A single

chant is an air consisting of twophrases, corresponding to thetwo parts into which every verseof the Psalms and Canticles is

divided in our Prayer Book by acolon. A double chant consists

of four parts. Sometimes theCanticles are sung to what is

called a Service, which is a mu-sical arrangement similar to theAnthem.

;

Hymn , a metrical song of praise.

Hymns are nowhere formallyauthorised in our Church, withone exception, viz., the VeniCreator in the Ordination Ser-vice. Still, metrical hymns have


CHU.been sung in the Church fromApostolic times, the words of

some of which are extant. The"hymn " sung by our Lord andhis disciples at the Last Supperwas probably the " Hallel,"

Psalms cvii.—cxviii.

Anthem, as the term is usually

understood in England, consists

of passages from Holy Scripture

set to music ; such also are Introits.

Anthems are almost peculiar to

our Church, but have been in

constant use in it since the

Reformation.Other parts of the Service,

such as the Prayers, the Versicles,

the Litany, are frequently read

either on one note (monotoned),

or on one note occasionally

varied at the end by a cadence(intoned). This is objected to

by some as being unnatural ; but

it is not so. A child naturally

intones or monotones if set to read

or recite. And where a congre-

gation have to repeat the samewords together, it is absolutely

necessary that they should do it

on some given note, or the result

would be Babel. Children in

school, of their own accord, say

their lessons together in a mono-tone. The practice of doing so

in the Church dates from the

very earliest times.

CHURCH PARTIES. Therealways have been, and probablyalways will be, in every religious

community different schools of

thought. Truth is many-sided,and while men may agree in

prescribing a certain limit, out-

side which is error, yet withinthe boundary there may be roomfor many different views of

central truths. In the Churchof England the views held bydifterent parties are generally

CHU.reckoned under three heads,—-(i) High Church, a section

of which party are Ritualists;

(2) Loii' Church, or Evangelicals ;

(3) Broad Church. Roughly speak-ing their influence may be thusdescribed : The High Churchparty has deepened the sense of

the Church's corporate life andwork, and added to the rever-

ence, the order, the beauty of

holy worship. The Low Churchparty has done much to awakena spirit of vital personal religion.

The Broad Church party hasdone much to co-ordinate the

truths of religion with the cer-

tain results of science. The-members of this party hold viewsmore or less latitudinarian. Theteaching of these three parties

will best be seen by an enumer-ation of the names most favoured

by each ; thus High Churchmenappeal to Laud, Hammond,Sancroft, Hooker, Andrewes,Cosin, Pearson, Ken, Wilson,Robert Nelson, George Herbert,

John Keble, and Pusey. LowChurchmen delight in Melanch-thon, Zwingli, Cranmer, Hooper,Ridley

,Jewel, Bunyan,Whitfield,

Cowper, Scott, Cecil, John New-ton, Romaine, Venn,\Vilberforce,

Simeon, and Henry Martyn. TheBroad Church School contains

such names as Bacon, Milton,

Hales, Jeremy Taylor, Tillotson,

Locke, Isaac Newton, Coleridge,

Arnold, Maurice, Hare, Robert-

son, Kingsley, Thirlwall, andStanley.

CHURCH RATE. A rate whichthe Churchwardens and Vestry

had the right to levy on rate-

payers for the repairs of the

Church, and for the expenses

connected with Divine Service.

Ina, king of Wessex, drew up a.


CHU.codeofEcclesiasticalLaws.whichwere accepted in a NationalCoun-

cil in A.D. 690. Among these laws

was that—"The Church Scot (or

Rate) for the repair of Churches,

and supply of all things necessary

for Divine Worship, was to be

paid by every house before

Martinmas, according to a valu-

ation made at Christmas." This

right of the Church to levy

compulsory Church Rates wasonly taken from her by an Act

passed in the present reign, in

consequence of the opposition

raised by Dissenters.

•CHURCH WARDENS. TheOflice of Church Warden dates

from very early times in England,but we have no clear account of

its origin. The Church Wardens,of whom there are two in mostParishes, are appointed at ameeting of parishioners held at

Easter. The Incumbent hasthe power of appointing one, the

other is elected by the vote of

the parishioners. The ChurchWardens were originally mereecclesiastical officers ; the State

then added various civil func-

tions to the office, such as levying

rates, &c., but a good deal of

this civil power has now beenwithdrawn. Their business hasbecome in substance that of

assisting in the linances, repairs,

warming, &c. , of the Church. It

is also their duty to complain to

the Bishop or Archdeacon if the

Incumbent be neglectful or irreg-

ular in the conduct of DivineService.

When Church Wardens havebeen chosen, they are admittedto their office by the Archdeacon.The office is of one year's du-ration only. In many larger

parishes they are assisted bySynodmen, or Sidesmen.

cm.A Church Warden should be

a resident rate-payer ; but non-residence is not alwa3's a dis-

qualification. The following are

certainly disqualified to holdoffice,—all aliens born, as well

as aliens naturalized ; all Jews ;

all children under 10 years of age

;

all persons convicted of felony;

all idiots and insane persons.

CHURCH YARD. The grounaadjoining the Church, in whichthe dead are buried. It is thefreehold of the parson, but inas-

much as it was the commonburial place, it was fenced andcared for at the charge of theparishioners, who could be rated

for it. Recent Burial Acts (whichsee) have lately given power to

laymen to conduct funeral ser-

vices even in the consecratedChurchyard. Rates have also

been done away with, and thuswe find the parson burdened withthe charge of a Churchyard in

which any man, woman, or child,

may hold funeral services. TheChurch of England is the onlyreligious body in England whichmay not have a distinct burial

ground for her dead !

CHURCHING OF WOMEN.From the earliest times it hasbeen usual for a woman after

child-birth to come to God'shouse to offer thanks. It wasso among the Jews, althoughwith them the idea of purification

is involved as well as of thanks-giving, as it is in the EasternChurch at the present day. Insome country places there is anidea that a woman can be" CJnircJied" at home, which is

a contradiction in terms.

CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST.A feast dating from before the


CLE.

6th century, when a special

service was already in use for it.

The collect—a translation froman ancient Latin one—sums upwell the teaching of the day.

CLERGY. A general name for

ecclesiastics of all orders (see

Orders), as distinguished fromthe laity. The word is from aGreek one, meaning a portion.

CLERK. The legal designation

of a clergyman is " Clevk in HolyOrders." The Parish Clerk wasformerly a person in HolyOrders,but his office, as defined in ourPrayer Book, is usually dis-

charged by a layman. Theappointment of a Parish Clerkis in the hands of the incumbent,by whom also he may be dis-

missed ; but in some parishes

the office is a freehold. Thealmost universal use of choirs

in churches has nearly doneaway with that strange mode of

public worship which consisted

of a duet between the parson andclerk. The clerk has certain

stated fees for his assistance at

marriages and funerals.

CLOISTER. A covered walkattached to monastic and colleg-

iate buildings and Cathedrals.

COLLATION. The appointmentto a benefice by a Bishop is called

a collatioiy

COLLECT. A short concentratedprayer. The derivation of theword is doubtful. The greaterpart of our Collects are found in

the Sacramentaries of St. Leo(a.d. 420), Gelasius (a.d. 494),and Gregory the Great (a.d.

590.) Fifty-seven out of tie ex-isting eighty-two Prayer Book

COM.Collects are thus translationsfrom the Latin. The later Col-lects may sometimes be dis-tinguished from these ancientones by their lack of terseness,and by their greater use of scrip-tural language.

COLLEGE. A corporation orcommunity. The Colleges ofour Universities are independentsocieties, governed by their ownstatutes and officers. Still, theyare connected in certain wayswith the greater Corporation,called the University (which see.)

COLLEGIATE CHURCHESChurches with a College, or bodyof Canons or Prebendariesattached, such as WestminsterAbbey, and St. George's, Wind-sor. The only others remainingnow are Wolverhampton, Mid-dleham, and Brecon.

COMMANDMENTS, The TEN.The recital of the Decalogue is

peculiar to our English Com-munion Service. It was orderedin 1552, possibly to counteractthe growth of Antinomianism(which see.) While other partsof the Levitical Law relating to

ceremonies and the like are notbinding on Christians, the Com-mandments are so, because theyembody the Moral Law, whichis for all time and all people.

For the sense in which theCommandments are to be under-stood, see the explanation ofthem in the Catechism. Thereason of their being placed in

the Communion Service is to

remind us of the duty of self-

examination before we "presumeto eat of that bread and drink ofthat cup," and to give us astandard whereby we may mea-


COM.sure ourselves. For the alteration

from the seventh day to the first,

see Sunday.

COMMENDATORY PRAYER.One of the four extra prayers

added to the Office for the Visit-

ation of the Sick in 1662. It is

a most beautiful commendationof a "sick person at the point

of departure " to God's gracious

mercy.

COMMINATION. The wordmeans a threat, or denunciation of

vengeance. The Service, so-called

in our Prayer Book, took its

present shape in 1549. It is, as

the first exhortation states, animperfect substituteforthe primi-

tive practice of open penance.Notice that in using this Service

we do not invoke the wrath of

God on sinners,but merelydeclarethat a curse must rest on sin.

The Service is used on Ash-Wednesday, although, if ordered,

it may be used at other times.

The first seven sentences are

from Deut. xxvii. 15-26 ; theeighth is from Jer. xvii. 5 ; theninth is an agglomeration ofsins condemned in Scripture.

The Amen here means not So be

it, but So it is. The exhortationwhich follows is a succession ofquotations from Scripture. TheRubric mentions the " placewhere they are accustomed to

sa}- the Litany," which place is

neither ihe pulpit nor reading pen'

mentioned in the first Rubric in

the Office, but -is a desk placed" in the midst of the church"(Injunctions of 1549). P^ollowingthe Lord's Prayer, Versicles,

and Collects, comes a mostforcible confession couched in

the words of Scripture, but less

comprehensive than those of theMorning and Communion Ser-

COM.vices. The Blessing, added in

1662, is a shortened form of the

old Jewish Blessing (Num. vi.

24-26), but here it is precatory

not declaratory.

COMMITTAL PRAYER. Thatprayer in the Burial Service in

which the minister commits the

body to the ground, "earth to

earth, ashes to ashes, dust to

dust." (See Burial Service.)

COMMON PRAYER, see Liturgy.

COMMUNION, THE HOLY.Variously called the Lord's

Stipper and the Eucharist. ThisService, formerly exclusively

called the Liturgy is the highest

act of Christian worship. Wewill consider it under four heads,

— (i) History; (2) Rubrics

; (3)

Service; (4) Views.

(i) History. The two Sacra-ments—Holy Communion, andHoly Baptism—differ from all

other Christian observances in

that they are the only two ex-

pressly ordained by our Lord.We have four records of theinstitution of the Lord's Supperin the NewTestament, viz., Matt,xxvi. 26-2S ; Mark xiv. 22-24;Luke xxii. 19-20 ; i Cor. xi. 23-25.

In obedience to our Lord's com-mand, " Thisdo in remembranceof Me," we find the Apostlesconstantly celebrated the HolyCommunion ; Acts ii. 46 ; xx.

7 ; &c. This was always ac-

companied by a set form of

prayer, traces of which we mayeven find in the New Testament

—

Acts ii. 42; I Cor. x. 16; i Cor.xiv. 16. Justin IMartyr, whowrote A.D. 140, gives an accountof a Sunday Service. Almsgivingusually, if not always, accom-panied a celebration of theHoly Communion. As the num-


COM.ber of Christians increased,

the various Churches through-

out Europe compiled for their

own use forms of prayer for

the celebration of the HolyEucharist ; the form most usedin England was known by the

name ofthe" Sarum,or Salisbury,

Use." The Communion Service

in our Prayer Book is basedupon, and translated from, this" Sarum Use," with considerable

modifications and adaptations.

The first reformedOffice appearedin 1548 ; the first full English

Office was put forth in 1549

;

the present Office is substantially

that in the second Prayer Bookof Edward VI., 1552. A great

deal of it is from Hermann's"Consultation," a Liturgy drawnup in 1543 by Melanchthon andBucer.

(2) Rubrics. The first, inserted

ini66i,has become virtually obso-

lete. The " Ordinary," men-tioned in the third, is the Bishop,and the " Canon " referred to is

the 109th. For first part of

fourth rubric, see Altar. Forthe latter part of this rubric,

see Eastward Position. Thisrubric was added in 1552.

The rubric before the Com-mandments was inserted in 1552,

but the words "turning to the

people," were added in 1661.

The next was inserted in 1549.In the next rubric, the alternate

form of giving out the Epistle

is for use when the passageselected as the Epistle is not

really from the Epistles, but is

some other " portion of Scrip-

ture;" the "sung or said" refers,

possibly, to the Cathedral andParochial modes of conductingService. (See Church Music.)

Three rubrics follow theNiceneCreed ; in the first, 1662, the

COM.word " Curate," there and else-

where in the Prayer Book, meansthe minister in charge of the

parish, having " cure of souls,"

not the assistant minister gen-

erally so denominated now. Thedirection that notice of HolyCommunion is to be given at this

part of the service is quite

contradictory to the rubric fol-

lowing the Prayer for the ChurchMilitant, which should be altered.

The word " Homily," in the

second of these rubrics, means" a plain sermon." Two booksof Homilies have been put forth,

one in 1547, by Archbp. Cranmerand others, and the second in

1562, by Bishop Jewel. Thereis no authority in this, or anyother rubric, for changing the

surplice for a black gown, neither

is there any direction for a prayer

before the sermon, although aform is given in the 55th Canon.(See Bidding Prayer.)

For the next rubric see Offertory.

The first rubric after the Offer-

tory Sentences was inserted in

1C61 ; in 1552 the alms were to

be put in the poor box, and not

presented. The next rubric

orders the bread and wine to beplaced on the Holy Table, thus

implying the existence of someshelf or table, called the CredenceTable, on which they had beenpreviously placed. This rubric

was omitted from 1552 to 1661,

which perhaps accounts for the

custom existing in some churchesof not placing the elements onthe altar till the time of conse-

cration. The rubrics before the

two exhortations giving notice of

Holy Communion, were inserted

in 1661, but now they have

fallen into disuse. The next

rubric, inserted in 1552, refers

to the custom, almost obsolete

C


COM.now, of intending communicantstaking places in the chancel for

the rest of the service.

The rubric before the Con-fession is ambiguous in language,

and may mean that the Con-fession is to be said by the

minister alone. The next rubric,

directing the Bishop, if present,

to pronounce the Absolution, is

from the Scottish Office, andwas introduced here in 1661.

For the rubric before the Conse-cration prayer, see Eastivard

Position. The " fair linen cloth,"

ordered to be thrown over whatremains of the consecrated ele-

ments, is by some thought to

represent the linen clothes in

which the Saviour's body waswrapped when placed in the

tomb.

Of the nine rubrics at the close

of the service, the second, third,

and fourth are directed against

the practice obtaining in the

Roman Catholic Church of sol-

itary masses. The fifth is stated

byArchbishop Parker and BishopCosin not to forbid the use

of wafer-bread, but merely to

legalize the use of ordinarybread. The rubric in the Scottish

Liturgy expresses this moreclearly,—"Though it be lawful

to have wafer-bread, it shall

suffice that the bread be such as

is usual." The sixth rubric

exhibits the Church's careful

and reverent treatment of theremains of the consecrated ele-

ments ; but its main office wasto forbid the reservation of the

Blessed Sacrament for the useof invalids and others. This wasallowed in the primitive Church,and is now by the Scottish Epis-copal Church ; but the supersti-

tions which grew up around the

custom seemed to make the

COM.present rule necessary. Thenext rubric has been requiredsince ofierings in kind were dis-

continued.In the next rubric the Lateran

Council (12 1 5) enjoined one com-munion yearly .atEaster-tideonly;

but the present rule is more in ac-

cordance with the custom of theancient Church, and encourageslay communions.The last rubric only provides

for the distribution of alms whenthere is an offertory, i. e. thereading of the offertory sentences.Other collections are in the handsof the incumbent only. TheOrdinary is the Bishop.

The " declaration " is a pro-test against certain low and grossnotions of a carnal presence, astaught in the Roman Church.The "kneeling'' here, and the"meekly kneeling" in the rubricafter the Consecration Prayer,exclude prostration, which is notkneeling.

(3) The Service. As was said

in the paragraph on the History

of the Communion Service, it is

chiefly taken from the " SarumUse." When there is no cele-

bration, the Service concludeswith a Collect and the Benedic-tion, said immediately after thePrayer for the Church Militant;

and this is called the Ante-Communion Ofiice. The Lord'sPrayer is said by the Priest alone,

notwithstanding the generalrubric to the contrary ; that,

and the Collect following, beingtaken from an Office which wasrepeated by the Priest alone,

in preparation for Mass. TheDecalogue was inserted in 1552(see Commandments.) In the Col-lects following, the MediasvalOffices coupled the Pope, King,

and Bishop of Diocese together.


COM.

It is an ancient custom to sit

during the reading of the Epistle,

and to stand during the readingof the Gospel, out of reverencefor the repetition of the words oracts of Christ. The Doxology" Glory be to Thee, O Lord "

has, from a very early period,

followed the announcement of

the Gospel; but the "Thanksbe to Thee, O Lord," after-

wards, is a comparatively late

custom. For the Nicene Creed,see Creed. In the Prayer Book of

1662, the Banns of Marriage wereordered to be published after theNiceneCreed. For the Sermon see

Sir\.\c\e Sermon. The sentences fol-

lowing are called the " OffertorySentences ; '

' formerly a verse wassung before the oblation of theelements. The next prayer,

called the Frayer for the ChurchMilitant, has, in some form or

other, formed part of everyknown Liturgy. It is dividedinto three main parts— (i) TheOblation

; (2) Commemorationof the living

; (3) Commemora-tion of the faithful departed.The oblation is twofold, firstly

of the alms which have beencollected, and, secondly, of theelements, the bread and wine for

Holy Communion. The Ex-hortations, here and elsewhere in

the Prayer Book, are sixteenth

century compositions. The first

is from Hermann's " Consulta-tion " (which see) ; the close of

this exhortation is important as

shewing that in certain cases theReformers allowed auricular con-fession. The parts of this Servicefollowing the Exhortations arerespectively called the Invita-

tion, Confession, Absolution, andthe " Comfortable Words," andare very characteristic of theAnglican Liturgy. After the

COM." Comfortable Words " beginsthe most solemn part of theOffice,anciently called the Canon.The versicles, called, after theLatin for the first, the " SarsumCorda, ' 'are found in all Liturgies

;

and the " Holy, Holy, Holy,"—the Ter-sanctus,—is probablyfrom Apostolic times. The" Proper Prefaces " are five outof the ten found in English andRoman Missals ; the first is anold form, re-modelled in 1549

;

the second remains as it was in

494 ; the third dates from 590

;

the fourth seems to be a newcomposition in 1549 ; the fifth,

like the second, dates from 494.Next follows a very beautifulprayer, called the " Prayer ofHumble Access," which is pecu-liar to the Anglican Liturgy.After this comes the " Prayerof Consecration. '

' The recital ofthe words and actions used by ourblessed Lord at the Institutionof this Holy Feast has alwaysformed an essential feature inevery Liturgy. The form ofwords to be used at the Recep-tion has varied. Originally, thewords used were, " The Body ofChrist," "The Blood of Christ."Of the form in use now, thefirst clause only was ordered in

1549, the second on^y in 1552,and both were combined in 1559.The Lord's Prayer, following,

formerly was part of the Conse-cration Prayer ; and the nextprayer, called the " Oblation,was the conclusion of the Con-secration Prayer in 1549. Afterthe alternate prayer, composedin 1549, comes the ancient hymnknown as the " Gloria in Ex-celsis," or " Angelic Hymn," orthe " Great Doxology." It is ofEastern origin, and in the timeof Athanasius was said, together

3^5 THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

COM.v.ith certain Psalms, at dawn.The "Benediction" is a Scrip-

tural composition of the Reform-ed Church, the latter part being

from Hermann's Consultation.

Of the collects concluding the

service, the first, second, andfourth are from ancient Offices,

the others being composed in

1549.

(4) Views, or Doctrine. In

nothing does the belief of menso differ as in this matter of

Holy Communion. There may-

be said to be three views existing

among members of the Churchof England relative to that

which all allow to be the great-

est ordinance of religion. Thisdifference of belief in this matteris the real foundation of partyspirit in the Church.

(a) The Syinbolic : viz., that con-secration simply implies a setting

apart for a holy use of certain

elementsby a Minister authorisedto do so ; that the Bread andWine thus set apart are symbols

of Christ's Body, which wasbroken, and of His blood, whichwas shed ; and that the partici-

pation of them is, on the onehand, a sign of the fellowship oflove binding all true heartstogether; and, on the other, asign of the nourishment andgrowth of the soul, as fed byChrist Himself. This is thedoctrine of Zuinglius, the SwissReformer. It is adverse to thedoctrine of the whole primitiveChurch, which, says Bishop H.Browne, " unquestionably be-lieved in a presence of Christ in

the Eucharist." (Art. xxviii.

Sec. I.)

[b) The Receptionist; viz., thatafter consecration the elementsbecome in such a sense changed

COM.that they become the channelsthrough which the Body andBlood of Christ are subsequentlyconveyed to those who receive

them with certain dispositions

of mind. The Presence of Christ

in the elements is potential, notactual ; that is, the elementshave the power of conveying the

Presence of Christ to only aproperly qualified receiver.

[c) The Objective; viz., that

after the consecration the ele-

ments receive not potentially,

but actually, the Present Bodyand Blood of Christ, and that

therefore, the Presence doesnot depend, as in the viewabove, upon faithful participa-

tion, but upon the act of con-secration.

More briefly, the Holy Com-munion is considered as (i) amemorial feast of love

; (2) theactual Presence of Christ in theheart of the faithful recipient

;

this might also be called the

Subjective view of the RealPresence ; and (3) the RealPresence of Christ in the conse-crated elements themselves, orthe Objective view.

There is also the Sacrificial viewof the Eucharist, which is held,

in a greater or less degree, byall schools of thought. Sadler,

in " Church Doctrine,—BibleTruth," thus states what he be-lieves to be the Church of Eng-land view—"The Eucharist is

the solemn ecclesiastical memo-rial of the Sacrifice of the Deathof Christ. It is the Saviour'sown ordained means of showingforth before God, men, andangels. His love in His Death.Just as the Old Law sacrifices

were anticipatory showings forth

of the One Atoning Death whichwas to be, so this Communion


COM.

is a memorial, or commemora-tive showing forth, of the OneAtoning Death which has been."

COMMUNION OF THE SICK.This Office differs from the ordi-

nary Communion Service in its

introduction, a special Collect,

Epistle, and Gospel being ap-

pointed. After this is concluded,the Priest continues with the

ordinary Office, beginning " Yethat do truly," &c. Up to 1552it was allow^ed to carry the con-secrated elements from the

church to the sick person ; andeven later than this we find

the rubric allowing of reserva-

tion inserted at large in QueenElizabeth's Latin Prayer Book.This Prayer Book was drawn upfor the use of the Universities

and the Colleges of Winchesterand Eton. The third rubric

in the Service is for the pre-

vention of infection. The di-

rection in the fourth rubric

with regard to what is called•' Spiritual Communion " is fromthe ancient Office of ExtremeUnction. The last rubric doesnot allow mere infection to be asufficient excuse for a clergy-

man's not giving Holy Commu-nion.

COMMUNION OF SAINTS.An article of our Faith. Thefaithful have (i) an external

fellowship, or communion, in

the Word and Sacraments; (2)

an intimate union as the living

members of Christ. Nor is

this communion, or fellowship,

broken by the death of any, for

in Christ all are knit together in

one uninterrupted bond.

COMTISM, or POSITIVISM.A philosophy taught by one

CON.

Auguste Comte, a Frenchman,who was born in 179S, and died

1857. He denisd the Deity, andintroduced the worship of Hu-manity. In his religion, whichmust not be confounded withhis philosophy, there are manyfestivals, a calendar of saints,

nine sacraments, and a carica-

ture of the Holy Trinity. Hisphilosophical system is based onaltruism, a word meaning muchthe same as the Biblical com-mand, "Thou shalt love thyneighbour as thyself." Thisphilosophy has many adherents.

CONCEPTION, THE IMMAC-ULATE, OF THE BLESSEDVIRGIN MARY. A doctrina

of the Roman Church, invented

about the middle of the ninthcentury. It teaches that theBlessed Virgin herself was con-ceived and born without sin.

Although this dates from so far

back, yet it was not imposed bythe Church of Rome upon hermembers as a definite article

of faith until the year a.d.

1854.

CONFESSION. The verbal ad-

mission of sin. The Prayer

Book provides three forms of

public confession—one in Morn-ing Prayer, one in the Commu-nion Service, and one in the

Commination Service. Besides

this the Church of Englandallows private confession to apriest in exceptional cases, as in

the latter part of the first ex-

hortation in the CommunionService, and in the rubric imme-diately preceding the Absolution

in the Office for the Visitation

of the Sick. Private, or Auricular,

Confession forms a prominent


CON.

feature in the Church of Rome,and it is that which gives to

the Roman Priest his great

authority over his flock. Thepractice is, to some extent,

founded upon S. James v. i6,

which, however, is not neces-

sarilvtobe understood as speak-

ing of confession to a priest.

CONFIRMATION, BITE OF.The practice of confirming those

who have been baptized is spokenof in Acts viii. 12-17; xix. 4-6.

In the early Church it was ad-

ministered by Bishops alone, andfollowed as immediately as

possible after Baptism. Suchis the custom of the GreekChurch at the present day, butthere the Office is not restricted

to Bishops, as in the WesternChurch, confirmation being ad-ministered with chrism, anunguent consecrated by a Bi-shop. In the Western Churchthe Rite became gradually dis-

sociated from Baptism, althoughit has never lost its primarysignification as a confirming, orstrengthening, by the HolyGhost of those who have beenbaptized. It is now adminis-tered, as the rubric directs, to

those who have arrived at "yearsof discretion," that is to say,

to those who are old enough tounderstand the leading doctrinesof the Christian Faith. The ageat which Bishopsof the AnglicanChurch will confirm childrenvaries a little in the different

dioceses, but 13 or 14 is thegeneral age. The Rite of Con-firmation forms one of the sevenSacraments of the Churchesof Greece and Rome.The Preface to the Service, in-

serted in 1661, is, in substance,the rubric of 1549. The Vow,

CON.

at all times implied, was notexplicitly inserted until 1661.

The Versicles and Prayer arefrom ancient Offices. The formof words accompanymg the Im-position of Hands dates from1552. The Lord's Prayer wasinserted in 1661, and the Collect

following was composed in 1549.The second Collect is from theCommunion Office. The con-cluding rubric, although makingit a point of Chuixh order that

people should be confirmedbefore coming to Holy Commu-nion, allows that in certain casesthe privilege conferred by theRite may be anticipated.

CONFIRMATION of a BISHOP.When a Bishop dies, or is

translated, the sovereign grantsa license, called a conge cVclire,

to the Dean and Chapter of thevacant see to elect the person,

whom by his letters missive hehas appointed. The Dean andChapter, having made their elec-

tion, certify it to the sovereign,

and to the Archbishop of theprovince, and to the Bishopelected ; then the sovereign gives

his royal assent under the great

seal, directed to the Archbishop,commanding him to confirm andconsecrate the Bishop thus e-

lected. The Archbishop sub-scribes this "fiat confirmatio."

After this, a long and formalprocess is gone through, and at

length the Bishop elect takes theoaths of office, and the election

is ratified and decreed to begood. The matter is in no wayof a spiritual nature.

CONGREGATION. In an ordin-ary sense, an assemblage ofpeople for public worship. Inthe Bible our translators con-


CON.

sider Congregation

convertible terms.

22 ; Heb. ii. 12.

and ChurchPsalm xxii.

CONaREGATIONALISTS. Thenewer name of the Independents.

(which see.)

CONGRUITY. A term used in

the 13th Art. The "School-authors" mentioned are the

theologians of the middle ages

as compared with the "Fathers "

of the early times. BishopHarold Browne says, "Theschool-authors thought that somedegree of goodness was attri-

butable to unassisted efforts

on the part of man towards theattainment of holiness: and,

though they did not hold, that

such efforts did, of their ownmerit, deserve grace, yet theytaught that in some degree theywere such as to call down the

grace of God upon them, it beingnot indeed obligatory on the

justice of God to reward suchefforts by giving His grace, butit being agreeable to His natureand goodness to bestow graceon those who make such efforts."

(Art. X.)

These endeavours on the part of

man to attain to godliness wereby the schoolmen said to deservegrace de congnio, of congruity.

CONSANGUINITY, see Kindred.

CONSECRATION of BISHOPS,see Ordinal.

CONSECRATION of CHURCH-ES, CHURCH YARDS, andCEMETERIES. A Christian

custom dating, at latest, from the

4th century. Nor does the lawof England recognise any place

as a church until it has been

CON.

consecrated by a Bishop. Nothingmore, however, is implied, thanthat the building or place con-

secrated is set apart for holy

uses.

CONSECRATION of ELE-MENTS, tee Commanion, Holy.

CONSUBSTANTIATION- A doc-trine of the Lutheran Churchwith regard to the Real Presencein Holy Communion. " It differs

from Transubstantiation, in that

it does not imply a change in thesubstance of the elements. Thosewho hold this doctrine, teachthat the bread remains bread,

and the wine remains wine ; butthat with, and by means of

the consecrated elements, thetrue, natural Body and Blood of

Christ are communicated to the

recipients. "(Bp. Harold Browne.)

CONSULTATION, HER-MANN'S. A book frequentlyreferred to in the articles on thedifferent parts of the PrayerBook. Hermann was Archbishopof Cologne at the time of theReformation, and adopted Pro-testantism. He employed Mel-anchthon and Bucer, two cele-

brated Reformers, to draw up abook of formularies, doctrine,

and the like, which was called

the Consultation. Much of ourPrayer Book is derived from it.

CONTRITION, see Repentance.

CONVERSION. Literally, turn-

ing round. By this is gene-rally meant a sudden andsensible action of the BlessedSpirit upon a newly-awakenedsinner. A certain party in theChurch, and nearly all dissenting

bodies, declare the absolute


CON.necessity of conversion before a

person can be saved. This view

is based upon a mistaken inter-

pretation of our Lord's inter-

course with Nicodemus, S. Johniii., and confuses conversion with

regeneration (which see). To the

heathen, and inhdel, conversion—a change of heart and life—is

absolutely and always necessary

to salvation ; but the baptizedChristian may, by God's grace,

so continue in that state of sal-

vation (see Church Catechism) in

which he was placed in baptism,that conversion, in the above sense,

is not necessary to him ; butinasmuch as all fall into sin dayby day, he will need renewal, or

renovation— the quiet and con-tinuous work of the Holy Spirit

upon his heart. There is not asingle reference to sudden con-version in any of the formularies

of the Church of England.

CONVOCATION. An assemblyof Bishops and Clergy to consulton matters ecclesiastical. EachProvince (Canterbury and York)has its own convocation, con-sisting of two Houses—an Upper,in which the Bishops of theProvince sit, and a Lower, in

which the Deans, Archdeacons,and chosen members of theclergy sit. These chosen clergyare called proctors, and areelected by the votes of thebeneficed clergy. It was, andis, the custom of convocationto sit at the same time asparliament ; but in the sixteenthcentury a great deal of thepower and authority of convo-cation was lost, and it becameno longer able to legislate for theChurch without the consent ofparliament.

COPE, nee Vestment.

COV.CORONATION. The solemn re-

ligious rite by which a sovereignprince is consecrated to his highoffice. The Coronation Ser-

vice is substantially the sameas that used in the times of

the Heptarchy, and is very valu-

able as recording certain highreligious and political principles

prevailing in those early times,

and still to be cherished.

CORPORAL, see Altar Linen.

COUNCILS. GENERAL orOECUMENICAL COUNCILS,or SYNODS. Assemblies ofBishops from all parts of theworld, to determine some weightymatter of faith or discipline.

Of such Councils there have beensix received by the whole CatholicChurch, but the Roman Churchacknowledges several others. Ofthese six Councils the first fourare the most important :— (i)

Council of Nice, a.d. 325, sum-moned by the Emperor Constan-tine, against the Arian heresy. (2)

Council of Constantinople, a.d.

381, summoned by the EmperorTheodosius, against the heresyof Macedonius. (3) Council of

Ephesus, A.D. 431, summoned bythe Emperor Theodosius theyounger, against the Nestorianheresy. (4) CouncilofChalcedon,A.D. 451, summoned by the Em-peror Marcianus, against theheresy of the Eutychians. Theother two generally receivedCouncils are the Second andThird Councils of Constanti-nople. (See CEciimenical.)

I3esides these General Councils,

there are National, Provincial,

and Diocesan Councils,

COVENANT. A mutual agree-ment between two or more par-ties. In the Bible, God is spo-


CRE.

ken of as entering into covenantwith man, as in Gen. xv. 8-18

;

xxviii. 20-22; and elsewhere. In anhistorical sense it denotes a con-

tract or convention agreed to bythe Scots in 1630 for maintaining

the Presbyterian religion free

from innovation. This was called

the National Covenant. The" Solemn League and Covenant,"a modification of the above,

guaranteed the preservation of

the Scottish Reformed Church,and was adopted by Parliamentin 1643.

CREDENCE TABLE. A table

or shelf near the altar, on whichthe bread and wine to be used in

Holy Communion are placed pre-

viously to consecration. Theword seems to be derived fromthe Italian cyedenzare, a buffet, or

sideboard, at which meats weretasted in early times before

being presented to the guests, as

a precaution against poison. It is

used for the more convenientobservance of the rubric follow-

ing the offertory sentences, "Andwhen there is a Communion, the

priest shall then place upon the

Table so much bread and wineas he shall think sufficient."

CREED. There are three Creedsrecognised in theCatholicChurch—the Apostles' Creed, the Niccne

Creed, and the Athanasian Creed.

The name Creed is derived fromthe Latin Credo, " I believe."

The Apostles^ Creed, rehearsedin the Morning and EveningService of our Church, is the

most ancient of all creeds, andcan be traced back, with fewvariations, almost to Apostolictimes ; some indeed allege that

it, in its earliest form, is referred

to in Rom. vi. 17, and 2 Tim. i.

CRE.

13. It is in no way controversial,

but is a simple and plain state-

ment of the fundamental truths

of Christianity, and being such,

a profession of faith in it is de-

manded of all candidates for

Baptism.The Nicene Creed, which has

a place in the CommunionService, is so called from its

being drawn up at the Councilof Nicaea (a.d. 325). A moredistinct enunciation of belief

was made necessary by the

growth of the Arian and other

heresies which denied the God-head of our Lord Jesus Christ.

The latter portion, from " I be-

lieve in the Holy Ghost," wasadded later, viz., at the Councilof Constantinople, a.d. 381.

Other heresies led to the intro-

duction of the "filioqite^^ clause

—

" "Who proceedeth from the

Father mid the Son^''—at a still

later date. This is one cause of

the great schism between the

Eastern and Western Churches.The Athanasian Creed, recited

on certain Festivals instead of

the Apostles' Creed, is not so

ancient as the other two, nordoes it rest on the same authority.

It is not known for certain bywhom it was composed, but at

any rate it was not by Athanasius.

It has been regularly used in the

Western Church since the year

800, and is regarded as a mostvaluable exposition of Scriptural

Truth. So much objection

is taken to the " damnatoryclauses," as they are called, that

it may be well to quote the decla-

ration of the Convocation of

Canterbury (1S79) :

—"For the

removal of doubts, and to pre-

vent disquietude in the use of

the Creed, commonly called the

Creed of St. Athanasius, it


CRO.

is hereby solemnly declared

—

" (i.) That the Confession of

our Christian Faith, commonlycalled the Creed of St. Athana-sius, doth not make any addition

to the faith as contained in HolyScripture, but \varneth against

errors, which from tim.e to timehave arisen in the Church of

Christ.

" (ii.) That as Holy Scripturein divers places doth promiselife to them that believe, anddeclares the condemnation of

them that believe not, so doththe Church in this Confessiondeclare the necessity for all whowould be in a state of Salvation,

of holding fast the CatholicFaith, and the great peril of re-

jecting the same. Whereforethe warnings in this Confessionof Faith are not to be understoodotherwise than like warnings ofHoly Scripture ; for w^e mustreceive God's threatenings, evenas His promises, in such wise asthey are generally set forth in

HolyWrit ]\Ioreover,the Churchdoth not herein pronounce judg-ment on any particular personor persons, God alone being theJudge of all."

CROSIER. In Skeat's Etymo-logical Dictionary Crosiev is de-rived from Croo/; ; thus a pastoralstaff terminating in a crook.The use of a pastoral staff is

ordered in the Prayer Book ofthe second year of Edward VI.The pastoral staff of an Arch-bishop is distinguished from thepastoral staff of a Bishop byterminating in a cross insteadof in a crook.

CROSS. The instrument of deathto our Blessed Lord, and as

CUR.

such it has been considered in

all ages by the Church as themost appropriate emblem, orsymbol, of our Christian profes-

sion. The sign of the cross wasformerly used in nearly everypart of the Church Service, butowing to the superstitious useof it by Roman Catholics it is

retained in our Church in thebaptismal office only.

CRUCIFIX. A cross upon \vhich

is a representation of our Lord'sbody. It is used by the Roman-ists, and the Lutheran Protest-

ants, as an aid to devotion. Inthe Church of England we some-times find it in reredoses andstained glass.

CRYPT. The subterranean vault

under any portion of a Church.Possibly used as an additionalplace of worship; and, also,

sometimes of burial, and of con-cealment.

CUP, see Altar Vessels.

CURATE. Properly the personwho has the cure, or care, of souls

inaparish. In thisway the word,is used in the Prayer Book. Butthe word, in common parlance,

is used to denote the assistant

clergyman in a parish. He is

licensed by the Bishop of the

diocese, and can be removedonly by consent of the Bishopafter six months' notice. Hecan, however, resign, after giving

the Incumbent three months'notice. For particulars withregard to ordination see Orders.

CURE. The spiritual charge of aparish, or, in another sense, theparish itself.


DALDAILY PRAYERS. Every

Priest and Deacon is bound to

say publicly in Church, if acongregation of two or three

can be obtained; or privately,

unless hindered by some goodcause, the Office for Morning andEvening Prayer. This is direct-

ed in the preface of the Book of

Common Prayer.

DALMATIC, see Vestments.

DAMNATORY CLAUSES, see

Creed.

DEACON, see Orders.

DEAD, see Burial Service.

DEADLY SIN, see Sin.

DEAN. An ecclesiastic next in

degree to a Bishop. He is the

head of a corporate body called

a Chapter, attached to a Cathe-dral, and has the direction of

the Cathedral services Deansof Peculiars have no Chapters.

The Dean of a College at Oxfordor Cambridge is the officer ap-pointed to maintain discipline."

The Dean of Faculty presides

over meetings of the particular

faculty of which he is Dean. It

is an office in most ancient, andsome modern universities.

DEAN, RURAL, see Rural Dean.

DEAN AND CHAPTER Thegoverning body of a Cathedral.

DECALOGUE, see Command-ments.

DECORATION of CHURCHES.It is right and fitting that

churches should be made as

DEG.beautiful as possible for the

worship of Almighty God, for

so God Himself directed the

Tabernacle to be made. Thecustom of especially decorating

them with evergreens, flowers,

&c., at the chief festivals of the

Church is a very ancient one.

DEGREES. A rank or grade con-

ferred by a university on her

members. After three years' resi-

dence at Oxford or Cambridge,and after the passing of certain ex-

aminations, a degree is conferred

on the student in accordancewith the subjects in which hehas passed. If, as is the general

rule, he has studied and passed

in Arts,—Classics, Mathematics,

and the like—the student is madea B.A., or Bachelor in Arts,

and in about three years—not

necessarily of residence— he is

able to proceed to the higher

degree ofM. A., or Master in Arts,

without further examination.

Other degrees are in the faculties

of Divinity, Laws, Medicine, andMusic ; for the last it is not

necessary to reside. The highest

degree conferred by a university

in any faculty is that of Doctor.

A Bachelor of Oxford wears a

small black hood trimmed with

white fur; a Bachelor of Cam-bridge has a larger hood lined

with white fur. An Oxford

Master wears a hood of black

silk lined with red silk, but the

Cambridge Master's hood is

of black silk lined with n'hite

silk. The difference in shape

can easily be seen by comparison.

A Dublin Master's hood is lined

with blue silk. Other universities

have other colours; and many

* TheDean of Christ Church, Oxford, is the Head both of the Cathedral, and the

Colk^e.


DELtheological colleges, which haveno power to confer degrees, havearrogated to themselves hoodswith various linings, which bear

a close resemblance to some of

the hoods worn by graduates.

DEISTS. A Deist acknowledgestheexistenceof aGod,but deniesthe existence and necessity of

any revelation.

DENOMINATIONS. Thereappear to be about iSo Denomi-nations having Places of INIeeting

forKeligiousWorshipin Englandand Wales. Among these thereare

—

8 " Armies," besides the Sal-vation Army.

9 Baptist Sects.

20 Methodist Sects.

DESK. The name usually givento the "reading-pew," mentionedin the rubric before the Com-mination Service, where morningand evening prayers are said orsung. In 1549 it was directedthat the Service should be said" in the Quire" and " with a loudvoice." This was done by thePriest near to, and facing, theAltar. In 1552 the Service wasdirected to be said from such aplace as the people could besthear. This direction caused agreat commotion, one party re-taining their old position in theChancel, the other performingall services in the body of theChurch. In 1559 the rubricbefore the Order for MorningPrayer was brought into its pre-sent shape, and the "accustomedPlace" would undoubtedly bethe Chancel, but still the discre-tion left with the "Ordinary"sanctioned the use of the un-sightly "reading-pew" or desk,

DIS.

which is occasionally found out-

side the Chancel and in the bodyof the Church.

DEUS MISEREATUR. PsalmIxvii., inserted in the EveningService for occasional use insteadof the Nunc Dimittis in 1552.

DIGNITARY. One who holdscathedral or other preferment to

which jurisdiction is annexed." One who holds an ecclesiastical

rank above a priest or canon."(Chambers' Etymological Dic-tionary.)

DIMISSORY LETTERS. Whena Candidate for Holy Orders is

ordained by some Bishop otherthan the one in whose diocesehe is going to work, it is becausethe ordainingBishop has receivedleave, or Letters Dimissory, fromthe candidate's rightfulDiocesan.

DIOCESE. The extent of aBishop's rule. England at pre-

sent is divided into 32 dioceses

;

23 being in the Province of Can-terbury, and 9 in the Province of

York. It is to be very earnestly

wished that these dioceses maybe sub-divided, and the numberof Bishops increased, that theChurch may be more able to

cope with the enormously in-

creased population.

DISSENTERS. A civil, not a re-

ligious term, and denotes thosewho have diverged from thecivilly established religion of acountry. Episcopalians are Dis-senters in Scotland, Christiansare Dissenters in Turkey. InEngland all are Dissenters whodonot belong to the Church of Eng-land,whethertheyare Protestantsor Papists. For further particu-lars see undertheirvarious names.


DON.

DONATIVE. A form of con-ferring an ecclesiastical benefice

on any clerk, by which he is

exempt from presentation, induc-tion, or institution ; the patronacting virtually as a Bishop.This is said to be the usual

manner in which benefices wereanciently conferred.

DOXOLOGY. An ascription of

praise to God. The most familiar

doxologies in use in our Churchare the "Gloria Patri," the" Gloria in Excelsis," and thewell-known verse, " Praise Godfrom whom all blessings flow,"

&c. Many of our prayers, es-

pecially those of thanksgiving,

conclude with a doxology.

EAST, TURNING TO THE. Thisis now generally done at theCreeds. It is a survival of a gen-eral custom of worship towardsthe East—as the region of light,

symbolical of the rising of the"Sun of Righteousness

''—which

is at least as old as the time of

Tertullian, who lived in thesecond century.

EASTWARD POSITION. A termdescriptive of the position usedby a Priest who adopts the cus-tom of celebrating Holy Commu-nion facing the East, with his

oack to the people. There is avery great difficulty in ascer-

taining what the rubrics withrelation to the Priest's positionreally mean, because the Altaritself occupied various positionsat the time the rules wereframed.

(i.) Positioyi of Altar. "TheTable .... shall stand in theBody of the Church, or in the

EAS,

Chancel," is the rubric of 1552," The Holy Table shall be set

in the place where the Altarstood . . . saving when theCommunion of the Sacrament is

to be distributed, at which timethe same shall be so placed in

good sort (conveniently) withinthe Chancel," is the direction in

the Injunctions of 1559.By degrees, however, the cus-

tom of moving the Holy Tableat the time of Communion, andplacing it length-ways in theChurch ceased, and it wasallowed to remain at all timesplaced " Altar-wise " at the EastEnd of the Church.

(2.) Position of the Priest. In therubric of 1549 the direction wasfor him " to stand humbly afore

themidst of the Altar," of coursewith his back to the people. In1552 the present rubi.c, directing

the "North-side," was intro-

duced, but owing to the Altar's

standing East and West theu,

the position of the Priest re-

mained virtually the same asbefore. But when, throughLaud's influence, the Holy Tablewas removed back to its original

position, the question was whe-ther the Priest was still to obeythe letter of the rubric and standat the " North-side," or ratherwhat was now the " North end,"or whether he too was to retain

his old relative and original posi-

tion. The matter has beenfurther complicated by the in-

sertion of the rubric before theConsecration Prayer in 1662,

which seems to favour the East-ward position in directing thePriest to "stand before the

Table," while, on the other hand,that very position renders it

difficult to "break the Bread

a6 THE CHURCI-I HANDY DICTIONARY.

EAS.before the people," unless, as

some maintain, the " before"

does not mean " in the sight of,"

but " in front of."

EASTER. The great festival of

the Church's Year, and kept in

commemoration of our Saviour'sglorious Resurrection. It hasalways been observed by the

Church, but in early ages therewere bitter disputes as to theseason when it was to be kept.

Some wished it to be observedon the actual anniversary, whe-ther the day happened to be aSunday or not. The matter wassettled at the Council of Nice,when it was decided that Eastershould be kept on the first

Sunday following the full moonwhich falls on, or next after,

March 21st.

The word Easter is probablyderived from the name of aSaxon goddess,whose festival waskept in the Spring of the year.The other name, Paschal, appliedto this festival, is a Hebrew wordmeaning "passage," and is ap-plied to the Jewish feast of thePassover, to which the Christianfestival of Easter corresponds.

Easter used to be the greatday for Baptism, for the restoringof Penitents, and, in the earlyages, even for the freeing ofprisoners. Every confirmedmember of the Church of Eng-land is expected to Communicateon Easter Day, in accordancewith the direction at the end ofthe Communion Service.

EASTER ANTHEMS.' Certainpassages, chosen from i Cor. v.,

Rom. vi., I Cor. xv., directed tobe sung instead of the Vcnite onEaster Day.

ECC.ECCLESIASTICAL COMMIS-SIONERS. " In the year 1837the EcclesiasticalCommissionerswere embodied. They are not,

as many suppose, the dispensersof State funds to the Chuirch.They are a corporation for thepurpose of holding as trustees alarge amount of Church re-

venues. The sources from whichthe income in their hands arises

are certain annual payments fromseveral bishoprics, emolumentsof suspended canonries, the pro-perty of suspended deaneries andsinecure rectories, capitular es-

tates, and other Ecclesiastical

sources." (Webb's " England'sInheritance in her Church.")

" The Ecclesiastical Commis-sion does with the lands ofBishops and Chapters whatthese could never do for them-selves. It can afford to waitfor the falling in of leases,

whereas those old corporationswere obliged to renew them,that they might live on themoney paid for renewals ; andwhen it has got the lands it lets

them for their full value. Bythis means it is able to pay theold corporations out of half their

lands as much as they used to

get from the whole under their

own system, and the other moietyis taken out of the hands oflaymen (regard being had to

equity) and devoted to otherbeneficial purposes for theChurch. In this way the sur-

plus revenues of capitular es-

tates have been applied to thebenefit of an immense numberof parishes which had claimsupon them. (Dixon's " PeekEssay.")

ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS.The following are the principal

:


ELE.the Consistory Courts of the

Bishops ; the Arches Court of

Canterbury ; and the SupremeCourt of Appeal, composed of

members of the Judicial Com-mittee of the Privy Council.

Under the Public Worship Actthe Dean of the Arches Courthas been made Official Principal

of both Provinces. A RoyalCommission has recently issued

a Report upon the ETcclesiastical

Courts, and the question of their

constitution generally is underconsideration.

ELECTION. A choosing, hencethe "chosen people" of God.There are three views taken of

eletftion,—the Calvinistic, theArminian, and the Catholic.

The Calvinistic view is that cer-

tain persons are from all eternity

chosen or elecfted by God to sal-

vation, the rest of mankind beingcondemned to eternal death (SeePredestination, Calvinism, Anti-

nomianism.)

The Arminian view is thatGod, knowing what the life of

every man born into the worldshall be, and foreseeing that

some "will refuse the evil andchoose the good," hath eledled

them to eternal life. (See Armin-ian ism.)

The Catholic view is that Godof his mercy elects certain ofHis creatures for a place in thevisible Church, and thus causesthem to be placed in " a state

of salvation," of which, however,they may fall short by their ownperverseness.

The Church of England, as abranch of the great ChurchCatholic, is believed to teachthis latter view, as will be seenby a study of her Liturgy.

EMM.ELEMENTS. The Bread andWine used in Holy Communion(See Communion, Holy). In HolyBaptism, Water, wherein the

person is baptized , is the Element.

ELEVATION. In Articles xxv.

and xxviii. reference is made to

a ceremony of the Church of

Rome, called the Elevation of

the Host, which consists in theconsecrated wafer being held up,

or elevated, for the adoration of

the people. Bp. Harold Brownesays, " Elevating the Host re-

sulted from a belief in transub-stantiation. . .There is evidently

no Scriptural Authority for the

Elevation of the Host, the

command being, 'Take, eat. "TheRoman ritualists themselves ad-mit that there is no trace of its

existence before the nth or 12th

centuries." (See Note on Art.

xxviii.)

EMBER DAYS. In early timesspecial fasts were appointed at

the four seasons of the year,

and of later years they havebeen made to have a special

reference to the ordination of

clergy which immediately follows

them. The derivation of the

name is uncertain. The daysthus set apart, and now used for

supplicating God's blessing onthose about to be ordained, are

the Wednesday, Friday, andSaturday after the ist Sundayin Lent, after Whit Sunday,after the 14th of September, andafter the 13th of December.Special Collects are appointedfor use on these days.

EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL,A Hebrew word, used as a nameof our Lord, and meaning, "Godwith us," Isaiah vii. 14; Matt.i. 23.


EXD.

ENDOWMENT. The permanent

provision for the support of the

ministry. The annual sum de-

rived from the endowments of

the Established Church amounts

to rather more than four millions

sterling. Of this sum—Tithes

and Rents voluntarily given to

the Church of England by charit-

able persons before the Reform-

ation bring in about /i,950,000 ;

Tithes, Rents, and Interest on

Money voluntarily given to the

Church of England since the

Reformation bring in about

/2, 250, 000. Thus the total of

the yearly value of endowmentsis about ^4, 200,000. Of this the

State receives as taxes about

/yoo.ooo, which leaves a net

yearly value of endowments of

about ;^3, 500,000, which is paid

to the clergy, of whom there are

about 20,000. It is thus divided :

2 Archbishops, 28 Bishops, 73Archdeacons, receive about/i73,ooo

; 30 Deans, 132 Canons,12S Minor Canons, 600 Singers,

Lay Officers and Servants,receive

about ^203,000 ; 19,600 other

Clergy, Rectors, Vicars, andCuratesreceive about /"3, 124,000.

The average, therefore, is just

£2, los. a week for each clergy-

man.

To supplement its endow-ments, which were voluntarily

given by private persons, the

Church receives, by free gifts

from her own members, aboutfive millions and a half sterling

every year. This money is all

spent on Schools, Church Insti-

tutions, Charities, Relief of the

Poor,Foreign Missions,Expensesattendant upon the regular per-

formance of DivineWorship, andBuildingand Restoring Churches(See Establishment.)

EPI.

EPIPHANY. A Greek word,meaning " manifestation." Theterm applied to that festival

of the Church observed on Jan.6th, in commemoration of ourLord's manifestation to the WiseMen from the East, the represen-

tatives of the Gentile world.

EPISCOPACY. The term applied

to the Apostolical form of gov-ernment, which consisted in theappointment of a Bishop as anOverseer (for that is the meaningof the Greek word) of a particular

Church. (See Orders.)

EPISTLE. The name given tothe Letters of the Apostles, whichthe Church has admitted as form-ing part of the Canon of the NewTestament [see Bible). St. Paulwrote fourteen, if we allow theEpistle to the Hebrews to havebeen written by him. St. Jameswrote one, which, like others ad-dressed to no particular Church,is called a general Epistle. St.

Peter wrote two Epistles; St.

John, three ; and St. Jude, one.

Those portions of Scriptureread in the Communion Service,

and called Epistles, have beenused, with few alterations, for

1200 years by the Church of

England.

EPISTOLER The 24th Canondirects that " In all cathedraland collegiate churches the HolyCommunion shall be adminis-tered the principal minister

using a decent cope, and beingassisted with the gospeller andepistoler." So, in the advertise-

ments published in the seventhyear of Elizabeth, we read, "Theprincipal minister shall use acope with gospeller and epistoler

agreeably."


ERA.ERASTIANISM. The heresy of

Erastus, a German, born 1524.His main principle was that thesource of all pastoral authority-

is the civil magistrate, who,whether Christian or not, pos-sesses an inherent right to nom-inate and commission teachers

of religion, and is under nonecessity of admitting the least

dift'erence between priests andlaymen.

ESCHATOLOGY. A term appliedto doctrines relative to the state

after death.

ESTABLISHMENT and EN-DOWMENT. These two termsare constantly linked togetherin the publications of the Liber-ation Society, and by otherenemies of the Church of Eng-land, as though they formed oneand the same thing. In truth,

they are wholly distinct, and aredescriptive of two quite different

features of the Church of Eng-land. It is Established, and it is

also Endowed. It is called theformer because it is establishedin this country by the Law ofthe land, and professes theacknowledged religion of theState. If the Church were dis-

established to-morrow she wouldstill continue to be the trueChurch of God in this country,because her origin, doctrine, andconstitution are Apostolic. Be-sides being called a " StateChurch," the Church of Englandhas also been called a " State][>aid Church." It is well to

remember that the ParochialClergy, and all others exceptArmy and Navy Chaplains andthe like, do not receive onefarthing from the State. Theproperty, or Endowment, of the

EVO.Church was the voluntary gift

of private individuals in all ages,

who, out of regard to the spiritual

interests of those who lived upontheir estates, built churches, andendowed them for the mainten-ance of religious worship. TheState has no right to alienate

any portion whatever of that

property from the purpose for

which it was given. (See Church

of Ejigland and Endowment.)

EUCHARIST. A term applied to

the Holy Communion (whichsee), derived from the Greek,and meaning, "a giving ofthanks." It is used in theLatin version of our Articles.

EVANGELICALS, see ChurchParties.

EVANGELISTS. Properly,preachers of the "Evangel," orGospel, of Christ; Eph. iv. 11.

The term now is limited to thefour writers of the Gospel.

EVES, or VIGILS. The nightsor evenings before certain HolyDays of the Church. A list ofdays which have vigils may befound in the beginning of thePrayer Book, in the table of theVigils, Fasts, and Days of Ab-stinence, to be observed in theyear. (See Vigil.)

EVEN-SONG. Evening Prayer.The word occurs in the table ofProper Lessons at the com-mencement of the Prayer Book.(See Morning Prayer.)

EVOLUTION. A name given to

the theory of the origin ofanimal life, set forth by certainscientists. Thus they tell usthat the account given us in


EVO.

Genesis of the Creation is cer-

tainly wrong. That man wasnot created as man, but that hehas grown to be what he is

through a series of stages. Ac-cording to Professor Haeckel, the

pedigree of man is as follows :

—

I. Moneva—formless little lumpsof mucus matter supposed to beoriginated by spontaneous gen-

eration. 2. Amcebo"—a little piece

of protoplasm enclosing a kernel.

3. Synamceba—a collection ofAm-oebae. 4. PlancBada. 5. Gastvaada,

or primaeval "stomach animals."6. TurhcUaria, or worms of a verysimple kind. y. Scolecida, wormsof a higher class. 8. Himatega,

or worms of a higher class still.

9. Acrania, or skull-less animals.

10. Monovvhina, or animals withone nostril. 11. Sclachii, or

primaeval fish. 12. Dipncusta, or

mud-fish. 13. Sozobvanchia, or

gilled amphibians. 14. Soziira,

or tailed amphibians. 15. Pro-

tamnia. 16. Pvimavy Mammals.17. Pouched animals. iS, Pi'o-

simia, or semi-apes. ig. Tailed

Apes. 20. Man-like Apes. 21.

Ape-like Men. 22. Men.This may be all true, and yet

Genesis need not be false.

Genesis begins with man as

man, and not with man as aMonera— supposing he ever wassuch. But when scientists

speak of the principle of life

as being the outcome of an act

of spontaneous generation with-

out any external creative power,

then we must disagree with them.

The principle of life is hiddenwith God alone, and must comefrom God. Nor does it in anyway affect our belief in AlmightyGod, whether He was pleased to

create man from the first in

"His own image," or whetherHe was pleased to make him

FAC.

first pass through the prelimin-ary stages Professor Haeckelenumerates !

EXCOMMUNICATION. An ec-

clesiastical censure, whereby theperson against whom it is pro-nounced is for the time cast outof the communion of the church.The first rubric in the Office for

the Burial of the Dead pro-hibits the use of the Service for

any that die excommunicate.

EXHORTATION. The namegiven to the various addressesin the Liturgy. They are nearlyall the production of the Re-formers. The Burial OfQce is

the only Service of the PrayerBook which has not one or moreof these exhortations.

EXTREME UNCTION. One ofthe seven so-called Sacramentsof the Church of Rome. It con-sists in the application of conse-crated olive oil, by a priest, tothe five organs of sense of adying person. It is consideredas conveying God's pardon andsupport in the last hour. It is

administered when all hope ofrecovery is gone, and generallyno food is permitted to be takenafter it. This custom is foundedon Mark vi. 13, and James v.

14, 15, but in both these places

it is evident that the anointingshould be for the recovery of thesick. When miraculous powersceased in the Church, it wasreasonable that the unctionshould cease also.

FACULTY. An order by theBishop of a diocese to awardsome privilege not permitted by


FAI.

common law. A faculty is

necessary in order to effect anyimportant alterations in a church,such as the erection of a gallery

or an organ. Without a faculty

a person is not entitled to erect

a monument within the walls of

a church.

FAITH. Man is justified by Godin respect of, and by means of,

Faith in Christ. It is not theprincipal cause for our Justifi-

cation, that being God's mercy;

it is not the meritorious cause of

our Justification, for that is

Christ's death ; audit is not theefiicient cause of our Justifica-

tion, for that is the operation of

the Holy Spirit ; but it is theinstrument on oiir side, by whichwe rely on God's word, and ap-peal to Him for mercy, andreceive a grant of pardon, and atitle to the evangelical promisesof God.

FALD STOOL. The desk at

which the Litany is usually said.

In the rubric before the peniten-

tial psalm in the ComminationService a special place is men-tioned for the saying of theLitany, and this we know fromthe Injunctions of 1549 was to

be "in the midst of the Church,"thus marking the congregationalcharacter of the service.

FALL OF MAN, see Sin, Original.

FASTING-. The Romanist re-

gards the use of fasting, or ab-stinence, as a means of grace

;

the Protestant regards it only as

a useful exercise, recommendedin Scripture, for the subduingof the flesh to the Spirit.

FASTS. Days appointed by the

FEA.Church for the particular dis-cipline of the flesh, and for apeculiar sorrow for sin. A list

of these days is given at thecommencement of the PrayerBook.

FATHER, GOD THE, see Trinity,The Holy.

FATHERS, THE. A term ap-plied generally to all the ancientorthodox Christian writers. St.

Bernard, who flourished in thetwelfth century, is reputed to bethe last of the Fathers. TheSchoolmen (which see) succeededthe Fathers. Those writerswho knew the Apostles personal-ly are called Apostolical Fathers

;

such were Hermas, Barnabas,Clement of Rome, Ignatius andPolycarp. Other Fathers of theearly Church were Justin, Iren-

asus, Clement of Alexandria, andTertullian. In the third centurywe have Origen and Cyprian,and succeeding them Eusebius,Athanasius, Ambrose, Basil,

Jerome or Hieronymus, JohnChrysostom, and Augustine.The writings of the Fathers

are most valuable to us as show-ing us what were the doctrinesand ceremonies of the first

Christians. The Tractarianmovement was of great service

in calling attention to the well-

nigh forgotten mine of theologi-

cal wealth stored up in thesewriters. Pusey has published alibrary of the works of theFathers in English.

FEASTS, orFESTIVALS. Theseare days of rejoicing in theChurch, in commemoration ofsome great truth of Christianity,

or of some great example of

Holy Life. The commencement


FEL.

of the Prayer Book furnishes us

•with a Hst of these Holy Days.

The rubric, after the Nicene

Creed, directs that "The Cu-rate shall then declare to the

people what holy days, or fast-

ing days are in the week follow-

ing to be observed."

FELLOWSHIP. A settled in-,

come bestowed by a college on a

student as a reward for disting-

uished scholarship. Various con-

ditions are associated with these

prizes in the different colleges.

FERIA. A day which is neither

a feast nor a fast.

FLAGON, see Altar Vessels-

FONT. From a Latin word,meaning a. fountain. The vessel

holding the water for Baptism.The 8ist Canon says it is to bemade of stone. By ancient cus-

tom it is usually placed at theWest end of the Church, nearthe door, as signifying that HolyBaptism is the entrance into

Christ's Mystical Body, theChurch.

FORMULARY, see Liturgy. Aformulary is a book containingthe rites, ceremonies, and pre-scribed forms of the Church.The formulary of the Church ofEngland is the Book of CommonPrayer.

FREE WILL. See Article x.

The doctrine of our Church is

that although man has a perfectlyfree will to choose good or evil,

yet we prefer the animal life tothe spiritual life, and, throughthe badness of our perverse will,

shall continue to prefer it until

prevented by the grace of God.

GNO.

FUNERAL SERVICE, see Burialof the Dead.

GHOST, THE HOLY, see Trinity,The Holy.

GLEBE. Land belonging to anecclesiastical benefice, and whichforms part of its endowment, thefreehold being vested in theIncumbent.

GLORIA IN EXCELSIS. " Glorybe (to God) on high." A hymnin the Communion Office, some-times called the Angelic Hymn,because the first part was sungby angels at Bethlehem. It hasbeen used by the Church for

more than 1,500 years, and, in

substance, was sung by Polycarpat his martyrdom.

GLORIA PATRL " Glory be to

the Father." This is one ofthe oldest doxologies of theChurch ; in substance, at least,

it is as old as the 4th century.It is directed to be said at theend of every Psalm, thus turningJewish praises into Christianhymns.

GNOSTICS. Early heretics whoboasted of their superior know-ledge, for that is the meaning ofthe word, just as agnostic meanswithout knoivledge. This heresydates back to Apostolic days,Simon Magus being consideredits founder.They mixed up the Christian

faith with systems based onPlatonism, Oriental Philosophy,or corrupt Judaism. St. Johnis believed to have writtenagainst the gnostics in certainparts of his Gospel.


GOD.GOD, see Trinity, The Holy.The word God can be tracedback no further as yet than theGothic Gtctha, but no one knowsits root.

GOD-FATHER, see Sponsors.

GOD-MOTHER, see Sponsors.

GOLDEN NUMBER. A termused in the elaborate tables

placed at the beginning of the

Prayer Book for the finding of

Easter. The Golden Number of

a year marks its place in a cycle,

called the Metonic Cycle (from

Meton, an Athenian astronomerB.C. 432), of nineteen 3'ears. Theyear a.d. i was fixed as thesecond year of such a cycle.

Hence the rule given to find theGolden Number, viz., " Add oneto the year of our Lord, andthen divide by 19; the remainder,if any, is the Golden Number;but if there be no remainder,then ig is the Golden Number.

GOOD FRIDAY. The day re-

garded as the anniversary of ourSaviour's death. It has beenobserved from the first age ofthe Church as a day of peculiarsolemnity, to be spent in fasting

and humiliation,

GOSPEL, see Bible.

GOSPELLER. The priest ordeacon who, in the CommunionService, reads the Gospel, stand-ing at the north side of the Altar.

(See Epistoler.)

GRACE. Favour. A word usedwith various meanings in HolyScripture. The influence of theHoly Spirit upon the heart ofman.

HER.GRADUATE, see Degree. Onewho has passed through the cur-riculum of a University, and hashad a degree conferred on him.

GREEK CHURCH, see Church,The Catholic.

GREGORIAN MUSIC, see

Church Music.

GUILD. In the Church, a Societyformed for a certain purpose, andgoverned by certain rules; topromote personal piety; or activeusefulness.

HADES. Unfortunately two dis-tinct words in the original of theNew Testament have both beentranslated Hell. Hades is oneof these words ; Gehenna is theother. The latter is applied onlyto the place of the damned,Hades is the abode of departedspirits, good and bad, waitingfor the final Judgment. When,in the Creed, we say of our Lordthat He "descended into Hell,"it should be " inio Hades," show-ing that alive and dead He wasperfect man.

It is generally believed that aforetaste of final joy or woe is

experienced in Hades by thespirits waiting for their doom.

HEAVEN.blessed.

The final abode of the

HELL. The final abode of thedamned. (See Hades.)

HERESY. From a Greek wordmeaning "a choice," and thusan adoption and obstinate hold-ing of a doctrine not taught bythe Catholic Church. Heresiesbegan very early in the Church,even in Apostolic times. (See


HER.

Gnostic.) The heresies of the

present day are for the most part

revivals of the heresies of the

first six centuries.

HERETIC. One who holds doc-

trines opposed to those of the

Catholic Church. (See above.)

HETERODOX. Contrary to the

faith of the true Church.

HIERARCHY. Properly, mle in

sacred matters. The apostolic

order of ministry.

HIGH CHURCH, see ChurchParties.

HOLY DAY. A festival of the

Church. {See Feast.)

HOLY GHOST, see Trinity, TheHoly.

HOLY THURSDAY, see Ascen-sion Day.

HOLY WEEK. Some considerthe terms Holy Week and Passion

Week equally to apply to the

week preceding Easter—the last

weekinLent. This isDr. Hook'sopinion. Others restrict the termHoly Week to the week com-mencing with Palm-Sunday, andcall the week preceding that

Passion Week. Undoubtedly thefifth Sunday in Lent was com-monly called in old times Pass/o;i

Sunday, because of the anticipa-

tion of the Passion in the Epistle.

HOMILIES. The Homilies of theChurch of England are two booksof discourses, composed at thetime of the Reformation, andappointed to be read in churches,on "any Sunday or Holy Day,when there is no sermon."

INC.

Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimerare thought to have composedthe first volume ; the second is

supposed to be by Bishop Jewel,

1563-

HOODS. The ornamental fold

which hangs down the back of agraduate to mark his degree.

(See Degree.) The 58th Canonprovides that " every ministersaying the public prayers, orministering the Sacraments, orother rites of the Church, if theyare graduates, shall wear upontheir surplice, at such times, suchJioods as by the orders of the Uni-versities are agreeable to their

degrees.'

' The same Canon goeson to say " It shall be lawful for

such ministers as are not gradu-ates to wear upon their surplices,

instead of Jioods, some decenttippet of black, so it be not silk."

HYMN, see Church Music-

IDOLATRY. The worship of anyperson or thing but the one true

God, whether it be in the form of

an image or not

IMMERSION, see Baptism, In-

fant.

IMPOSITION, or LAYING ONOF HANDS, see Ordinal-

IMPROPRIATION. Ecclesiasti-

cal property, the profits of whichare in the hands of a layman.Impropriations have arisen fromthe confiscation of monasteriesin the time of Henry VIII., when,instead of restoring the tithes to

Church purposes, they were givento Court favourites.

INCARNATION. The actwhereby Christ, the " Word, was


INC.

made flesh." The "taking of

the Manhood into God."

INCUMBSNT. A person in pos-

session of a benefice. (See Boie-

fice.)

INDEPENDENTS. The first

body of Dissenters which actu-

ally broke away from the Churchof England was that of the Inde-

pendents, or—as they are now-a-days perhaps more intelligibly

called—the Congregationalists . AnIndependent sect seems to haveexisted about the year 1568,

the whole question in disputebetween them and the Churchbeing then, as it is still, essen-

tially one of "discipline," or

Church Polity. They made eachcongregation a body corporate,

governed exclusively by itself,

and disclaim, more or less, everyform of union between churches.

In doctrine they are strictly

Calvinistic, and, reviving theancient heresy of Donatus, theyprofess to receive only accreditedor really serious Christians into

their fellowship, and to excludeany who may prove themselvesunworthy members.The Independents are some-

times called Brownists, fromRobert Brown, a clergyman ofthe Church of England, who wasthe first to secede from her ranks,

and who, retreating to Holland,set up a separatist communion.There are 76 County and other

Associations at home and in theColonies, with 3,895 meeting-houses, and 1,039 preaching sta-

tions, 300 being foreign missionstations ; of ministers and mis-sionaries they have about 3,500.

They reckon to have about360,000 members in the British

dominions.

INS.

INDUCTION. The ceremonywhereby a minister is put in

actual possession of the living

to which he has been presented.

INFALLIBILITY. The claim set

up by the Church of Rome,either for the Pope, or theChurch, or for the Pope and theChurch consenting together ; ofabsolute freedom from error in

deciding questions of faith anddoctrine. Roman divines arenot agreed among themselves as

to precisely where the infallibility

of their Church is found. Certainit is that Councils and Popeshave contradicted and anathema-tized each other.

INNOCENTS' DAY, THEHOLY. This festival has beenobserved ever since the 3rdcentury, in memory of the

slaughtered children of Bethle-

hem (Matt. ii. 16.) Its old Englishname is Childermas, and it

is kept on December 28th

;

the attendants on the nativity

being St. Stephen, a martyr in

will and deed, December 26th;

St. John the Divine, a martyr in

will though not in deed, Decem-ber 27th ; and The Holy Inno-

cents, martyrs in deed but not in

will, December 28th.

INSPIRATION. The extraordi-

nary and supernatural influence

of the Holy Spirit on the humanmind, by which the sacred writers

were qualified to set forth the

things of God. In this sense the

word occurs in 2 Tim. iii. 16.

(See Bible.)

The word is also used of the

ordinary influence of the HolySpirit on the heart of man, as

"Cleanse the thoughts of our

hearts by the inspiration of ThyHoly Spirit."


INS.

INSTITUTION. The legal act bywhich the Bishop commits to a

clergyman the cure of a church.

INSTITUTIONS, CHURCH, see

Societies.

INTROIT, see Church Music

IRVINGITES. The followers of

Edward Irving, a minister of the

Scottish estabhshment, who wasborn in 1792, and died in 1834.

He was deposed from the Pres-

byterian ministry for teaching

that our Lord's nature waspeccable, or capable of sin. Hegathered a congregation roundhim in London, and now hasmany followers both in Scotlandand England, and also in Ger-many. His followers entertain

peculiar notions about the mil-

lennium, and they claim to exer-

cise the power of prophecy, to

have the miraculous gift of

tongues, and to be able to raise

the dead.The Irvingites call themselves

"The Catholic and ApostolicChurch," and among their minis-

ters number apostles, prophets,angels,evangelists,&c.Theyuseasmuch as possible the liturgies of

the Church in their worship, andobserve a very ornate ritual. Intheir principal places of worshipthe Holy Communion is ad-ministered daily, and throughoutthe day many other Services areheld.

They recognise the threeCreeds of the Catholic Churchas their rule of faith.

They have 19 places for publicworship, besides many preachingstations, in England; the princi-

pal erection is in Gordon Square,London, and is a large buildingof considerable architectural

pretensions.

yoH.

JAMES'S (St.) DAY. July 25th.

The day on which the Churchcelebrates the memory of the

Apostle St. James the Great, or

the Elder. He was one of the

sons of Zebedee, and a brotherof St. John the Divine. He wasthe first of the Apostles to suffer

martyrdom. (Acts xii. 2.)

JESUITS, or SOCIETY OPJESUS. A Roman CatholicSociety founded by IgnatiusLoyola, a Spaniard, born'in 1491.Members of the Order bindthemselves to yield the mostblind, implicit, and unlimitedobedience to the General of theOrder. Before the conclusion ofthe i6th century the Jesuits hadobtained the chief direction ofthe youthful mind in everyRoman Catholic country in

Europe. They had become theconfessors of almost all its

monarchs, and the spiritual

guides of nearly every persondistinguished for rank or influ-

ence. At different periods theyobtained the direction of themost considerable courts, andtook part in every intrigue andrevolution. Their great principle

of action is not so much the ad-vance of Christianity, as theextension of the Papal power

;

and in effecting this, their greatmaxim is ': the end will justify

the means." The Society is

still flourishing, and has a powerwhich is probably as little

imagined as it is unknown to all

but themselves.

JESUS, see Trinity, The Holy.

JOHN (St.) BAPTIST'S DAY.June 24th. This feast commemo-rates, not the martyrdom, butthe miraculous birth of St. John


JOH.Baptist. It is the only nativity,

besides that of our Lord, that is

kept by the Church ; althoughSeptember 8th is marked in ourCalendar for the commemorationof the nativity of the Blessed

Virgin Mary. The festival hasbeen observed since the 4th or

5th century.

JOHN (St.) THE EVANGEL-IST'S DAY. December 27th.

This festival, with those of St.

Stephen and the Holy Innocents,

immediately follows on Christ-

mas Day. " Martyrdom, love,

and innocence are first to bemagnified, as wherein Christ is

most honoured." The eagle is

supposed to be emblematic of

St. John the Evangelist.

JUBILATE DEO. Psalm c, ap-

pointed to be sung in the MorningService instead of the Benedictus,

when the latter happens to beread in the Gospel for St. JohnBaptist, or the lesson for the

day.

JUSTIFICATION. This termsignifies our being accounted just

or righteous in the sight of God,not for any merit in ourselves,

but solely for the sake of Christ,

and by our faith in Him. Thenth Article of the Church ofEngland treats of this. All

believers are justified by Christ,

but that does not necessarilyimply that they are sanctified

;

the one is a work wrought ex-

terior to ourselves, the other is

the work of the Holy Spirit in

the individual heart of man.

KEYS, POWER OF THE. Theauthority existing in the ChristianPriesthood of administering the

KNE.discipline of the Church, andcommunicating or withholdingits privileges. It is so called

from our Lord's words to St.

Peter in Matt. xvi. 19.

KINDRED, TABLE OF. TheTable of Kindred and Affinity

found at the end of our PrayerBook was drawn up by Arch-bishop Parker, in 1563. It rests

on an Act of Henry VIII., andis designed to be an authoritativeinterpretation of it. The wholeis based on Lev. xviii. 6-18.

The principles on which it is

drawn up are the following :

—

(a) It places both sexes onthe same footing, forbidding to

the man whatever is forbiddento the woman.

(b) It forbids marriage to aman on the grounds of nearkindred or consanguinity ; omit-ting, however, prohibition ofmarriage between cousins as notbeing forbidden in the Levitical

Law, nor definitely by theCanon Law.

(c) Acting on the importantprinciple sanctioned by our LordHimself, that " man and wifeare one flesh," it puts affinity, orconnection by marriage, on ex-

actly the same footing as kindred,

or connection by blood, affirming

that a man's wife's connectionsare to be held strictly as his

own. It is for this reason,—

a

reason distinctly based uponHoly Scripture,—that the mar-riage with a " deceased wife's

sister" is forbidden.

KNEELING. The practice ofkneeling in confession, in prayer,and in adoration, is of greatantiquity. David says, "Letus worship and bow down, let

us kneel before the Lord our


KYR.

Maker," Psalm cxv. 6. See

also Ps. cxxxii. 7 ; i Kings viii.

54; I£zra ix. 5-15; Dan. vi. 10;

Acts vii. 60; Acts ix. 40; Acts

XX. 36, xxi. 5. Our blessed LordHimself "kneeled dov.-n" whenHe prayed, Luke xxii. 14. Howthe example of David and Sol-

omon, Ezra and Daniel, St.

Stephen, St. Peter and St. Paul,

nay, of our Saviour Himself,

condemns the lolling, irreverent

posture assumed by too manyChristians of the present day in

the public worship of the Lordof Hosts !

KYRIE ELEISON. Two Greekwords, m.eaning " Lord, havemercy." The responses to the

Commandments are so called.

LAITY, LAYMAN. A baptizedmember of the Church, not beingan ecclesiastic.

The term " layman " denotes apositive rank, not the mere lack

of rank.

LAMBETPI DEGREES. TheArchbishop of Canterbury hasthe power of conferring degreesin any of the faculties of theUniversity to which he himselfbelongs. These degrees are called

Lambeth Degrees. The Archbishopexercised this power as Legate of

the Pope, retaining it (like thepower of granting special mar-riage licences) under the Tudorlegislation.

LAPSE. When a patron neglectsto present a clergyman to a bene-fice within his gift, within six

months after its vacancy, thebenefice /rt/5f5 to the Bishop; if

he does not collate within six

months, it lapses to the Arch-

LES.

bishop : and if he does notcollate within six months, it

lapses to the Crown.

LATTER-DAY SAINTS, weMormonists..

LAY BAPTISM. Baptism ad-ministered by laymen. Althoughnot authorized in our PrayerBook, such baptisms have alwaysbeen held valid by the Churchof England. It is better thatchildren should receive lay bap-tism than not be baptized at all.

LAYING ON OF HANDS, see

Ordination. This ceremony hasalways been esteemed an essential

part of ordination, and rests onundoubted Scriptural authority.

It is also the form, in theAnglican Church, by which theBishop conveys the grace ofConfirmation.

LECTURN, or LECTERN. Thedesk from which the Lessons areread. The form frequently adopt-ed is that of the eagle, doubtlesswith some reference to the eagle,

the symbol of St. John. Theeagle lectern in PeterboroughCathedral was given in 1471.

LENT. The name is probablyderived from the old EnglishLencten, " Spring," from its

always being observed at theSpring-tide of the year. Theforty days fast before Easter areso called. In primitive timesthe duration of the fast appearsto have been forty hours. Thepresent custom of reckoningforty days, exclusive of the Sun-days, prevails from the 7thcentury.

LESSONS. The portions of Holy


LET.

Scripture read in Morning andEvening Prayer. The calendarof lessons now in use was author-ized on Jan. ist, 1S73. Thelessons were then made generally

shorter, by the selection of parts

of chapters containing one com-plete subject and no more. Achoice of lessons was given in

many cases, that the same por-

tions of Scripture might not beread twice on the same day in

churches with three Sundayservices. By the present arrange-

ment the main substance of thewhole of the Old Testament is

now read through once everyyear ; and the New Testamenttwice, except the book of Revela-tion, which, with a few omissions,

is read once in the year.

LETTERS OF ORDERS. A cer-

tificate given by the Bishop to

every one whom he ordains,

whether Priest or Deacon.Churchwardens have the powerto require the exhibition of theLetters of Orders of any ministerassisting in the church of whichthey are guardians.

LITANY. In the 4th century this

name began specially to beapplied to a Form of Supplica-tion, used in times of need,which was sung in procession,with hymns and frequentresponses, and with collects at

the various halting places. Theold Litanies bore a general re-

semblance to ours. In 1544Cranmer, by desire of the king,drew up the first English Litany,which was compiled principallyfrom ancient sources. The Litanyat first was a separate service.

In 1662 it was ordered to be sungafter INIorning Prayer. The Actof Uniformity of the present

LIT.

reign, 1872, allows it to be usedin the Morning or Evening, oras a separate service. It wasordered for Wednesdays andFridays only in 1549 ; Sundayswere added in 1552.

LITERATE. This term, appliedto a Clergyman, means one whohas not taken a degree, and is

not a member of a TheologicalCollege.

LITURGY, From a Greek word,meaning a public act or duty ;

it is now popularly used of theentire Book of Common Prayer,although formerly it was appliedonly to the Service for administer-ing the Holy Eucharist.As each different part of the

Prayer Book is discussed underits own heading, this article will

be confined to (a) why a formu-lary is used

;(bj the history of

our own.(a) Forms of Prayer were used

in the Jewish Church. Mosesand Miriam used a prescribedform as a thanksgiving for thecrossing of the Red Sea, ExodusXV God appointed a form of

prayer, Deut. xxi. 7, 8; also abenediction. Num. vi. 22, 26.

Moses used a form of prayer,Num. x. 35, 36. Josephus andPhilo tell us that the worshipboth in the Temple and in theSynagogues consisted of a settled

form of prayer ; this our Lordsanctioned by His frequent pre-sence. He Himself gave us aform of prayer—the Lord'sPrayer. He promises a special

blessing on congregational wor-ship. Matt, xviii. ig; the " agree-ment" must pre-suppose a settled

form. Traces of forms of prayersome think are found in the NewTestament.

6o THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

LIT.

The voice of history is unan-

imous on this point, nearly all

the Fathers testifying to the use

of formularies.

Common sense reasons are

plentiful, as, for instance, that

in Eccles. v. 2. A formularymakes the congregation indepen-

dent of the minister's mood, or

ability, or piety, or orthodoxy.

(h) History. Before the timeof Augustine (597) the EnglishChurch had its own NationalUse, largely derived from the

East, through the Galilean

Church. It is certain that the

entire Roman Ritual was neverused, although attempts weremade to force it upon the Anglo-Saxon Church. There was aconsiderable variety in themanner of performing DivineService in the different Dioceses,each having its own particular" Use." (See Sarum, Use of.)

The earliest Liturgy in generaluse in England was the book ofOffices, " secundum usum Sar-um," hence called the "SarumUse," compiled by Osmund,Bishop of Salisbury, in 1078.This book contained much thathad been in use from very early

times. At the Reformation it

became necessary to remove the

Roman corruptions which hadaccumulated in the various Office

books, the " Breviaries," the"Missals," the " Manuals," &c.One objection common to themall was that they were in Latin.

The object of the Reformerswas to retain as much of the oldas w'as free from error. Thefirst English Prayer Book wasthe Ki}ig's Primer, published

1545 ; and a Communion Servicewas put forth in 1548. TheFirst Prayer Book 0/ Edward VI.,

LOG.

1549, was drawn up by a Com-mission of Bishops and Divinesunder Cranmer and Ridley ; anOrdinal was added in 1550.The Second Prayer Book of

Edward VI., 1552, was a revised

formof the older book. Cranmer,Peter Martyr, and Bucer assisted

in the revision, and much w^as

added from Hermann's Consul-tation (which see). This PrayerBook was almost identical withthe one in use now. Abolishedduring the reign of Mary, it wasrestored by Queen Elizabeth,

1559, with a few alterations. In

1604 a Conference was held at

Hampton Court under James I.,

between Church and PuritanDivines, when some further alter-

ations were made in deference to

Puritan objections. The last

revision was made in 1661, at

the Savoy Conference, underCharles II., between Bishopsand Presbyterian Divines. ThePrayer Book then took the formwhich we have now, save that in

1859 the services for use on Nov.5th, May 29th, and Jan. 30th(Charles the Martyr) were re-

moved. In 1873 a revised Tableof Lessons was put forth. In1872 permission was given to

use the Shortened Service, to

separate the services, and to usehymns.For further particulars the

reader is referred to the articles

on the various different servicesof the Church.

LIVING, see Benefice.

LOGOS. Greek, a zi'ord. Christis called " The Word " becausein Him God is revealed to man.(John i.) The Jews sometimesspoke of the Messiah as the"Word of God."


LOR.

LORD, OUR, see Trinity, TheHoly.

LORD'S DAY. The first day of

the week, so called by St. John,Rev. i. 10. Sunday has everbeen kept as the weekly festival

in commemoration of our Lord'sresurrection on that day. Inthe fourth Commandment, andelsewhere, we receive stringent

directions to keep the seventh

day—that is to say, the Sabbath,or Saturday—holy. It will bewell to see on what authorityChristians have hallowed the

first, instead of the last, day ofthe week. We find from writers

who were contemporary with theApostles, or who immediatelysucceeded them, that Christians

were always accustomed to meeton the first day of the week for

the performance of theirreligious

exercises. We find them assert-

ing that this festival was insti-

tuted by the Apostles, who actedunder the immediate direction

and influence of the Holy Ghost.From the constant practice ofthe Apostles in keeping this dayholy, it is believed by many thatthey must have had especial

directions to that effect fromtheir risen Lord, who, we know,gave them instructions relating

to " the kingdom of God."—HisChurch,—during the forty daysHe was with them. And more,it was often while they weregathered together, celebratingthe festival of the Lord's Day,that the Lord Himself appearedamong them.

LORD'S PRAYER. The prayertaught us by our blessed Lord asthe model of all our devotions.(Matt. vi. 9.) But it is not onlya model of prayer, but an express

LUT.

form to accompany all our wor-ship. (Lukexi. 2.) Thus we find

it frequently in our Prayer Book,no Service being without it. Theoften repetition of it, however, in

our Sunday Service is caused bythe fact of three separate Ser-vices being used as one whole.

LORD'S SUPPER, see Commu-nion, Holy.

LORD'S TABLE, see Altar.

LOW CHURCH, see Church Par-ties.

LOW SUNDAY. The Sundayafter Easter is called Lozy Sunday,because, although it partakes in

some sort of the festal nature ofEaster, it being the Octave, yetit is a festival of a much lowerdegree than Easter itself.

LUKE'S (St.) DAY. October 18.

Kept in commemoration of St.

Luke, the companion of St. Paul,the author of the third Gospel,and also probably of the Book ofthe Acts of the Apostles. He is

believed to have been a physician,and his writings prove that hewas a man of education. Accord-ing to St. Augustine, his symbolis the ox, the Sacrificial Victim.

LUTHERANS. The followers ofMartin Luther, an Augustinemonk, a German, born 1483. Hewas the great Reformer of theContinent. They retain the useof the Altar, some of the ancientvestments, lighted tapers, in-cense, crucifix, confession, &c.At the time of the Reformation,the Lutherans, meeting withnothing but opposition from theBishops, were constrained to actwithout them, and consequently


LYC.

they are in much the sameposition as the Scottish Presby-

terian body, though not from the

same cause. The Lutherans

earnestly protested, that they

much wished to retain episco-

pacy, but that the Bishops forced

them to reject sound doctrine,

and therefore they were unable

to preserve their allegiance to

them. The ritual and liturgies

differ in the various Lutheran

countries, but in fundamental

articles they all agree.

LYCH GATE. A covered gate of

the churchyard where the body{LeicJi, a corpse) rests on its wayto burial.

MAGNIFICAT. The song of the

Blessed Virgin, Luke i. It is

the first canticle of EveningPrayer, and has been sung in

the Church from very early

times.

MANIPLE, or MANUPLE, see

Vestment.

MARIOLATRY. The worship, or

cultus, of the Blessed Virgin

Mary, One of the principal

errors of the Church of Rome,and on the increase.

MARK'S (St.) DAY. April 25th.

St Mark was a companion of

St. Peter, and is thought to havewritten his Gospel under St.

Peter's directions. This evan-gelist is symbolized by the Man.

MARRIAGE, see Matrimony,Holy,

MARTINMAS. November nth.A festival formerly kept in honourof St. Martin, Bishop of Tours

, in France, in 374.

MAT.

MARTYR. One who lays downhis life for his religion. Theword means a " witness." St.

Stephen was the first, or proto-martyr.

MARY, TheBLESSED VIRGIN.We admit to her the title of"Mother of God," but protest

against her being worshipped.No instance of Divine honourbeing paid her is earlier thanthe fifth century. Two fes-

tivals only in the Church ofEngland are kept in her honour,viz., the Purification, and theAnnunciation.

MASS. In Latin, Missa, withwhich word congregations wereaccustomed to be dismissed.

Then it was used for the con-gregation itself, and finally be-

came applied only to the Com-munion Service.

MATERIALISM. One of thephilosophies of the day whichlooks upon everything as theout-come of mere physical en-ergy ; denies the soul, and everyspiritual force ; and regardsmatter as eternal.

MATINS, *ce Morning Prayer.

MATRIMONY, HOLY. Withregard to the Marriage Laws,the Church and the State arenot agreed. The former main-tains Holy Matrimony to be areligious ceremony, while theState recognises the legality ofmere civil contracts, and allowspeople to enter into the nuptialstate by a civil ceremony. Wefind the early Fathers distinctly

stating that marriage is of asacred nature. Paley, in his MoralPhilosophy, says, " Whether it


MAT.hath grown out of some tradition

of the Divine appointment of

marriage in the persons of ourfirst parents, or merely from adesign to impress the obhgationof the marriage-contract witha solemnity suited to its im-portance, the marriage-rite, in

almost all countriesof the world,

has been made a religious cere-

mony ; although marriage, in its

own nature, and abstracted fromthe rules and declarations whichthe Jewish and Christian Scrip-

tures deliver concerning it, beproperly a civil contract, andnothing more.

'

' It was forbiddenin the 4th century during Lent,

and so custom and propriety

forbid it now during the sameseason. In the Manual marriageswere prohibited in the following

seasons :

—

(a) Advent to the

octave of Epiphany, (b) Septua-gesima to the octave of Easterinclusive, fc) Rogation Sundayto Trinity Sunday.The Roman Church has ex-

alted Holy Matrimony into aSacrament.The State so far recognises the

position of the Church withregard to Holy Matrimony that

no clergyman can be forced to

marry a divorced person, thoughhe may be obliged to lend his

church to any other who will

perform the ceremony.

MATRIMONY, THE FORM OFSOLEMNIZATION OF. Of all

our services this preserves mostof the older Office in the SarumManual. Some of the hortatoryportions come as usual fromHermann's Consultation. Therehas been no change since 1549,except the omission of the cere-

mony of giving gold and silver

to the bride as "tokens ofspousage."

MAT.The Service is divided into

two parts (a) the Marriage Ser-

vice proper, performed in the

body of the Church ;(b) the

succeeding service at the HolyTable, evidently intended as anintroduction to the Holy Com-munion which should follow.

The Banns. From a barbarousLatin word meaning an edict or

proclamation. In 1G61 the ru-

bric directed them to be pub-lished immediately before theoffertory sentences. The mar-riage Acts of the Georges are

supposed to set aside this rubric,

and to order them to be pub-lished after the Second Lesson.

It is doubtful whether this doesnot apply to the Evening Service

only, in places where there is noMorning Service.

The Licence of the Bishopmakes the publication of Bannsunnecessary. Without a Special

Licence, Marriage can be solem-nized only between the hours of

8 and 12 in the forenoon.

(a) The Marriage Service propershould be performed in " thebody of the church" (see rubric,

1661) the place selected beinggenerally the Chancel steps.

The Exhortation, 1549, fromthe " Consultation" chiefly ; it

rests on the following passagesof Holy Scripture :—Gen. ii. 24 ;

Matt. xix. 5 ; Eph. v. 22-33

;

John ii. i-ii ; Heb. xiii. 4. Noimpediment being alleged, theEspousal or Betrothal follows.

The joining of hands is fromtime immemorial the pledge of

covenant, and is here an essential

part of the Marriage Ceremony.The words of the betrothal areagreeable to the following pas-

sages : I Cor. xi. 1-12; Eph. v.

22-33 ; Col. iii. 18, 19 ; i Tim.ii. 10-14 '» I Peter iii. 1-7.


MAT.

The Marriage Rite itself. Theuse of the ring is probably of

pre-Christian antiquity. Theold Service directed it to be

worn on the fourth finger because

"there is a vein leading direct

to the heart."

Gold and Silver was also given

the bride in 1549, but omitted

in 1552. The word " worship"

means '

' honour, " as in Wycliffe's

Testament, Matt. xix. 19, " Wor-

ship thy father and thy mother."

(bj The Post-Matrimonial Ser-

vice. The rubric directs only

the " minister or clerks" to go

to the Lord's Table, but the

practice is to carry out the older

rubric, 1549, " Then shall they"

—the whole marriage party

—

" go into the Quire." A second

Psalm is added for use in cases

when the language of the first

would be unsuitable. The fol-

lowing rubric is almost unique,

in directing thePriest to turn his

face to the people. The Versides

are substantially the same as

those used at the Visitation of

the Sick and in the Churchingof Women. The concluding

rubric dates from 1661 ;the

rubric in 1549 definitely ordered

the reception of Holy Commu-nion.

MATTHEW'S (St.) DAY. Sept.

2ist. This Apostle and Evan-gelist, before his call to theapostleship, was known as Levi,

the publican, or tax-gatherer.

He may possibly have been the

brother of St. James the Less,

and of St. Thomas also. Hewas the first to write a Gospel,

which he addressed to the Jews,his aim being to show that Jesuswas the Messiah. It is probablethat he alone, of all the NewTestament writers, wrote in

MET.

Hebrew. His symbol is theLion, according to St. Augustine.

MATTHLAS'S (St.) DAY. Feb.24th. Of St. Matthias we knowsimply nothing, except that hewas elected to the vacant placein the Apostolic College, causedby the desertion and death of

the traitor Judas; Acts i. 15 to

end.

MAUNDY THURSDAY. TheThursday before Easter, beingthe day on which our Lord in-

stituted the Holy Sacrament ofHis Body and Blood. Thename is a corruption of the Latinword mandatum, meaning a com-

mand, in allusion to the "NewCommandment" of mutual love.

MESSIAH, see Trinity, The Holy.

METHODISTS. The original

Methodists are the Wesleyans,but already this sect has split

up into numerous sections, or" Churches," as they call them-selves. The leading sub-divisionswill each have a separate notice.

The leading idea of Methodismis a revival of religion by a free

appeal to the feelings, and themethod adopted is an elaboratesystem of " societies, " andpreaching the doctrine of " sen-sible conversion."The " people called Method-

ists," or Wesleyans, are thefollowers of John Wesley, whowas born in 1703. He took his

degree at Oxford, and wasordained in 1725. He held aFellowship at Lincoln Collegeuntil his marriage in 1752. Whileat Oxford, he, with his brotherCharles, of Christ Church, andhis friend Whitefield, of Pem-broke, and some twelve others,


MET.

determined to live under acommon rule of strict and serious

behaviour ; to receive frequently

the Holy Communion; and to

adopt a methodical and con-scientious improvement of their

time. After ordination, these

two brothers, John and Charles,

set to work to revive a spirit of

religion in the Church of Eng-land, of which they were priests,

and were aided by the good-will

and sound paternal advice of

some of the Bishops.In 1735 John Wesley went out

as a missionary to Georgia, in

America, but the settlers re-

jected his services, and his mis-

sion to the Indians was a failure.

On his voyage out, he unfortu-

nately came under the influence

of some Moravians ; and onreturning to England, after athree years' absence, he becamea regular member of the Mora-vian Society in London. It washere he learnt the two peculiar

doctrines of subsequent VVesley-

anism, viz. : (i) instantaneousand sensible conversion, (2) the

doctrine of perfection, i.e., of aChristian Maturity, on attaining

which , he that is (in the Wesleyansense) " born again," " born of

God," sinneth not. If, however,we take into view Wesley'sown persistent affirmation in

later times, " I have uniformlygone on for fifty years, nevervarying from the doctrine of the

Church at all ;

" and manyother such passages, we cannotescape the inevitable conclusionthat the very doctrine on whichhis modern followers have built

their separation fromthe Church,is nothing else than a transient

and foreign element in their great

founder's teaching.

In 1744 Wesley called around

MET.

him his most trusted friends,

—

six clergymen of the Church ofEngland and four lay preachers,

and held what we should nowcall a Retreat; this meeting,however, is regarded by theWesleyans as the first regular" Conference" of the MethodistSocieties. It was in 1784 that

Wesley drew up a "Deed of

Declaration," which was form-ally enrolled in Chancery,establishing Methodism in the

eye of the Law. This was anunintentional step on the part of

Wesley towards an ultimateseparation from the Church.Now it w^as too that he made his

second great mistake of conse-

crating an English Clergymanas bishop, and two laymen as

presbyters of the AmericanSocieties. This was the o;:igin

of the Episcopal Methodists of

America. John Wesley died in

1791, almost his last printed

utterance being, " I declare that

I live and die a member of the

Church of England ; and nonewho regard my opinion or advicewill ever separate from it."

{John Wesley, Arminian Maga-zine, April, 1790.)Four years after his death, in

1795, the separation took place,

and the Conference allowed the

preachers to administer the

Lord's Supper. No sooner wasthe severance complete than the

punishment followed. In 1795^ the Methodist New Connexion

split away from them, under aman named Kilham. In 1810

the Primitive Methodists causedanother schism. In 181 5 the

Bible Christians seceded, and so

on. What would John Wesleyhave thought of all this ? Onlynine months before his death,

he had solemnly charged his


MET.

preachers : "In God's name,stop there ! Be Church of Eng-land men still !" (Wesley, Ser-

MET.

mons, iii. 268). And his dyingbreath was spent in a prayer for

the Church!

The Minutes of the Wesleyan Methodist Conference for the year

18S3-4 give the following statistics :

—


MET.

METHODISTS, CALVINISTIC.Up to 375 1, John Wesley andGeorge Whitefield had workedin harmony, but then arose adifference of opinion betweenthem on the doctrine of election,

which resulted in their separa-

tion. Whitefield held the Cal-

vinistic view, Wesley the Ar-minian.

After Whitefield's death, in

1769, his followers graduallysettled into two separate religious

bodies, one being the LadyHuntingdon's Connexion, or, as it

is sometimes called, the English

Calvinistic Methodists, and the

other the Welsh Calvinistic Meth-odists,

Whitefield was chaplain to the

Countess of Huntingdon, and it

was by his advice she becamethe patroness of his followers,

and founded a college for theeducation of Calvinistic preach-ers. The doctrines of this con-nexion are almost identical withthose of the Church of England,interpreted, of course, in a Cal-vinistic sense, and her liturgy is

generally employed. They haveno general ecclesiastical govern-ment, and have become virtually

Congregational Societies,

The Welsh Calvinistic Methodists

owe their origin in a great degreeto a ISIr. Harris, who did for

Wales much what Wesley andWhitefield did for England. Heinstituted "Private Societies"in 1736, but it was not till iSiithat the connexion separatedfrom the Church. Their Churchgovernment differs slightly fromWesleyanism, and their doc-trines are said to be in accord-ance v.-ith the 39 Articles, inter-

preted in a Calvinistic sense.

MET.

68 THE CHUKCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

MET.

Primitive Methodist Connexion in

1810. Messrs. Hugh Bourneand William Clowes rnay belooked upon as the fathers of

this body. Their doctrines are

precisely the same as those of

the original connexion.

Ministers. Lay Preachers. Members.

1,152. 15,728. 191,329.

Chapels.

4.397-

Sunday Scholars.

394,238.

METHODIST KEFORMERS. In

18.49 certain points in Methodistprocedure were attacked in

anonymous pamphlets called

"Fly Sheets," which resulted in

the expulsion of many ministers

from the original Society. They,with those sympathising with

them, have set up a distinct

machinery of methodism, al-

though still regarding themselvesasWesleyan Methodists, illegally

expelled.

METROPOLITAN. A Bishopwho presides over a province is

called a Metropolitan.

MICHAEL (St.) &ALLANGELS.A festival observed on the 29th

of September. St. Michael is

described in the Old Testamentas the guardian angel of the

Jewish people ; and in the NewTestament he is the great arch-

angel fighting for God and HisChurch against the devil.

(See Angel.)

MILITANT, THE CHURCH.The name given to the Churchon earth in the Prayer followingthe Offertory. Militant meansfighting, and is used of theChurch on earth in contra-dis-tinction to the Church Trium-phant, the Church above.

MIR.

MILLENNIUM. Latin, a thou-

sand years. Certain people lookfor a return of Christ to the earthbefore the end of the world, andhold that there will be a first orparticular resurrection limited

to the good, and a reign ofChrist with all the saints uponthe earth for a thousand years,

or millennium. This doctrine is

chiefly based upon a most literal

interpretation of part of thebook of Revelation (chap, xx.),

which is confessedly the mostfigurative and mystical book in

the Bible,

MINOR CANONS. Priests in

Collegiate Churches next in rankto the Canons and Prebendaries,but not of the Chapter. Theyare responsible for the perform-ance of daily service, and shouldbe well skilled in Church music.

MINISTER. One who serves. Aterm applied generally to theclergy about the time of theGreat Rebellion. It is equivalentto the Greek word renderedDeacon. An effort was unsuc-cessfully made in 1689 to substi-tute minister ior priest throughoutthe Prayer Book wherever thelatter word occurred.

MIRACLE. Latin, A Wonder.The general notion of miracles,viz., that they are necessaryproofs or credentials of ourSaviour's commission from God,can scarcely be maintained onScriptural grounds. (Matt.vii.28.)

A better definition of miraclesis given by Archbishop Thom-son: "The miracles of theGospel are works done by Christin the course of His divinemission of mercy, which couldnot have proceeded from ordinary


MIR.

causes then in operation, andtherefore proved the presence of

a superhuman power, and which,by their nature and drift, showedthat this power was being ex-

erted in the direction of love

and compassion for the salvation

of mankind."If the miraculous works of

Christ were disproved and doneaway with, two miracles wouldstill remain which are unassail-

able, viz., the character of Christ,

and the message of Christ.

Therefore the question is not

whether miracles by themselvesare probable, but whether the

Lord from heaven, who lived onthis earth—for none could haveinvented the story of His life

;

who left a message on earth—for

none could have invented that

message ; added to his utterances

certain marvels of love and com-passion to draw men's eyestowards Him for their good.

This may be called the historic

consideration of miracles ; the

scientific is briefly as follows:

—

We are told that the phenomenaof nature are so many links in achain of causes and effects, andto suppose that God breaksthrough this chain, is to makeGod contradict Himself. Tothis it may be answered that

apart from any question of

miracles, there are already flaws

in this chain of causation, or

rather, powers from without that

can shake it, as, for instance,

the outbreak of a war rendering

a country, which should havebeen fertile, barren and wasted.

Holy Scripture is not responsible

for the phrase, " suspension of

the laws of nature." Theologiansdo not dogmatise about the

nature of miracles, and it wouldbe well if science were less

MOR.

zealous for the inviolability of

laws, the outside limits of whichshe cannot now ascertain. Mira-cles are but a part of the Gospel,and we judge them by the setting

in which they are placed. Thosewho received them at first werenot made Christians by them.(Mark ix. 23, 24.) To us theyare not even the beginning of

faith, for Christ was our Teacherand Friend before our infant

minds could conceive whatmiracles meant. He, the sinless

Lord, is our first miracle ; Histeaching is our second miracle ;

and a third may be added, viz.,

the transforming power of the

Gospel in human hearts.

The reader is referred to the

sermon on Miracles in ArchbishopThomson's " Life in the Light

of God's Word," "The Reignof Law," by the Duke of Argyll,

and Sir Edmund Beckett's "Re-view of Hume and Huxley onMiracles."

MISSION. A sending forth. Thepower or commission to preachthe Gospel. Thus our blessed

Lord gave His disciples andtheir successors their mission,

when He said, "Go ye into all

the world, and preach the

Gospel to every creature."

MISSION. An effort to awakenor increase spiritual life in aParish by means of special

Services and Sermons.

MISSIONARY SOCIETIES, see

Societies.

MORAVIANS, or UNITEDBRETHREN. A sect generally

said to have arisen underNicholasLewis, a German nobleman of

the last century, and thus called

because among the first converts


MOR.

\vere some Moravian families-

They themselves claim to havesprung from the Greek Churchin the ninth century. Hooksays, " It is sometimes supposedthat because the Moravians haveBishops they are less to beblamed than other dissenting

sects. But, to say nothing of

the doubt that exists with res-

pect to the validity of their

orders, an Episcopal Church maybe, as the English Moraviansand Romanists in this countryare, in a state of schism. Andthe very fact that the difference

between them and the Churchis not great, if this be so, makesthe sin of their schism, in not

conforming, yet greater." InEngland the Moravians number5,000 members, 6,000 scholars,

and have 32 chapels andpreaching stations.

MORMONISTS, or LATTERDAY SAINTS. The founderof this sect was Joseph Smith,born in 1805, of poor parents, in

the State of Vermont, U.S. Atthe age of 15 he declared himselfto have seen a vision of "twopersonages," who informed himthat all existing Christian sects

were erroneous. Acording to

his own account, this vision

was repeated three years after-

wards, when he was informedthat the American Indians werea remnant of the Israelites, andthat certain prophetical writings

of the Jews were buried in aspot from which he was destinedto rescue them. The absurd story

goes on to say that Joseph Smithaccordingly found in a stonebox, just covered with earth, in

Ontario, the "Record," consist-

ing of gold plates engraven with" Reformed Egyptian " charac-

MOR.

ters. Although discovered in

1823, the angel would not allowSmith to remove them until

1827. Luckily he also discoveredthe Urim and Thummim in thesame box with the golden plates,

and by its aid he was able totranslate a portion of the revela-

tion, which, when complete,composed a large volume. Thisvolume he called the " Book ofMormon," "Mormon" meaning,as he explained, more good, from"mor," a contraction for more,

and "mon," the Egyptian for

good. Mormon, too, was thename of a supposed prophetliving in the fourth or fifth cen-tury. The golden plates, said

to have been discovered in theabove extraordinary manner,were never publicly produced,but three witnesses were foundto testify that they had actuallyseen the plates, an angel havingexhibited them. These threewitnesses were the two brothersand the father of Smith. Fourother witnesses of the name ofWhitmer also testified the same.The "Book of Mormon" wassucceeded by a " Book of Doc-trine and Covenants," being acollection of special revelations

made to Smith and his associ-

ates. Followers soon began to

flock around the new " prophet,"as Smith called himself. But at

the same time much hostility

was shown to the sect. Theywere expelled from different

States, until at last they settled

in Illinois. An altercation be-tween the "Saints" and thecounty resulted in the imprison-ment of Joseph Smith and hisbrother Hyrum ; but in 18.44 ^mob broke into the prison andthe brothers were shot. BrighamYoung succeeded to the post oi


MOR.'

' prophet. '

' Fresh troubles withthe State caused another migra-tion of the "Saints" in 1846,

who, after much suffering, settled

in the valley of the Great Salt

Lake. There they have pros-

pered, and the settlement itself,

by the name of Utah, has beenadmitted to the United States

Confederacy. They send mis-

sionary agents to all parts of the

world to make fresh converts.

The practice of polygamy theyjustify by their doctrine concern-ing "spiritual wives." Theyhave published a "Creed," in

which they profess their belief

in the Holy Trinity, in Salvation

through Christ, in the necessity

of the Sacraments and the or-

dinary means of grace. Theyfurther believe that the mirac-ulous gifts of the Spirit continue.

They believe in the word of

God recorded in the Bible, andin the Book of Mormon. Theylook for the restoration of the

Jews, and expect a millennium.They have 82 congregations in

England.

MORNING PRAYER The con-

stniction of the Morning andEvening Services is so similarthat they will both be consideredunder this heading. It will benoticed that the Services recog-nise distinctly what may becalled God's part and man'spart in the communion of wor-ship. They open by the messageof God to His people, calling for

penitence and promising for-

giveness, which is met by theresponse of the Confession. Nextpardon is pronounced in God'sName, which naturally awakensin the pardoned soul the out-burst of Praise and Thanksgivingin the Lord's Prayer, the Psalms

MOR.

and the Canticles. Then thevoice of God is again heard inthe Lessons, and His revelationis accepted by the response offaith in the Creed. Lastly, in

the sense of His grace and theknowledge of His will, we turn toPrayer for ourselves and for

others, and end with the com-mendation of all to His blessing.

Many parts of the Morningand Evening Service are con-sidered under their own par-ticular names, but the history ofthe rest is given here.

The Introductory Sentences, fromthe Psalms, the Prophets, andNew Testament, are taken fromold Lent Services. The Exhort-ation, 1552, was composedpartly from the preceding sen-

tences, and partly from ancientforms. The Confession, 1552, is

derived from old forms.

The Absolution, like the previ-

ous part of the service, wasadded in 1552. In the Rubric,the words " Remission of sins"were added by the HamptonCourt Conference in 1604, to

meet the objection that theword Absolution was popish. In1661 the word Priest was substi-

tuted for " Minister," showingthat a deacon may not read theAbsolution.With the Lord's Prayer the old

Latin Service begins. TheRubric directs it to be said withan " audible voice," becauseformerly it was said inaudibly,

to keep it from the ears of the

unbaptized. The direction that

the people are to say it withthe Minister was added in 1661.

The Versicles date from the 6thoentury. The answer, "TheLord's Name be praised," wasadded in 1661 . For the Canticles

and Creed see different articles.


MUS.

The Salutation, " The Lord be

with you," is apostoHc. Nextcomes the Lesser Litany. TheVersides following are said bythe Priest "standing up," in

accordance with mediaeval cus-

tom. Morning Prayer endedwith the Collect for Grace until

1661, when the five final prayers

were added. The Second Collect

dates from 5th century, the

third from 6th century. Theprayers for the Queen, and for

the Clergy and People, stood in

the Liiany in 1559, and the

Prayer of St. CJirysostom (John,

the Golden Mouthed) was in the

Litany in 1545, and dates fromthe 4th century. The Prayerfor the Royal Family was com-posed in 1604.

MUSIC, see Church Music.

NAVE. From the Latin navts, aship, because the nave, or body,of a church somewhat re-

sembles the hull of a ship turnedupside down. The nave formerlywas always separated from the

chancel (which see) by a screen.

NICENE CREED, tee Creed.

NON-CONFORMISTS. The namenow given to all those who donot conform to the practice ofthe Established Church. Origin-ally, however, it was restricted

to the Puritan section mthin theChurch, dissidents from theChurch being called Separatists,

which is still their correct title.

In Elizabeth's reign many of theclergy refused to conform to theAct of Uniformity ; the use ofthe surplice, and many things in

the Book of Common Prayer,

OCT.

being objectionable to them.The Non-Conformists afterwardsassumed the name of Puritan,

which had previously been usedof a heresy of the 3rd century.

They formally separated fromthe Church in 1 572 . (See Puritan

.

)

NORTH SIDE, see EastwardPosition.

NUNC DIMITTIS, or the SONGOF SIMEON. (Luke ii. 29.)

The sweetest and most solemnof all the Canticles—the thanks-giving of the aged saint for the

sight of the Saviour. It is appro-priately sung by us after the reve-

lation of Christ in the Lessonsfor the day. It is, and has been,

used by the whole CatholicChurch from the earliest times.

OBLATION. An offering to God.In the Office for the Holy Com-munion we pray God to "acceptour alms and oblations.'' Theword oblations was added to this

prayer at the same time that therubric which directs the priest to

"place upon the table so muchbread and wine as he shall thinksufficient," was inserted, 1662.

From this, many— Wheatly,Palmer, Bishop Patrick, &c.

—

conclude that the oblation consists

in the offering of the bread andwine. Others would consider it

merely synonymous with '

' alms.'

'

OCTAVE. The octave is theeighth day after any principalfestival of the Church. In ancienttimes it was customary to observethese days with much devotion,including the whole period also

from the festival to the octave.In our Prayer Book we observe

THE CHURCFI HANDY DICTIONARY. 73

(EC.

the octaves of Christmas, Easter,

Ascension, and Whit-Sunday, byusing the special preface ap-

pointed in the Communion Ser-

vice at every celebration during

the octave. The Whit-Sundaypreface, however, is only used

six days, because Trinity Sundayfalls on the octave.

CECUMENICAL. (Belonging to

the whole inhabited world.) Aterm applied to General Councils

of the Church, to distinguish

them from councils of less im-

portance. It is also a title of

the Patriarch of Constantinople.

OFFERTORY. In an ecclesi-

astical sense, the anthem said

or sung while the offerings arebeing made ; it is now frequentlyused to denote the alms col-

lected. Oblations in money orkind have always been madefrom apostolic times (i Cor. xvi.

2). Out of these offerings in kindwere taken the bread and wineused in the celebration of the

Holy Communion. (See Alms,Communion.)

ORDERS, HOLY. Three Orders

have always been recognised in

the Church of Christ—Bishops,Priests, and Deacons. Thepreface to the Ordinal in ourPrayer Book affirms this verystrongly. To these were added,but on a distinctly different

footing, what are called theMinor Orders—Sub-Deacon, Aco-lyte, Exorcist, Singer, Reader,Door-keeper; these are of merelyecclesiastical institution, and are

not generally retained in the

Church of England, althoughthe office of Reader may be said

to be in part revived, and the

revival of Sub-Deacon is recom-

ORD.

mended. The Church of Romehas seven Orders. Articles xxiii.,

xxxvi. and xxxvii., as well as thepreface referred to above, shouldbe carefully read on this matter.

(See also Apostolical Succession

and Ordinal.)

Bishop. From a Greek word{episcopos)m.e2iVimg an" Overseer. '

'

It is the title nowgiven to the high-

est Order in the Christian Minis-try, to which appertains the func-

tion of ordination. Of this Orderwere Titus and Timothy, the

one being Bishop of Crete, theother Bishop of Ephesus. In the

English Church a Bishop mustnot be less than 30 years old, aPriest 24, and a Deacon 23, un-less dispensed by a faculty fromthe Archbishop of Canterbury.

Priest. The second Order in

the Christian Ministry. Theword is a corruption of Presbyter

(which see). In common withI3ishops, Priests have the powerto absolve, to consecrate, and to

bless, but not to ordain. Thedifference between a Priest anda Deacon is far greater thanthat between a Deacon and alayman.

Deacon. The lowest Order in

the English Church. The wordis derived from the Greek, andmeans a minister. He is the

assistant of the Priest, and mayonly perform certain spiritual

duties

—

e.g., the rubrics of ourPrayer Book direct certain parts

of the Service to be taken by the" Priest," while the rest is left to

the " Minister," Priest or Deaconas he may happen to be, unless

from the nature of the office, weknow that the term " Minister"refers only to " Priest." (SeeMinister.)


ORD.

ORDERS, QUALIFICATIONSFOR. Although the preface to

the Ordinal and Canon 39 lay

down generally what is nec-

essary from Candidates for

Holy Orders, yet any one in-

tending to be ordained hadbetter write to the Secretary of

the Bishop into whose diocese

he thinks of going for further

particulars as to the subjects

for examination, &c. The papers

generally necessary for Deacon's

orders are the following— (i)

Certificate of Baptism, or a de-

claration by some competent

witness that the candidate has

completed his 23rd year andhas been baptized. (2) Grad-uates of Cambridge must have

passed either the Special Theo-logical, or the Preliminary Ex-amination for Holy Orders;

Graduates of Oxford must pro-

duce Certificates that they haveattended two courses of Lec-

tures by Divinity Professors.

Durham men must be either

B.A. or L.Th. Dublin menmust be B.A., and hold also

the Divinity Testimonial. (3)

College Testimonials. (4) The"Si quis," a notice read in the

Church of the place where the

candidate resides, to give oppor-

tunity for raising objections,

something like the asking of

Banns. (5) Letters Testimonial

for three years, or for the time

elapsed since the Candidate left

College. This Testimonial mustbe subscribed by three beneficed

clergymen. (6) A Title, or nomi-nation to a Curacy. For Priest's

Orders, the Candidate requires

4, 5, and 6, as above. When a

Candidate is accepted by the

Bishop, he has then to pass anExamination, which slightly

differs in the various dioceses,

ORD.

but generally comprehends the

following subjects, viz.—TheBible ; the New Testament in

Greek, and a minute acquaint-

ance with some specified portion

of it ; The Prayer-Book ; The39 Articles ; Church History

;

Latin ; some theological au-

thors, such as Pearson, Hooker,Butler, Paley, &c. ; a HebrewPaper is set for those who care

to take up Hebrew.

ORDINAL. '

' The form and man-ner of making, ordaining, andconsecrating Bishops, Priests,

and Deacons." Various formsof Service for Ordination haveexisted from the earliest times.

Although differing in manyways, each kept the essentials

of Ordination, viz., Impositionof hands, with Prayer and Bene-diction, as used by the Apostlesthemselves. The first ReformedService was taken as usual partly

from the ancient ordinals in use.

It was revised in 1552, and againin 1662, when some changes,tending to greater solemnity,

were introduced.

The Preface insists upon thenecessity of Episcopal Ordina-tion. It determines the age at

which men may be ordained,

viz.. Deacon at 23, Priest at 24,

Bishop at 30, and speaks of thequalifications of candidates for

the ministry. Canon 34 of 1604mentions further qualifications

necessary (see Orders, Qualifica-

tions for). The times for Ordi-nation appointed by the Canonare, of course, the four EmberSeasons, which have been so set

apart from the 5th century.

The Form and Manner of making

of Deacons. After MorningPrayer, including the Sermon,


ORD,

is ended, the Candidates for

Deacon's Orders, dressed either

in surplice or gown, are pre-

sented by the Archdeacon to the

Bishop, who is sitting in his

chair in the Sanctuary. TheBishop's address to the peopleis of much the same nature as

the Si quis already read. TheLitany is made specially appro-priate by the insertion of the

suffrage, " That it may please

Thee to bless these Thy ser-

vants, now to be admitted to the

Order of Deacons (or Priests),

and to pour Thy grace uponthem ; that they may duly exe-

cute their office, to the edifying

of Thy Church, and the glory

of Thy Holy Name." Thenfollows a special Collect andEpistle. Before the Gospel theBishop proceeds with the Ordi-nation Service. Until 1865 theOath of the Queen's Supremacywas administered here, but nowit is taken before the Service.

Sitting in his chair, the Bishopputs certain searching questionsto those he is about to ordain.

The first is of the " Inward Call"of the Holy Ghost. This per-

haps is sometimes misunder-stood, but several high authori-

ties unite with Calvin in ex-

plaining it to be "the goodtestimony of our own heart,

that we have taken this office

neither from ambition, covet-

ousness, nor any evil design,

but out of a true fear of God,and a desire to edify the Church.(See Call to the Mmistry.) Thenext question is of the "OutwardCall," and implies a willingness

to accept all the regulations

under which the Ministry is to beexercised in the Church of Eng-land. The third and fourth

questions demand a belief in the

ORD.

Bible, and a desire to read (andperhaps expound it) in theChurch.The next question explains

the duties of the Diaconate, andmarks very distinctly the great

difference between that Orderand the Priesthood. The answerexpresses the candidate's inten-

tion to be faithful in the public

ministration of his office, andthe answer to the next questionhis desire to be an example in

his private life. The last ques-tion concerns canonical obedi-

ence. Next follows the Ordina-tion itself, which is notable for

its extreme simplicity in com-parison with the great solemnityof the Ordination of Priests.

The Gospel is usually read bythe Deacon who passes first in

the Examination.The Communion Service is

then proceeded with, one final

prayer being added in behalf of

those who have just becomeDeacons in the Church.The Form and Manner of OrdeV"

ing of Priests. The ground-planof this Service is the same as

that of the preceding. TheDeacons are ordained before the

Gospel, the Priests after. TheBishop's exhortation before

putting the question brings outin a striking manner a picture

of the whole pastoral duty andlife. The first question dwells

on the outward call to the Priest-

hood ; the second, third, andfourth, on the rule of faith andpractice ; the fifth and sixth onthe individual life; the seventhand eighth on the sicbmission to

order and peace. Then follows acall to the congregation present

to engage in silentprayeron behalfof those about to be ordained to

the Priesthood. After which the


ORD.

hymn Veni Creator is sung, as it

always has been sung since the

nth century on this occasion;and after another prayer thespecial act of Ordination is pro-

ceeded with. It is to be noticed

that Priests present are to join

with the Bishop in the laying onof hands in obedience to i Tim.iv. 14. The Charge given in this

Ordination is threefold, (a) TheDispensation of the Word

;(bj

The Dispensation of the Sacra-ments

;(c) the "Power and

Commandment" of Absolution,

John XX. 23, and compare Matt,xvi. 19; xviii. 18. The Serviceof the Holy Communion is thenproceeded with, the final collect

being a twofold prayer for thenewly-ordained and for the peo-ple. The concluding rubric is adirection for the order of theService if Priests and Deaconsare to be ordained on the sameoccasion.

The form of Ordaining and Con-secrating of an Archbishop or

Bishop. This form of Servicediffers from the other servicesin beginning with the Commun-ion Service, placing the Ser-mon in its usual place in thatService, and then inserting theLitany after the Gospel and be-fore the Consecration. TheService is to be conducted bythe Archbishop, or some Bishopappointed by him. The presenceof other Bishops is impliedthroughout, according to the oldrule, which prescribed, as amatter of church order, thoughnot of absolute necessity, thatthree Bishops at least shouldconcur in the Consecration. TheCandidate, vested in a Rochet,is presented by two Bishops, in

accordance with a custoin ofgreat antiquity. The Queen's

ORN.

mandate is then read, andthe oath of canonical obe-dience taken. The Litanycontains a special suffrage andprayer. The questions whichfollow are substantially the sameas in the Ordination of Priests;

except that [a] in the sixth theduty of enforcing discipline is

insisted upon ; and(&)the seventhrequires a promise to be faithful

in ordaining others ; and [c) theeighth lays stress on the dutyof gentleness and charity. Afterthis the Bishop elect is to put onthe rest of the episcopal habit.

The form of consecration itself

corresponds to the Ordinationof Priests, save that in place of

conferring the power of absolu-tion, we have St. Paul's ex-

hortation to Timothy (2 Tim. i.

6, 7), to stir up the gift of Con-secration in "power, love, andsoberness." The charge at thedelivery of the Bible takes theform of an earnest exhortation.The Holy Communion is thenproceeded with.

ORDINARY. Where used in thePrayer Book this word almostalways means the Bishop of theDiocese. The word properlysignifies any judge authorized totake cognizance of causes in hi?

own proper right.

ORGAN, see Church Music.

ORIGINAL SIN, see Sin.

ORNAMENTS OF THECHURCH, and MINISTERSTHEREOF. This Rubric is

well known as the " OrnamentsRubric." It will be consideredunder two heads, (ij the Vest-ments of the Minister, (2) theOrnaments of the Church.

THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY. 7>

ORN.

(i.) This Rubric had no exist-

ence in 1549; but a direction in

the Communion Service saysthat the Priest is to wear " awhite albe plain, with a Vest-ment or Cope, '

' and the assisting

Priests or Deacons, " Albeswith tunicles," or Dalmatics.At other Services in ParishChurches the ministers were to

use a surplice and, in Cathedralsand Colleges, the hood of their

degree. At a celebration a Bishopwas to wear a Surplice or Albe,

and a Cope or Vestment. In

1552 the Ornaments Rubric ranthus:—"The Minister, at thetime of the Communion, and at

all other times of his ministra-

tion, shall use neither Albe,Vestment, nor Cope ; but, beingArchbishop or Bishop, he shall

have and wear a Rochet, andbeing Priest or Deacon,a Surpliceonly." In 1559 this Rubric wasaltered thus:—"The Minister.... shall use such ornamentsin the Church as were in use byauthority of Parliament in the

second year of Edward VI.,

according to the Act of Parlia-

ment set forth in the beginningcf this book. This Act spoke of

authorizing the Queen to ordainother ceremonies ; but whethershe did so or not, according to

this Act, has been a matter ofcontroversy. But in the "ad-vertisements " of ArchbishopParker (1566), no other vestmentthan the Cope and Surplice is

named. In 1662 the Rubric wasaltered into its present form.

As a matter of history, it seemsunquestionable that, with a fewexceptions, all vestments exceptthe Surplice and Hood in ParishChurches, and Copes in someCathedrals, were disused after

1564. Within the last 25 years,

PAN.

the use of the old vestmentsordered in the first Prayer Book,and authorized by Parliament,has been revived on the authorityof the Rubric of 1662. ThePrivy Council, however, has,

rightly or wrongly, pronouncedagainst the legality of therevival of the vestments namedin the Rubric. (See Vestments.)

(2.) The ornaments of theChurch are discussed under theheadings of Altar, Altar Lights,

&c. In Canons 80 to 84 amongthe things pertaining to theChurch are enumerated (i) agreat Bible and Prayer Book,(2) a Font of stone, (3) a "decentCommunion Table covered in

time of Divine Service with acarpet of silk or other decentstuff," (4) the " Ten Command-ments to be set up " and " otherchosen sentences written," (5)

a Pulpit, (6) an Alms Chest

ORTHODOX. Sound in doctrineaccording to the consentienttestimony of Scripture and theChurch. The opposite is hetero-

dox.

PALM SUNDAY. The Sundaynext before Easter, so called frompalm branches being strewedon the road by the multitude,

when our Saviour made His tri-

umphal entry into Jerusalem.

PANTHEISM. From two Greekwords meaning "all "and "God."It is a subtle kind of Atheism^which makes God and the uni-

verse the same, and so deniesthe existence and sovereignty ofany God over the universe.

What may be called NaturalReligion partakes largely of

Pantheism.


PAP.

PAPISTS. Roman Catholics. Theterm is derived from Papa, atitle restricted in the West to

the Pope. In the Greek Churchit is the title of all parish priests.

PARABLE. In the New Testa-ment a figurative discourse, or astory with a typical meaning.In the Old Testament it some-times signifies a mere discourse,

as Job's parable, Job xxvi—xxxi.

inclusive. The Parable, in theNew Testament sense, was andis a common mode of expressionin the East.

PARISH. '

' That circuit of groundwhich is committed to the chargeof one parson or vicar, or otherminister." Some think Englandwas dividedinto parishes byArch-bishop Honorius, about the year630. There are instances of ParishChurches in England as early asthe year 700. The cause of thegreat difference in the extent of

different parishes is explainedby the fact that churches weremost of them built by lords ofthe manor for their tenants, andso the parish was the size of thelord's manor. In 1520 the num-ber of Parish Churches wasbetween 9,500 and 10,000. Thereare now about 13,500 Benefices

;

and many more District andMission Churches, and Chapelsof Ease.

PARSON. The Rector or Incum-bent of a Parish, when the in-

come of the living is derivedfrom land. It represents twoLatin words, 'Persona Ecclesiae,'

the ecclesiastical person of aplace.

PASSING BELL. A bell tolled

now after the death of a person.

PEN.The 67th canon orders "Whenany one is passing out of this life,

a bell shall be tolled, and their

minister shall not then be slack

to do his last duty.". Thus thebeautiful idea of calling for theprayers of the Church, by thetolling of a bell, for the dyingperson is altogether lost sight of

by our modern custom. 1

PASSION WEEK, see HolyWcelj.

PASTOR. Literally, a shepherd:

hence one who shepherds souls.

PASTORAL STAFF. A Staff

shaped like a crook, which aBishop shall either bear " in his

hand" or else have "borne orholden by his chaplain." Thisis the direction of a rubi"ic in

the Prayer Book of 1549, andwhich is still the law of theChurch according to the presentOrnaments Rubric.

PATEN, see Altar Vesaels.

PATRON. The person who hasa right to present to a benefice.

PAUL (St.), THE CONVER.SION OF, January 25. Thefestival of St. Paul is not, asusual, of the day of his martyr-dom, but of his miraculous con-version, and it is upon this,

rather than on his wonderfulcharacter and work, that theservices lay stress.

PECULIARS. Parishes exemptfrom the jurisdiction of theBishop of the Diocese in whichthey lie. They were for themost part abolished in the reignof William IV.

PENANCE. In the law of


PEN.

England penance is an openecclesiastical punishment for

sin. This discipline of the

Church has fallen into disuse, afact deplored in the openingexhortation of the ComminationService. Absolution after penancehas been exalted into a Sacra-

ment in the Church of Rome.

PENITENTIAL PSALMS.Seven psalms, from their internal

character, are thus called, viz.,

6,32,38,51,102,130,143. Theseare appointed to be read on Ash-Wednesday.

PENTECOST. A solemn festival

of the Jews, so called because it

is celebrated Jifty days after the

Passover. It corresponds to the

Christian Whitsuntide, which is

sometimes called by the samename.

PERPETUAL CURATE. Theincumbent of a church, chapel,

or district, within the boundariesof a rectory or vicarage. Hisposition is in every respect that

of a Vicar.

PESSIMISM. A philosophy whichacknowledges the evils that arein the world, but instead of look-

ing for a " new heaven and a newearth " it looks for release in un-consciousness. It is the religion

of doubt, and hopelessness, anddespair. It makes the worst ofeverything.

PETER'S (St.) DAY. June 29.This festival, originally a festivalof both St. Peter and St. Paul,on the traditional anniversaryof their common martyrdom, is

of great antiquity, certainlyknown from the 4th century, andkept both in the East and West

PIS.

on this day. The institution ofthe festival of the Conversion of

St. Paul has now transferred thecommemoration of that Apostleto another day, January 25tb

PEWS. Enclosed seats in churches.They did not come into use until

the middle of the 17th century,

and almost belong to the past

now. But long before pews there

were appropriated seats. Thefirst mention of a "reading pew,"or desk, in the body of the

church, for the minister, is in

1596 : previous to that time his

place was in the chancel.

PHILIP (St.) AND St. JAMES'SDAY. May i. There seems to

be no adequate reason for thecoupling together of these twoApostles. In the Greek Churchtheir festivals are observed separ-

ately. Of St. Philip we havenotices only in St. John, andearly tradition speaks of his

preaching in Pamphylia. Of St.

James the Apostle, the son ofAlphaeus, sometimes supposed to

be the same as "James the Less,"

or the Little, of Mark xv. 40, w^e

know nothing except his namein the Apostolic catalogue. Inthe Epistle for this day he is

identified with James, the brotherof the Lord, surnamed the Just,

and author of the Epistle bear-

ing his name. But this identi-

fication is very uncertain.

PISCINA. A drain for water,usually accompanied with deco-rative features, near the altar onthe south side. It was formerlyused to pour away the water in

which any sacred vessel hadbeen washed. In many churchesthe Piscina is the only remainingtrace of where an altar has been.


PLY.

PLYMOUTH BRETHREN. Thename is a misnomer. Theycall themselves merely "Breth-ren," and instead of originating

in Plymouth, their principal

source was near Dublin. Theydate from 1S27, and their exist-

ence is a protest against all sect-

arianism, they holding that

there should be a visible unity

among Christians. They decline

to be looked upon as one of the

many sects into which Chris-

tianity is divided, and refuse to

be identified with any.

They hold in great esteem the

primitive constitution of the

Church, and trust largely to the

power of prayer for the supply

of their temporal necessities.

They have no recognised minis-

try, but any one believing himself

to be inspired of the Spirit mayaddress their meetings.

POLITY, ECCLESIASTICAL.The constitution and govern-ment of the Christian Church,considered as a society. Thegreat book on this subject is

Hooker's immortal work.

POPE. From Papa, Father, atitle anciently given to all

Christian Bishops ; but at the

end of the nth century it wasassumed exclusively by GregoryVII., Bishop of Rome, whosesuccessors' peculiar title it hasever since continued. (SeePapists.) There are but few in-

stances of the exercise of the

papal power in England before

the Norman Conquest, nor hasthe Church of England everwholly submitted to papal rule.

(See Church of England.)

POSITIVISM, nee Comtism.

PRE.

PRAYER-BOOK, see Liturgy.

PREACHING. Proclaiming thetruths of religion. The term is

not necessarily to be limited to

what are called sermons, as wesee by Acts xv. 21, " Moses of

old time hath in every city themthat preach him, being read in

the synagogues every Sabbathday." Hooker, in his fifth book,cleverly argues against the ex-

altation of sermons as being the

means of grace to the detriment

of other parts of public worship,

a custom prevalent in his timeamong the Puritans, and nowamong most of the dissenting

sects.

PREBENDARY. A clergymanattached to a Cathedral Church,who anciently enjoyed a prebend,

or stipend, arising from somepart of the Cathedral property,

in return for his officiating at

stated times in the Cathedral.The appointment is now often

honorary. (See Canon.)

PRECENTOR. The leader of achoir. In almost all Cathedralsof old foundation in England,and very generally on the Con-tinent, the precentor was thefirst dignitary in the chapter,ranking next to the dean. Hesuperintended the choral ser-

vice and the choristers. In all

new foundations the precentoris a minor canon, holding arank totally different from, andinferior to that of his namesakeof the older foundation. (SeeMinor Canon.)

PREDESTINATION, see Elec-tion. The 17th Article treats

of Predestination, but in such away as to make it very difficult

THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY. 8i

PRE.

to comprehend what it teaches

with regard to this most contro-

verted subject. It seems design-

edly drawn up, in guarded andgeneral terms, on purpose to

embrace all persons of tolerably-

moderate views. (See Arminian-

ism, Calvinism, Antinomianism.)

PRELATE. Generally a Bishop,but strictly an ecclesiastic havingjurisdiction over other ecclesi-

astics.

PRESBYTER. A Greek wordsignifying an Elder. In theChristian Church a presbyter orelder is one who is ordained to acertain office, and authorized byhis quality, not his age, to dis-

charge the several duties of that

office and station in which he is

placed. In this large and ex-

tended sense,Bishops were some-times called presbyters in theNew Testament, for the apostles

themselves did not refuse the

title. Priests are in an ordinarysense the presbyters of the

Church, and in the Scotch Lit-

urgy, compiled in the reign of

Charles I, the word presbyter is

substituted for that of priest.

(See Orders.)

PRESBYTERIANS. A Protes-tant sect which maintains that

there is no order in the Churchsuperior to presbyters, and onthat account has separated fromthe Catholic Church. This sect

is established by law in Scot-land, where there nevertheless

exists a national branch of theCatholic Church, under canon-ical Bishops. Of course theestablishment or disestablish-

ment of a sect in no way alters

its position as being, or not be-ing, a branch of the Catholic

PRO.

Church. From time to timeconsiderable secessions haveoccurred in Scotland from theEstablished Church, the princi-

pal being the '

' United Presbyterian

Church,'' and the "Free Church ofScotland." English Presbyteriansare not to be confounded withScotch Presbyterians,the formerbeing the main supporters of

Socinianism and Rationalism in

this country.

The "Presbyterian Church ofEngland" has lo presbyteries,

275 congregations, 56,099 com-municants.

PRESENCE, REAL, see Commu.nion, Holy, part iv. The Hom-ily on the Sacrament asserts," Thus much we must be sure to

hold, that in the Supper of the

Lord there is no vain ceremonyor bare sign, no untrue figure of a,

thing absent ; but the communionof the body and blood of ourLord in a marvellous incorpora-

tion, which, by the operation of

the Holy Ghost, is, throughfaith, wrought in the souls of the

faithful."

PRESENTATION. The off'ering

of a clerk to the Bishop by thepatron of a benefice, for institu-

tion.

PRIEST, se« Presbyter, & Orders,Holy.

PRIMATE. A " Primate" is thehighest in rank in a NationalChurch. The Archbishop ofCanterbury is Primate of all

England, but is without powerin the province of York. TheArchbishop of York is Primateof England.

PROCESSION OF THE HOLYGHOST. The doctrine that the


PRO.

Holy Ghost proceeds from the

Father and the Son. It is anincomprehensible mystery, andin thinking of it we shall do well

to remember the words of Greg-ory Nazianzen to an objector

;

"Do you tell me how the Fatheris unbegotten, and I will thenattempt to tell you how the Sonis begotten, and the Spirit pro-

ceeds." The Eastern or GreekChurch (which see) split fromthe Western on this question of

the procession of the Holy Ghost,believing that the eternal pro-

cession is from the Father alone,

and not from the Son.

PROCTOR A name given to theclergy elected by their brethrento represent them in convoca-tion. The same name is givento those officers of the universi-

ties of Oxford and Cambridgewhose duty it is to guard themorals, and preserve the quiet

of the university.

PROFESSOR. A public teacherin a university.

PROTESTANT. The term is nowused of all who protest againstPopery. It was originally givento those who protested against acertain decree issued by the Dietof Spires in 1529.

PROVINCE. The limit of anArchbishop's jurisdiction, as adiocese is the limit of the juris-diction of a Bishop. {See Arch-bishop and Diocese.)

PSALTER. The word Psalter is

often used by ancient writers forthe book of the Psalms, consider-ed as a separate book of HolyScripture

; but the term is gene-rally used now of the book in

PUB.

which the Psalms are arrangedfor the public service of theChurch. The Roman Psalter,

for instance, does not follow thecourse of the Psalms as in theBible, but arranges them for thedifferent services. The division

of the Psalms into daily portions,

as given in our Prayer Books,has been done with a view to

convenience. The Psalter, pro-

perly speaking, is a separatebook from that of CommonPrayer. The English Psalter

does not follow the last trans-

lation of the Bible (which is theauthorized one), but that of

Coverdale's Bible, corrected,

which had become familiar to

the people from constant use.

PUBLIC WORSHIP. The uni-ted Service of the Congrega-tion. A Christian duty verymuch neglected by the laity,

notwithstanding the Apostolicdirection not to forsake "theassembling of ourselves toge-ther. "(Heb. X. 25.) Formerly thelaw of the land compelled everyparishioner to attend publicworship, unless excommunicate.There is a special blessing pro-mised to the assembly of be-lievers for common prayer andpraise. "Where two or three aregathered together there am I inthe midst of them." (Matt, xviii.

20.) " The Lord loveth the gatesof Zion more than all thedwellings of Jacob" (Ps. Ixxxvii.

2.) Both in the Old Testamentand New Testament this dutyholds a prominent place.

PUBLIC WORSHIP REGU-LATION ACT. An Act of Par-liament, passed in 1874, for thebetter administration of theLaws respecting the regulation


PUL.

of Public Worship. Under this

Act any three aggrieved Parish-

ioners, calling themselves mem-bers of the Church of England,though not necessarily Commun-icants, may report to the Bishopanything their clergyman doeswhich they believe to be unlawful.

TheBishop mayuse his discretion

whether proceedings are to betaken against the clergyman onthe representation of his pa-

rishioners. If the litigious parties

prefer it, the case may be takenout of the Bishop's hands andbrought before a J udge appointedunder this Act—at present LordPenzance.The workings of the Act have

been far from satisfactory to

any, and in many cases havegiven rise to grave scandal.

PULPIT. A raised desk. Ser-

mons were formerly delivered

from the steps of the Altar. ByCanon 83, a raised desk, called

a pulpit, is ordered in everychurch, from which the preacheris to address his fiock.

PURGATORY. A place in whichsouls are, by the Romanists, sup-posed to be purged from carnalimpurities, before they are re-

ceived into heaven. The Coun-cil of Florence, 1439, first gavean authoritative decree concern-ing Purgatory,—" If any whotruly repent depart from this life

before that by worthy fruits ofrepentance they have made sat-

isfaction for their sins of com-mission and omission, their souls

are purified after dgath, and to

relieving these pains, the suf-

frages of the faithful who arealive, to wit, the sacrifice ofmasses, prayers, alms, and otherpious works, are profitable. But

PUR.

whether purgatory is a fire, or amist, or a whirlwind, or any-thing else, we do not dispute."The idea of Purgatory was

very early broached by indi-

viduals. St. Augustine, 398,speaks of it as a thing which" possibly may be found so, andpossibly never ;

" the VenerableBede says it is " not altogetherincredible." Origen, in the 3rdcentury, is by some thought to

have been the first to teach dis-

tinctly the doctrine of Purgatory,but his view differs altogetherfrom the Roman. Article xxii.

gives the view of the Church ofEngland on this subject .

"Purgatory ... is a fondthing, vainly invented, andgrounded upon no warranty ofScripture, but rather repugnantto the word of God. '

' However,in the celebrated "Essays andReviews" case, the point arosein respect of a doctrine, scarcelydiscernible from that of Purga-tory, being taught by Mr. H. B.Wilson, and the Privy Councildecided that there is no condem-nation of it in the Anglican form-ularies. The teaching of Article

xxii. is borne out by the follow-

ing : Luke xxiii, 43 ; Phil, i 23 ;

2 Cor. v. 8 ; Rev. xiv. 13 ; andmany other passages.

PURIFICATION OF THEBLESSED VIRGIN MARY.February 2nd. The alternative

title (the " Presentation of Christ

in the Temple,") suggests thelesson to be drawn from all theservices of the day. The name"Candle-mas Day" is derivedfrom the custom of a processionwith torches, superseding (it is

thought) the heathen festival of

torches to Ceres in the early part

of February, with a reference to


PUR.

the true " light to lighten the

Gentiles." Exodus xiii. 1-17

(the proper lesson for the day)

gives the INIosaic law of the

dedication of the tirst-born.

PURITANS. A name assumed bythe ultra-Protestants in the reigns

of Elizabeth, James I., andCharles I. The following chapter

of history is often much mis-

represented by the enemies of

the Church :— In the time of the

great Rebellion seven thousandEnglish clergymen, having re-

fused to take the covenant, wereejected from their livings, their

places being supplied by dissent-

ing teachers. At the Restoration

it was required that all those

persons who had thus becomepossessed of the property of the

English Church should either

conform to the regulations of the

Church, or resign. Of all the

Puritan clergy then in possession

only fifteen hundred refused to

conform. These fifteen hundredwere ejected, and from what?From their rights ? No ; fromwhat they had usurped. INIore

than five thousand conformedand still retained possession of

their benefices, so that but fewof the loyal English clergy whohad been ejected regained their

rights even at the Restoration.

QUAKERS. A sect owing their

origin to George Fox, a cattle-

drover, in 1624. They are also

called the " Society of Friends."The first assembly for publicworship was held in Leicester-

shire in 1644. The Society is

diminishing in numbers in theUnited Kingdom. The body is

much more numerous in America.Three gradations of meetings or

QUA.

synods—monthly, quarterly, andyearly—administer the affairs ofthe Society. Fit persons arechosen by monthly meetings asElders, to watch over the religious

duties of the members. Theymake provision for their poor,none of whom are ever known to

require parochial relief. At themonthly meetings also marriagesare sanctioned. Monthly meet-ings being limited to a certain

circuit, several monthly meetingscompose a quarterly meeting, at

which general reports are givenand appeals heard. The yearlymeeting has the general superin-tendence of the Society. In caseof disputes among Friends thematter is submitted, not to law,

but to arbitration. Their solemnaffirmations are accepted in lieu

of oaths. The chief rule of their

faith is that the inspiration of

the Holy Spirit so guides andteaches them that the Bible andall else is subordinate to this

inward monition of the Spirit.

Their ministers may be either

male or female, the only qualifi-

cation necessary being the im-mediate inspiration of the HolySpirit. They decline to definein any way the doctrine of theHoly Trinity. They deny thenecessity of any outward signaccompanying Baptism, it beinga wholly spiritual matter. Alsothey affirm that taking or receiv-

ing the Eucharist is not of per-petual obligation. And theycondemn all war, even in self-

defence, as unlawful for Christ-ians.

The Society of Friends consistsof about 12,000 members, 254recorded ministers, and about400 unrecorded ; and in Englandand Wales they have 317 placesof worship.


QUI.

As a rule their moral character

is excellent, and they are veryvaluable members of society.

QUINQUAGESIMA SUNDAY.The fiftieth day before Easter,

reckoning in whole numbers.

(QUESTMEN. The same as

Synod's men, or Sidesmen. (See

Chuvchwardens.)

RATIONALISM. There are twoways by which the human mindcan attain to a knowledge of the

truth ; first by receiving a divine

revelation of it, and secondly bymeans of observation and reason-

ing. The name of Rationalism is

given to that school of thoughtwhich believes that the latter of

these two ways is of itself fully

sufficient for the attainment of

all truth.

READING DESK, see Desk.

BEADING IN. Every incumbentupon entering his living is obligedto read the Thirty-nine Articles,

and to give his assent theretopublicly, in Church, on someSunday nearly following his ap-pointment. He must also readthe Morning and Evening Prayer,and declare his assent to thePrayer Book. A certificate to

thai effect has to be signed bythe Churchwardens. The wholeceremony is known as that of" reading in."

REAL PRESENCE, see Presence,Real.

RECTOR. A clergyman who hascharge of a paristi, and who pos-sesses all the tithes. The dis-

tinction between a Rector andVicar is that the former has the

REG.

whole right to all the ecclesi-

astical dues within his parish,

whereas the latter is entitled

only to a certain portion of thoseprofits, the best part of whichare often absorbed by the im-propriator.

REFORMATION. The great re-

volt in Europe in the i6th cen-tury against the Papacy. Therescue of our Church from theusurped dominion of the Pope,and its restoration from the cor-ruptions of Popery to primitivepurity was then effected. (SeeChurch of England.)

REFRESHMENT SUNDAYThe fourth Sunday in Lent is socalled probably because theGospel for the day relates themiracle of the feeding of thefive thousand. It is also fre-

quently called Mid-Lent Sunday.In several parts of England it is

known by the name oi Mothering-

Sunday, from an ancient practice

of making a pilgrimage to theMother Church, usually theCathedral, of the neighbourhoodon this day. The comparativelymodern and local custom ot

young men and women goinghome to visit their parents onthis day is probably a survival

of the older practice.

REGENERATION. A Latin wordmeaning new birth, or being bornagain. The catechism teachesus that the grace of Baptism is

" a death unto sin, and a newbirth unto righteousness. .

."

So, in perfect consistency withthe catechism, the minister, im-mediately after the administra-tion of Holy Baptism to a child,

addresses the congregation thus

:

" Seeing now, dearly beloved


REG.

brethren, that this child is regene-

rate . . ;" and he returns thanks

to God that it hath pleased Him" to regenerate this infant withThy Holy Spirit." The sameconnexion between regeneration

and baptism is expressed in the

Office for Private Baptism andin the Office for the Baptism of

Adults. There has been muchconfusion and misunderstandingcaused by using the word re-

generation as though it meantconversion. Both the Bible

—

Tit. iii. 5 ; John iii. 3-5—andthe Fathers use regeneration as

the neiv birth of baptism, butnever as meaning anything else,

unless figuratively as Matt. xix.

28. (See Conversion, Baptism.)

EEGISTER. A parochial recordof Baptisms, JMarriages, andBurials. The keeping of a churchbook for registering the age ofthose that should be born andchristened in the parish beganin the thirtieth year of HenryVIII. Canon 70 gives directionsfor the safe keeping of parishregisters wherein baptisms, wed-dings, and burials were entered.Duplicate registers of weddingsare now kept by order of recentlegislation, and also copies aremade quarterly and given to theregistrar of the district. Thereis a small fee payable by thosewho wish to search the parishregisters ; and for a copy of anentry 2s. 6d. is the legal charge.

EENOVATION. This action ofthe Holy Spirit upon the heartof man differs from Regeneration(which see) in that it is pro-gressive, and may often berepeated or totally lost. WhereasRegeneration comes only once,in or through Baptism, and can

RES.

never be repeated nor ever totally

lost.

REPENTANCE or CONTRI-TION, A sincere sorrow for all

past sins, an unfeigned dispo-

sition of mind to perform the

will of God better for the future,

and an actual avoiding andresisting of those temptations to

sin under which we have before

fallen.

REREDOS. A screen behind analtar, necessary in cathedrals,

and some large churches, becausethe altar is not against the Eastwall. The name is commonlygiven to all carved or decoratedwork immediately behind the

altar.

RESIDENTIARY CANONS.These Cathedral officers haveto reside in the Cathedral Closefor three months in the year, in

their respective turns, and take

their part in the services of theCathedral. (See Canon.)

RESPONSE. In the ChurchService an answer made by the

people speaking alternately withthe minister. This has alwaysbeen a fundamental feature in

every liturgy. The practice hasbeen handed down from the

Jewish Church.

RESURRECTION. Both theresurrection of our Lord and ourown future resurrection arearticles of the Christian faith.

What the resurrection body will

be like we do not know, but webelieve that our mortal, cor-ruptible body, which is laid in

the grave, will rise again immortaland incorruptible. The principalpassages of Scripture bearing on


RIN.

the resurrection are

—

i Thess.iv. 14-16 ; I Cor. xv. 20-52

;

Rev. XX. 13 ; Phil. iii. 21 ; Rom.viii. II.

RING-, see Matrimony, Solemni-zation of.

RITES. Religious observancesprescribed by competent au-

thority. This " competentauthority" is described to bethe Church in that portion of

the preface of the Prayer Bookwhich treats of "Ceremonies;"and the claim of this right for

the Church accords with Art.

xxxiv. , which says :

'

' Every par-

ticular or national Church hathauthority to ordain, change, andabolish ceremonies or rites of

the Church ordained only byman's authority, so that all

things be done to edifying."

RITUAL. The name given beforethe Reformation to that book ormanual (sometimes it was socalled) which comprised all thoseoccasional offices of the Churchwhich a Presbyter could admin-ister. The word is now often

used of the mode or manner in

which Divine Service is con-ducted.

RITUALIST, (i) A writer on therites of Churches. (2) A namegiven of late to the school whichhas revived disused ceremonialin the Church of England. (SeeChurch Parties.)

ROCHET, see Vestments.

ROOD SCREEN. A screen sepa-rating the chancel from the nave,

on which the rood {i.e., the figure

of our Lord on the Cross) wasplaced, and on either side theBlessed Virgin and St. John.

RUR.

The place of the rood, where thescreen was sufficiently substan-tial, as in cathedrals, has beenalmost universally convertedinto an organ loft.

RUBRICS. Rules for the order-ing of Divine Service. Theywere formerly written or printedin a red character, and therefore

called Rubrics, from a Latin wordsignifying red.

The most controverted rubric

in the Church of England is the

well-known "Ornaments Rubric"(which see.) The Rubrics deal-

ing with the position of the Priest

at Holy Communion are exam-ined in the articles on Communionand Eastward Position.

RURAL DEAN. As each Provinceis divided into Dioceses, andeach Diocese into Archdeacon-ries, so each Archdeaconry is

divided into Rural Deaneries,

consisting of a certain numberof Parishes. Over this RuralDeanery some beneficed clergy-

man, usually appointed by the

Bishop, presides. In the Dio-cese of Exeter the clergy

elect their own Rural Deans.His duties are to call together

the clergy in his Deanery at

certain times for the discussion

of ecclesiastical matters. Thesemeetings are called Ruri-decanalChapters. It is also the duty of

the Rural Dean to see that thechurches in his Deanery are in

fit order for public worship, andsupplied with those things bylaw required. He is to report

any immorality or crime amongthe clergy of his Deanery.The office of Rural Dean is an

ancient office of the Church, andis mentioned as early as the timeof Edward the Confessor.


SAB.

SABAOTH. A Hebrew wordmeaning Jiosts or armies. JehovahSabaoth is the Lord of Hosts." Holy, holy, holy, Lord God ofSabaoth."

SABBATH. Rest. The seventhday of the week, commanded in

the Decalogue to be kept holy,

and still observed by the Jews.The Christian Sabbath is kept

• on the first day of the week. (SeeSunday and Lord's Day.)

SACERDOTALISM. The spirit

or character of the priestly classor priesthood ; devotion topriestly interests. From LatinSaceidos, one given to sacredthings.

SACRAMENT. Latin, sacra-

menium, an oath orpromise ratified

by a sacred or religious cere-mony ; thus the oath taken bysoldiers in classical times wascalled sacramentiim. In the earlyChurch the word " sacrament "

was used to expi-ess the promisesmade by Christians in HolyBaptism. Then it came to beused of the ceremony itself, andthence to signify any religiousordinance. In this extendedsense the Church of Englandacknowledges other rites to besacraments beside Baptism andthe Eucharist

; thus in theHomily on Swearing we find," By the like holy promise thesacrament of matrimony knittethman and wife in perpetual love,"&c. So the catechism does notlimit the number of sacramentsto two, but says, " Two only, asgenerally necessary to salvation."

Thus in the Church of Englandwe distinguish Baptism and theEucharist from all other ordi-nances, because they are, what

SAC.

the others are not, necessary for

salvation to all men, whereverthey can be had. Other ordi-

nances may confer grace, butBaptism and the Eucharist aloneunite with Christ Himself. Thuswe may say that in the strict

definition of the word there areonly two sacraments. Baptismand the Supper of the Lord.The Roman Catholic Churchteaches that there are seven sacra-

ments, but this can hardly beborne out ; for if the word betaken in the larger sense asmeaning any religious ordinance,then there are more than seven,

but if in a limited sense, thereare only two. For the Romanview of sacraments see Article

XXV. The Church Catechismdefines a sacrament in the strict

sense as follows:— It is "anoutward and visible sign of aninward and spiritual grace givenunto us, ordained by ChristHimself as a means whereby wereceive the same, and a pledge to

assure us thereof."

SACRIFICE. An offering madeto God. In strictness of speechthere has been but one greatsacrifice— once offered, andnever to be repeated—the sacri-

fice of the death of our LordJesusChrist. He suffered "deathupon the Cross for our redemp-tion ; Who made there (by Hisone oblation of Himself onceoffered) a full, perfect, andsufficient sacrifice, oblation, andsatisfaction for the sins of thewhole world." But, figurativelyspeaking, all Divine worship wasanciently called a sacrifice, asacrifice of praise and thanks-giving ; but more especially thisterm has been applied to theEucharist. Justin Martyr and


SAC.

Irenaeus, both Fathers of the

2nd century, speak of the

Eucharist as a sacrifice. Ter-

tulhan, of the 3rd century, does

the same. (See AUay, and Com-munion, The Holy.

SACRILEGE. The desecration

of objects sacred to God. Thusthe robbing of churches or of

graves, the abuse of sacred

vessels and ahars, by employingthem for unhallowed purposes,

the plundering and misappro-

priation of alms and donations,

: &c., are acts of sacrilege which,

in the ancient Church, werepunished very severely.

SACRISTAN. The person to

whose charge the sacred vest-

ments, &c., in a Church are

committed. The word is nowcorrupted to sexton (which see.)

SACRISTY. The place in whichsacred vestments, &c., are kept,

answering to the modern vestry.

SAINT. Holy. The Apostles in

their Epistles use this wordsimply for baptized believers,

that is, for all Christians. (See

Comnmnion of Saints.)

SAINTS' DAYS. The Church ofRome commemorates an enor-mous number of holy men andwomen who have lived and diedfollowing in the footsteps ofChrist. But at the Reformationit w-as decided to celebrate in

the Church of England only thefestivals of the principal saints

mentioned in the New Testa-ment. If the line was not drawnthere, it was difficult to saywhere it should be drawn. Whentwo Holy-Days occur {i.e., fall

on the same day), the service

SAL.

appointed for the superior dayshould be used, but in certain

cases the Collect for the inferior

day should be used after theCollect for the superior day. Asa general rule, a Saint's Day, orHoly-Day, takes precedence be-fore an ordinary Sunday.

SALVATION ARMY, THE, wascommenced as a ChristianMission in 1S65, by its present"General," then known as the" Rev." W. Booth, formerlya minister of the MethodistNew Connexion. In 187S thename "Salvation Army" wasassumed. In iSSo the Armywas established in the UnitedStates and in France, and aweekly newspaper called the" War Cry " was issued, whichhas now (1SS3) reached the sale

of 400,000 copies. In 1882 the"Army" had in Great Britain420 stations, or corps

;gSo

officers (as the missionaries,

male and female, entirely engagedin the work, are called) ; andheld 7,500 services weekly in thestreets, and in buildings bought,built, or hired for the purpose.

" Every member or soldier ofthe Army is expected to wearan ' S,' meaning Salvation, onthe collar, and those who can,provide themselves with a com-plete uniform of dark blue cloth

thus marked."The grotesqueness, not to say

irreverence, of many of their

proceedings, and much of their

language ; the noise, excitement,and display which always accom-pany their work ; the silly affec-

tation of constantly using a quasi-military phraseology, and someother features cf the movement,do not commend it to sober-minded Christians ; while the


SAN,

unauthorised celebration of the

(so-called) Sacrament of the

Lord's Supper condemns it in

the eyes of the Church.

SANCTIFICATION. Holiness

;

the effect of the Holy Spirit's

work upon the heart of man,(See Justificaticn.)

SANCTUARY. The place within

the Septum, or rails, where the

altar stands in the Christian

church. The term is also usedof the privilege of criminals, who,having fled to a sacred place,

are free from arrest so long as

they remain there. This customof "Sanctuary,'' which is nowalmost wholly done away witheverywhere, arose from Deut.xix. II, 12, and Joshua xx.

SARUM, THE USE OF. In theearly Church in England everyBishop was allowed to ordainrites and ceremonies, and prayersfor use in his own diocese. Theexercise of this power, in processof time, caused a considerablevariety in the manner of per-

forming Divine Service ; and thecustom of a diocese in its cere-

monial, mode of chanting, &c.,

became a distinct Use, and wasknown by the name of that

diocese. Thus gradually theUses, or customs, of York, Sarum(or Salisbury), Hereford, Exeter,Lincoln, Bangor, and doubtlessothers of which the records haveperished, were recognised as

defined and established varieties

of the Ritual of the English

Church.The most remarkable of these

was the Use of Sannn. It wasdrawn up about 1085 by Osmund,Bishop of Salisbury and Chan-cellor of England. He re-built

SCH.

his cathedral, collected togetherclergy distinguished for learning,

and skill in chanting, and tookmuch pains to regulate the eccle-

siastical offices ; so that his

church became a model for

others, and his " Custom-book "

was wholly or partially followed

in various parts of the kingdom,more especially in the South of

England.We may look upon this Use

as being the foundation of ourpresent Prayer Book.

SATAN. An adversary, an enemy,

an accuser. Sometimes the wordSatan is put for the Devil, as in

Job i. 6, 7 ; Ps. cix. 6. ; Zech. iii.

1,2. In the New Testament it

almost always means the Devil,

but in Matt. xvi. 23, it simplymeans an adversary. " Begone,O mine adversary, you that with-stand what I most desire," &c.The word Devil is from the

Greek for an accuser, or calum-niator. The Devil, or Satan, is

a wicked spirit, who with manyothers, his angels or under-agents, is fighting against God.He has a limited dominion overall the sons of Adam, except theregenerate, in his kingdom ofthis world,

SCARF or STOLE, see Vestments.

SCEPTICS. From a Greek wordmeaning to look about, to deliberate.

Anciently the term was appliedto a sect of philosophers foundedby Pyrrho. In modern timesthe word has been applied to

Deists, or those who doubt of

the truth and authenticity of thesacred Scriptures.

SCHISM. Greek, 2l fissure, or rent.

In an ecclesiastical sense it means


SCH.

a breaking off from communionwith the Church, on account of

some disagreement in matters of

faith or discipKne. Those whodo so are called Schismatics. Toseparate wilfully from the

Church of God is a sin;(i Cor.

i. 10 ; iii. 3 ; xi. 18 ;) and we are

directed to avoid those whocause divisions. (Rom. xvi. 17.)

In the Litany we pray, "Fromheresy and schism, good Lorddeliver us."

History brings before ournotice many considerable schisms,

in which whole bodies of menseparated from the communionof the Catholic Church. Suchwere, in the fourth century, theschisms of the Donatists, and of

the numerous heretics whichsprung up in the Church, as the

Arians, Photinians, Apollinari-

ans, &c., the schism in theChurch of Antioch ; in the fifth

century, the schism in the

Church of Rome, between Lau-rentius and Symmachus ; theschism of the rival popes at

Rome and Avignon, in the four-

teenth century.

In England the chief schismshave been by the Romanists,the Independents, and the Wes-leyans.

SCHOOLMEN. The title givento a class of learned theologianswho flourished in the middleages. They derive their namefrom the schools attached to thecathedrals or universities in

which they lectured. The chiefSchoolmen were, Albertus jNIag-

nus, a Dominican friar, died1280, Bonaventure, surnamedthe Seraphic Doctor, born 1221,and died a cardinal. ThomasAquinas, surnamed the Angelical

Doctor, born 1224, was a pupil

SEPof Albertus Magnus. John DunsScotus, surnamed the Subtle

Doctor, was a Scotchman bybirth, but educated in Paris.William Ocham, surnamed theSingular Doctor, was born inSurrey, in England. He, too,

like Scotus, was educated at theUniversity of Paris, about theyear 1300. Raymond Lully,

born in Majorca, 1236. Duran-dus, surnamed the Most resolving

Doctor, Bishop of Meaux, 1318.

SCREEN. Any separation of onepart of a church from another.The screens separating side

chapels from the chancel, nave,or transept, are usually called

parcloses. (See Rood Screen, &c)

SCRIPTURE, HOLY, see Bible.

SEALED BOOKS. By an Act ofCharles II. it was ordered thatthe Dean and Chapter of everyCathedral and Collegiate Churchshould obtain under the great

seal of England a true and perfect

printed copy of the Prayer Book,as revised in his reign (1662), to

be kept by them in safety for

ever, and to be produced in anyCourt of Record when required.

These copies are called " SealedBooks."

SEATS, see Pew.

SEDILIA. Seats near an altar.

almost always on the south side,

for the ministers of&ciating at theHoly Eucharist.

SEE. Latin, sedes, a seat. Thescat of episcopal dignity andjurisdiction, where the Bishophas his throne, or cathedra.

SEPTUAGESIMA SUNDAY.The Sunday which is, in round


SEP.

numbers, seventy days before

Easter.

SEPTUAGINT. The Greek Ver-sion of the Old Testament whichwas in general use in the time of

our Lord. The word Septuagint

means seventy, and this namewas given this Version from the

tradition that it was the work of

seventy translators. Accordingto the common account, PtolemyPhiladelphus procured seventy-

two learned Jews (six from eachtribe) to translate their sacred

books into the Greek language.

The translators, it is said, wereplaced in houses on the island

of Pharos, at the mouth of the

Nile, where they completed their

work in seventy-two days. Thewhole Greek Version of the He-brew Scriptures was completedbefore b.c. 130. The Gospelsquote from this version.

SEPTUM. The enclosure of theholy table, made by the altar

rails.

SEPULCHRE or TOMB. A nichefiguring our Lord's tomb, gene-rally at the north side of thealtar, and used in the scenic re-

presentations of our Saviour'sburial and resurrection. Beforethe Reformation these sacredplays were common on GoodFriday and at Easter. Perhapsthe most beautiful Sepulchrenow in England is in LincolnCathedral.

SEQUESTRATION. "The pro-cess by which the creditor of aclergyman of the Church of Eng-land in possession of a living,

sues out execution on his judg-ment, and obtains payment ofthe debt." " The Bishop puts

SER,

in force the law, and appointssequestrators to take possession

of the benefice and draw the

emoluments, and pay them overto the creditor, first making dueprovision for the proper cele-

bration of Divine Worship,"

SERAPHIM, see ANGELS.

SERMONS. Orations or dis-

courses, delivered by the clergy

of the Christian Church in their

religious assemblies. In theancient Church it was one of thechief offices of a Bishop to

preach, and it was only in thelesser churches of the city andcountry that the office of preach-ing devolved upon presbyters.

Deacons were never allowed to

preach, and they are only per-

mitted to do so now by special

licence of the Bishop (see Ovdi-

nation Service.) St. Augustinehas laid down excellent rules

for the practice of Christianeloquence. The subject is to beweighty, the style answering to

the subject. It was no part ofthe ancient oratory to raise theaffections of the congregation,either by gesticulations, or theuse of external shows. Scarcelyany of their sermons would last

an hour, and many not half thetime. Many of St. Augustine'smight be preached in eight min-utes. They always concludedtheir sermons, as we do now,with a doxology to the HolyTrinity. The preacher usuallysat, and the people stood.

The sermon in the Church ofEngland is enjoined after theNicene Creed, according to

ancient custom ; but nowhereelse. {See Preaching.)

SERVICE. In technical language


SEX.

those stated parts of the Hturgywhich are set to music ; but the

term is also used of the whole of

Public Worship.

SEXAGESIMA SUNDAY. ThatSunday which is, in round num-bers, sixty days before Easter.

SEXTON. From Sacristan. Thename is now generally givento the person who digs thegraves, &c.

SHAKERS. A party of enthusiastswho left England for Americain 1774. They affected to con-sider themselves as forming the

only true Church, and their

preachers as possessed of theApostolic gift. They disownedBaptism and the Eucharist.

Their leader was Anna Lees,

whom they believed to be thewoman mentioned in the Apoc-alypse (Rev. xii. 1,2).

SHROVE TUESDAY. The daybefore Ash Wednesday, so called

in the Church of England fromthe old Saxon word shrive, shrif,

shrove, which means to confess

;

it being our duty to confess oursins to God on that day in orderto receive the Holy Communion,and thereby qualify ourselves for

a more holy observance of Lent.Before the Reformation Auricu-lar Confession was compulsorilymade to a priest, and Absolutionwas sought.

SICK, COMMUNION OF, see

Communion of Sick.

SICK, VISITATION OF. A dutyentailed upon the Christianminister by Canon 76, and bythe rubric before the Office for

the Visitation of the Sick. This

SIC

Office, with the exception of theExhortations, is chiefly takenfrom the Sarum Use (which see).

The Service has little changedsince 1549, except by the additionin 1662 of the final Commenda-tion, and of the four beautiful

collects appended to the service.

The Salutation is in obedienceto our Lord's command (Luke x.

5). The Versicles are the sameas those in the Marriage Ser-

vice, except the prayer for

deliverance from the enemy,which is taken from Ps. Ixxxix.

22, 23. After two Collects cometwo very beautiful and practical

exhortations, which are followedby an examination in the faith

of the sick person. Next comesthe provision for Confession andAbsolution, which is similar to

that in the first exhortation at

Holy Communion, as to private

confession and special Absolu-tion. Till 1662 the initiative-

was left wholly to the sick per-

son, " Then shall the sick man,"&c., but now the minister is to" move him " to confession. TheAbsolution is only to be given if

the sick person "humbly andheartily desire it." The latter

part of the Absolution is takenfrom the ancient Office, and is

declaratory, the first clause beingprecatory. The phrase, "lab-solve thee," has been much dis-

cussed ; this form has been usedever since the 12th century.

A rubric in 1549 provided this-

Absolution for use in all cases

of private confession, and thusit is probably the Absolutionreferred to in the Exhortation at

Holy Communion. (See A bsolu-

tion.) The next Collect is theoriginal Absolution, or reconci-

liation of a dying penitent, in

the Sacramentary of Gelasius, a

94 thf: church handy dictionary.

SID.

5th century compilation. After

the Psalm comes a beautiful

specimen of the ancient antiphon.

The Benediction was composedin 1549, and the Commendationwas added in 1662. (Num. vi.

24-26.) The four beautiful final

prayers were added in 1662.

SIDESMEN or SYNODSMEN,see Churchwardens.

SIMON (St.) AND JUDE'S (St.)

DAY. October 2Sth. These twoApostles are found together in

all the Apostolic catalogues im-mediately after "James the sonof Alphseus," and in the list of

the " brethren of our Lord " wehave "Jamesjudas, and Simon;"thus it has been usual to identify

the two lists. However, theweight of evidence seems against

this identification.

St. Simon is surnamed theCanaanite (it ought to be Cananite)

and Zelotes, which two namesare really the same ; the onebeing Hebrew and the otherGreek. The " Zealots " w-ere anenthusiastic sect in Judaea aboutthe time of our Lord.

St. Jude had two surnames,viz., Thaddeus and Lebbeus.Of neither Apostle have we

any special notice in Scripture,

or trustworthy tradition.

SIMONY. The conferring ofHoly Orders, or the presentationof any one to an ecclesiastical

benefice for money, gift, or re-

ward. Canon 40 calls it "thedetestable sin of simony," andevery person on being instituted

to a benefice has to swear thathe is not guilty of it. It is socalled from the sin of SimonMagus (Acts viii. 19), thoughPaley states that the resem-blance is an imaginary one.

SIN,

SIN. The subject Sin may beconsidered under various heads

;

I. Original Sin; 2. Actual Sin;

3. Deadly Sin; 4. Sin against the

Holy Ghost.

(i.) Original Sin. This is " thefault and corruption of ournature, which infects all men."(See Article ix.) We inherit it

from Adam, our first parent. It

is the dread consequence of theFall. Scripture proofs : Gen.viii. 21 ; Job xiv. 4 ; Ps. li. 5 ;

Rom. viii. 18; Ep. iv. 22 ; Ep. ii.

3; Gal. iii. 22; i Cor. xv. 22;Rom. V. 12, 15, 17, iS, 19. TheChurch of England teaches thatalthough all taint of original sin

is not done away in baptism,yet it holds that its condemnation

is remitted.

(2.) Actual Sin. Sin which weourselves commit.

(3.) Deadly Sin. (See Article

xvi.) The Church of Romedivides sin into two classes

:

mortal sin, that sin which is in

its nature gross, and is com-mitted knowingly, wilfully, de-liberately ; and venial sin, sins

of ignorance, and negligence,

and the like. We also make adistinction between sins ofgreater or less enormity ; weadmit that there is a difference

of degree, but the Romanistsmake a difference in their natureand kind, a distinction we cannotadmit. According to the Romans,no amount of venial sins wouldever make a mortal sin. Weconsider every sin to be in its

nature mortal or deadly, anddeserving of God's wrath andcondemnation (James ii. 10, 11),

and only hope to be savedthrough the intercession of our" Advocate with the Father,

Jesus Christ the righteous, whois the propitiation for our sins."


SOC.

(3.) Sin agamst the Holy Ghost.

(See Article xvi.) What is thenature of this terrible sin which" shall not be forgiven, neither

in this world nor in th3 worldto come?" (Matt. xii. 31, 32.)

The Church clearly teachesin Article xvi. that wilful sin

after baptism is not, as somehave taught, the unforgivable sin,

but it seems rather to be " obsti-

nate, resolute, and wilful impeni-tence, after all the means ofgrace and with all the strivings

of the Spirit, under the Christiandispensation as distinguishedfrom the Jewish, and amid all

the blessings and privileges ofthe Church of Christ." (HaroldBrowne on the Thirty-nineArticles.) This, in effect, is theteaching of St. Augustine, thatthe sin against the Holy Ghostis a final and obdurate continu-ance in wickedness, despite thecalls of God to repentance,joined with a desperation of themercy of God. In Matt. xii. 31,

32, it would seem that the un-pardonable sin was committedby those who ascribed our Lord'smiracles to the power of Beel-zebub.

SOCIETIES, CHURCH. It will

be possible to mention a fewonly of the chief societies, &c.,connected with the Church, in

a work like the present. Theyvvill be described under theheadings (i) Charitable, (2) Edu-cational, (3) Missionary, (4)Building, (5) General.

I. Charitable. Each diocesehas charities of its own in

addition to those which are notof limited area,

—

The Corporation of the Sons ofthe Clergy. Founded 1655. Reg-istrar, W. P. Bowman, Esq.

SOC.

Office, 2, Bloomsbury Place,London. Objects, assistance tonecessitous clergymen, theirwidows and maiden daughters

;

education of children of poorclergymen, and the starting ofthem in life.

The Friend of the Clergy Corpor-ation, 1849. Secretary, Rev. H.Jona, 4, St. Martin's Place,Trafalgar Square, London. Ob-jects much the same as above.

The Poor Clergy Relief Corpora-tion, 1856. Secretary, Dr. RobertTurtle Pigott, 36, SouthamptonStreet, Strand. Objects, imme-diate relief, both in money andclothing, to poor clergymen, theirwidows and orphans, in sicknessand other temporary distress.

The Cholmondelcy Charities.

Treasurer, John Hanby, Esq.,I, Middle Scotland Yard, White-hall, S.W. Class I., Augment-ation of certain stipends. ClassII., Much the same as aboveSocieties. Class III., Exhibitionsto sons of clergymen to the Uni-versities. Class IV., Allowancefor starting the children ofclergymen in life.

2. Educational Societies. Eachdiocese has societies of its ownin addition to the following :

—

Church ofEnglandSunday SchoolInstitute. Founded 1843. Sec,

J. Palmer, Esq., Serjeant's Inn,Fleet Street, E.C. Objects, toprovide educational appliances(Books, Lessons, &c.) both for

teachers and scholars, and toassist teachers in the work ofteaching by means of lectures,

&c.Incorporated National Society.

Secretary, Rev. J. Duncan,National Society Office, Sanc-tuary, Westminster. Object, tohelp forward the education ofthe Poor in the Principles of


SOC.

the Established Church bymaking grants to Church Schools

and the like, and by training

teachers.

Society for Promoting Christian

Knowledge (see Part V. of this

article).

^.MissionarySocieties, (a)Home,(b) Foreign.

(a) The Missions to SeamenSociety. Office, ii, BuckinghamStreet, Strand, W.C. Object,

to make provision for the spiritual

needs of British Merchant Sailors

when afloat.

The Navvy Mission Society.

Office, Palace Chambers, BridgeStreet, Westminster, S.W. Ob-ject, to promote the spiritual

welfare of navvies working onrailways, docks, &c.

Church Pastoral Aid Society,

1836. Office, Falcon Court, 32,

Fleet Street, London, E.C.Object, to give grants to "Evan-gelical " Clergyman towards the

incomes of additional curates

and lay helpers in populousparishes. The Committee inter-

feres in the appointments.AdditionalCiirates' Society, 1S37.

Office, 7, Whitehall, London,S.W. Object, to assist in thepayment of additional Curates,irrespective of party views.

This Society does not interfere

in the appointments, but veryproperly leaves them to the Bi-

shop and the Incumbent.(b) Society for the Propagation

of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.

Incorporated 1701. ig, DelahayStreet, Westminster, S.W. Ob-ject, the spiritual care of ourColonists and the evangelizing

of the heathen in British Dom-inions abroad on thoroughChurch of England principles.

Church Missionary Society, 1799.Salisbury Square, London, E.C.

SOC.

Object, the preaching of theGospel of Christ among theheathen, in strict accordancewith the doctrines and discipline

of the Church of England.Colonial Bishoprics Fund, ig,

Delahay Street, Westminster,S.W. Object, to help endowColonial Sees.

There is also a Mission to theJews, 16, Lincoln's Inn Fields,,

London.4. Building Societies. There

are many Diocesan, as well asGeneral Church Building Soci-eties.

Queen Anne's Bounty. (SeeBounty, Queen Anne's.) Dean'sYard, Westminster, S.W. Ob-ject, the building of ParsonageHouses, cS:c.

Incorporated Church BuildingSociety. 7, Whitehall, London.Object, the Enlargement, Build-ing and Repairing of Churchesand Chapels in England andWales.

5. General Societies. These all

have local branches.Society for Promoting Christian

Knowledge. Address, The Sec-retaries, S.P.C.K., Northum-berland Avenue, London, W.C.Objects, to provide good andcheap Bibles and Prayer Booksin various languages ; to circu-

late general literature of a highcharacter in thorough keepingwith the principles of the Churchof England, and suitable to all

classes ; to help forward ChurchEducation, Home Mission Work,The Building of Churches andChapels abroad, and the Train-ing of a Native Ministry abroad.

The Religiotis Tract Society, 6,

Paternoster Row, London. Ob-ject, the production and circula-

tion of religious books, treatises,

tracts and pure literature, in


soc.

various languages, throughoutthe British Dominions, and in

Foreign Countries, of a Protest-

ant and Evangelical description.

The British and Foreign Bible

Society, 146, Queen Victoria St.,

London, E.C. Object, the cir-

culation of the Holy Scriptures

in various languages withoutnote or comment, both at homeand abroad.

Church Penitentiary Association,

14, York Buildings, Adelphi,London. Object, the establish-

ment and maintenance of Peni-tentiaries and Houses of Refugethroughout the country for the

lessening of vice, and furthering

efforts for the recovery of the

fallen.

Church of England TemperanceSociety. Object, the Promotionof the Habits of Temperance

;

the Reformation of the Intem-perate ; and the removal of theCauses which lead to Intem-perance.

The Church Defence Association.

St. Stephen's Palace Chambers,9, Bridge Street, Westminster.Object, to resist all attemptsto destroy or weaken the unionbetween Church and State, or to

injure the temporal interests ofthe Church.

English Church Union, 35, Well-ington Street, Strand, London,W.C. Object, to unite Clergyand Laity in loyal Defence ofthe Doctrine and Discipline ofthe Church of England and theRights and Liberties of herfaithful children.

The Church Association, 14,

Buckingham Street, Strand.Object, to uphold the doctrinesof the Evangelical Party in theChurch of England. This So-ciety is notorious as the prose-•cutor of Mr. Mackonochie and

SPO.

other clergy of the same school.

The Free and Open Church Asso-

ciation, 33, Southampton Street,

Strand. Objects, (i) The throw-

ing open of our Churches for the

free and equal use of all classes ;

(2) The adoption of the W'eeklyOffertory instead of Pew Rents

;

(3) The opening of Churchesthroughout the day for private

prayer.

Tithe Redemption Trust. (See

Tithes.)

SOCINIANISM. The doctrine of

Faustus Socinus, an Italian, born

1539. He taught that the eternal

Father was the one only God,and that Jesus was God nootherwise than by His superiority

over all creatures. That Jesus

Christ was not a mediator be-

tween God and man, but only a

pattern to men. That the punish-

ment of Hell will last only for a

time, after which both body andsoul will be destroyed. That it

is not lawful for princes to makewar. Many of the Anabaptists

are Socinian in doctrine. (See

Unitarianism.)

SON OF GOD, see Trinity, the

Holy.

SPIKE. The high pyramidical

capping or roof of a tower. Thisis sometimes confounded with

the word Steeple, which latter

really means the tower, with all

its appendages.

SPONSORS. In the administra-

tion of Baptism, Sponsors havefrom time immemorial held animportant place. They are called

Sponsors, because they respond or

answer for the baptized. Theyare also called Sureties, in virtue

of the security given by them to


STA.

the Church, that the baptizedshall be " virtuously brought upto lead a Godly and a Christian

life." They are also called God-parents because of the spiritual

affinity created in Baptism whenthey undertake a responsibility

almost parental in the future

training of the baptized. In the

Church of Rome Godparentsmay not intermarry. Ancientlyonly one Sponsor was required.

Their action at the font may belikened to that of those whobrought the man sick of the

palsy to our Lord. (Mark ii.)

Although it is not necessary

to have Sponsors for the validity

of Baptism, still the rule of the

Church of England requires

that " There shall be for everymale child to be baptized twoGodfathers and one Godmother

;

and for every female, one God-father and two Godmothers."(Rubric.) And Canon 29, " Noperson shall be urged to be pre-

sent, nor be admitted to ansu-er

as Godfather for his own child;

norany Godfatheror Godmothershall be suffered to make anyother answer or speech, than bythe Book of Common Prayer is

prescribed in that behalf. Nei-ther shall any person be ad-mitted Godfather or Godmotherto any child at Christening orConfirmation, before the said

person so undertaking hath re-

ceived the Holy Communion."Parents are now allowed to act

as sponsors for their children.

STALLS. Seats in the choir, orchancel.

STEEPLE, aee Spire.

STEPHEN'S (St.) DAY. Dec.26th. A festival in honour of

SUN.

the proto- (first) martyr, St.

Stephen. He was one of theseven deacons, and all we knowof him is told us in Acts vii. andviii.

STOLE, see Vestments.

SUCCENTOR. The precentor'sdeputy in Cathedral Churches.At York he is a dignitary, andis called Succentor Canonicor^im todistinguish him from the othersubchanter, who is a vicar-

choral.

SUCCESSION, APOSTOLICAL,*ee Apostolical Succession andOrders, Holy.

SUFFRAGANS. Properly all

provincial Bishops who are un-der a Primate or Metropolitan ;

but the word now is appliedespecially to assistant Bishops,such as the Bishop of Bedford,the Bishop of Nottingham, &c.

SUNDAY. The first day of theweek, so called by the Saxons,because it was dedicated to theworship of the Sun.Among Christians it is kept

"holy" instead of the JewishSabbath, because on that dayour Lord rose from the dead,and for that reason it is called bySt. John "the Lord's Day.'*(Rev. i. 10.) When the Sundaybegan to be kept instead of theSabbath we are not quite sure,

but we find that the Apostleskept the first day of the week asa festival. Our Lord Himselfsanctioned it by His repeatedappearance among His discipleson that day. The Holy Spirit,

too,poured down His miraculousgifts on that day. The earlyChristians observed the Sunday.


SUP.

By many it is believed that it is

one of the things in which ourLord instructed His Apostles be-

fore His Ascension, while" speaking of things pertaining

to the Kingdom of God." (Acts

1,3.) The phrase " kingdom of

God " is always used of the

Church. In keeping the Sun-day " holy," Christians complywith the spiyi't of the fourth

Commandment, which orders aseventh part of our time to beconsecrated to God.

SUPER-ALTAR, or RE-TABLE.A shelf or step behind the altar,

on which the vases, candlesticks,

and cross are placed. Properlythe Super-Altar IS a small port-

able slab of stone which is placedon wooden altars.

SUPEREROGATION. The 14th

Article gives the teaching of the

Church of England. Romaniststeach that there are certain gooddeeds which have been per-

formed by saints over and abovethose necessary for their ownsalvation. From this fund of

good works, technically knownas the Treasury of Merits, the

Pope claims to have the powerto draw and apply the gooddeeds of others to the benefit of

those who are deficient in themthemselves.

SUPREMACY. The Church of

England regards the Sovereignas being over all persons, and all

causes, ecclesiastical as well as

civil, supreme in this realm. (SeeArticle xxxvii.) This does notteach in any way that the Clergyderive their authority and mis-sion from the State, as somemisunderstand. (See Apostolical

Succession.)

SWE.SURPLICE, see Vestments.

SURROGATE. One appointedin place of another. Thus to

avoid the necessity of journey-ing to the Bishop, he grants to

other clergymen living in theprincipal towns, the power ofgiving licenses for marriage in-

stead of publishing banns, of

granting probates of wills, &c.These clergymen acting in placeof

the Bishop are called Surrogates.

SWEDENBORGIANS. The fol-

lowers of Emanuel, Baron Swe-denborg, who was born in Stock-

holm in 1688, and died in Lon-don, 1772. He believed himself

to be the subject of inspiration,

and taught that the Scriptures

have two senses, natural andspiritual. The natural sense is

that held by the Christian

Church, but the spiritual is that

which is concealed within the

natural sense of the same words.He taught that the second ad-

vent had been realized in the

establishment of his NewChurch,the " New Jerusalem " of the

Apocalypse.They do not receive the usual

doctrine of the Trinity, and re-

ject the doctrine of justification

by faith alone. They administer

the Sacraments. They still pro-

fess to believe themselves visited

by super-natural beings, by the

Apostles and other saints. It is

not generally known that the

heaven of the Swedenborgianbears a close resemblance to the

Mahometan's idea of heaven,

—

a place of sensual delights ; andone of their books which is as

hard to obtain as the others are

easy, named " Conjugal Love,"is not particularly moral in its

teaching!

lOO THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

SYN.

The Sii'edenborgians number 64Societies, with 4,987 registered

members.

SYNOD. A meeting duly sum-moned and constituted of eccle-

siastical persons for the discus-

sion of religious matters. Sy-nods are of less authority thangeneral or CEcumenical Councils.

TE DEUM LAUDAMUS. Acanticle of Morning Prayer,which has been sung for 1,500years throughout the WesternChurch. Its origin is not known.The tradition which ascribes it

to St. Ambrose, or to St. Ambroseand St. Augustine, conjointly,

rests on very slight foundation.An able article in the Clinrch

Quarterly Review (April, 1SS4),

comes to the conclusion thatthe Te Deum very probablyoriginated from the monasteryof St. Honoratus, at Lerins, aboutthe middle of the sth century. It

is the great triumphant hymn ofpraise of the Western Church as

the Gloria in Excelsis is of theEastern. Verses i to 13, arepraise; vv. 14-19 are a Creedin our Lord Jesus Christ ; vv.

20-29 are prayer to our Lordbroken by another burst of

praise. There is a musical set-

ing of the Tc Deum, called theAmbrosian, dating from the 5thcentury.

TESTAMENT,OLD|AND NEW,SCO Bible.

TESTIMONIAL LETTERS, see

Orders, QualiflcatioDs lor,

THANKSGIVING, THE GEN-ERAL. Composed by BishopReynolds, and inserted in 1662.

The custom obtainine; in some

THO.

churches of the congregation re-

peating this Thanksgiving after

the minister, was certainly notoriginally intended, and perhapshas been based on a mistakenidea of the meaning of the word" general," as applied to this

Thanksgiving : we understandit to mean that the terms andsubjects of the prayer are general.

THEISM. The recognition of aprinciple apart from nature, in-

dependent of nature, yet mould-ing, regulating, and sustainingnature. The idea of Personality

is essential to Theism. A -theism,

literally, is the denial of Theism.

THEOLOGY. The science whichtreats of the Deity. It is too

often forgotten that theology is

a science as much as medicineor mathematics, or we shouldnot find the laity so confident of

their knowledge, and so ready to

give the law on questions of

systematic Divinity.

THEOLOGICAL COLLEGES.Colleges specially established

for the training of candidatesfor Holy Orders, in theology.

They seem to answer to the as-

semblies of " sons of the pro-

phets," spoken of in 2 Kings ii.

3, 5, 7, &c. These colleges havenot the power of conferring de-

grees.

THOMAS'S (St.) DAY. Dec. 21st.

The name Thomas (Hebrew),and Didymus (Greek), means a" twin brother." Some thinkSt. Matthew to have been his

brother. The only incidents ofhis life with which we are ac-

quainted, are told us by St. John,(xi. 16; xiv. 5; XX. 28.) Tradi-tion says that he laboured in


THE.

Persia, and finally suffered mar-tyrdom in India.

THRONE. The Bishop's seat in

his Cathedral. Anciently it

stood behind the altar in church-

es which terminated in an apse.

TIPPET, see Hood.

TITHES. A certain portion, or

allotment, for the maintenanceof the priesthood, being the

tenth part of the produce of

land, cattle, or other branchesof wealth. It is an income, or

revenue, common both to the

Jewish and Christian priest-

hood. (Gen. xiv. 20; Lev. xxvii.

30-33; &c.) The origin of ^/Y//^s,

in the Christian Church, wassomething of this kind : Whena benefactor was not able

or not willing to part with anestate out and out, he settled onthe Church which he was en-

dowing a certain portion of the

income arising out of the estate.

The ratio which this portion bore

to the whole amount varied

enormously, and so one mangave a tithe of corn only, another

a tithe of wood, another a tithe

of meadow land, another a tithe

of stock, another tithes of all

these together. There is a verycommon mistake made that

tithes are a kind of tax, levied

on the whole country by Act of

Parliament. They are nothingof the kind, being simply a cer-

tain portion of the income arising

out of lands settled by the formerowners of those lands for themaintenance of the parson of the

parish. They date back to the4th century.Although the Church is dis-

established in Ireland, tithes are

still paid, not to the clergy,

TRA.

but to the Government. Dis-

establishment, therefore, is small

gain to the farmer.

Titlte Redemption Trust. In the

year 1846 a very excellent So-

ciety was formed, called "TheTithe Redemption Trust," the

object of which is the very oppo-site of that at which the Libera-

tion Society aims. It has beenquietly at work for some years,

endeavouring, with some success,

to get back, either by redemp-tion or by voluntary donation, the

tithes which have been alienated

by appropriation or impropri-

ation. What portion of Churchproperty has been long enjoyed

by private families, or byCorporations, has, of course,

become inalienable ; but it wouldbe a reasonable and a righteous

thing (and all the more blessed

for being voluntary) that every

person who receives tithes, or

possesses glebe land in a parish,

for which no spiritual service is

rendered, should give in someway or other to the Church a

very liberal percentage of whatwas never meant to be raised

for the purpose of private emolu-

ment, but for the fitting discharge

of ecclesiastical duties. (Webb's" England's Inheritance in her

Church.")

TITLE, see Orders, Qualifica-

tions for.

TRACTARIANISM. The Ang-lican movement which beganwith the publication of the cele-

brated '

' Tracts for the Times'

' in

1833. The principal results of

this movement are (i) the com-plete redintegration of the

original theory of the Church of

England; of that "ancient re-

I02 THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

TRA.

ligion which, in 1830, had well-

nigh faded out of the land;"

(2) the improvement which has

taken place in the lives of the

clergy, in the performance of

the Services, and in the con-

dition of our churches ; and the

marked revival in the Corporate

life of the Church herself.

The great names of this

movement are Pusey, Newman,Marriott, Oakley, Manning,Robert Wilberforce, Keble, andPalmer. For some few the

movement led to disastrous

issues ; and they fell at last into

Roman errors, and joined that

erring Church.

THANSUBSTANTIATION. Thename given to the philosophical

theory whereby the Church of

Rome has endeavoured to ex-

plain and define the doctrine of

the Real Presence. In it theyallege that the bread and winein the Eucharist is miraculously

converted or changed into the

v^ery body and blood of ourLord, by the consecration of

the priest. This false doctrine is

condemned in Article xxviii.

TRENT, COUNCIL OF. Animportant Council of the RomanChurch which met in 1545, andwas dissolved in 1563. The city

of Trent is in the Tyrol. It wasat this Council that the Creedof the Roman Church was last

defined, and all who differed

from it were anathematised.Neither the Greek Church northe English Church was repre-

sented there, so it has no claim

to the title of oecumenical, or

general, as asserted by Roman-ists.

TRINITY, THE HOLY. The

TRI.

Athanasian Creed and Article i.

give the teaching of our Churchon the Holy Trinity. Therewe learn that in the unity

of the Godhead there be three

Persons ; that is, though there

be but one living and true God,yet there be three Persons, whoare that one living and true God.Though the true God be but onein substance, yet He is three in

subsistence, so as still to be butone substance. And these three

Persons, every one of which is

God, and yet all three but oneGod, are really related to oneanother ; as they are termed in

Scripture, one is the Father,the other the Son, the other theHoly Ghost.The Father is the first Person

in the Deity ; not begotten, norproceeding, but begetting ; theSon, the second, not begetting

nor proceeding, but begotten

;

the Holy Ghost, the third, notbegotten, nor begetting, but pro-ceeding. The first is called theFather, because He begot thesecond ; the second is called theSon, because He is begotten ofthe Father; the third is called

the Holy Ghost,because breathedboth from the Father and theSon.This is a great mystery to us,

which, however, we are notcalled upon to understand, butonly to believe on the plain state-

ment of Scripture.

The Father is God, John vi,

27 ; Gal. i. I ; I Thess. i. i, &c.The Son is God, John i. i

;

XX. 28 ; Rom. ix. 5, &c.The Holy Ghost is God. This,

however, has to be proved byimplication and analogy, as withLuke i. 35 compare Matt. i. 18;Acts v. 3, 4, with John iii. 6compare i John v. 4; with i


TRI.

Cor, iii. 16 compare vi. 19, &c.The unity of the Godhead is

declared in many such passagesas Deut. vi. 4 ; Gal. iii. 20 ; JohnX. 30, &c.The Son of God, our Lord

Jesus Christ, " took man's naturein the womb of the blessed

Virgin, of her substance ; so that

the two whole and perfect

natures, that is to say the God-head and Manhood, were joined

together in one Person, never to

be divided, whereof is one Christ

very God and very Man." (Art.

ii. and Luke i.)

TRINITY SUNDAY. This is afestival of Western origin, andof comparatively recent date

;

the earliest formal notice of thefestival is in England, underBecket, in 1162 ; though thecollect dates from the 5th cen-

tury.

TRIUMPHANT, The CHURCH.Those who have departed this

life in God's faith and fear ; theChurch in Heaven. The Churchon earth is called the ChurchMihtant.

TUNICLE, iM Vestments.

TYPE. An impression, image, orrepresentation of some modelwhich is termed the anti-type;

thus the brazen serpent and thepaschal lamb were types, ofwhichour Lord was the anti-type.

UNITARIANS. Heretics whodeny the Divinity of our LordJesus Christ, and the separatepersonality of the Holy Ghost.The name includes all Deists,

whether the Arians of old, orthe Socinians (which see) oflater years.

UTI.

The Arians were heretics

named after Arius, whose doc-trine was condemned at theCouncil of Nice, a.d. 325. Hetaught that there was a timewhen the Son of God was not,

and that He was created bythe Father. He called Him by thename of God, but denied that

He was homoousios, " of one Sub-stance" with the Father. TheArians seem to have held that

the Holy Ghost also was acreated Being. The AthanasianCreed, vv. 4-19 opposes the

Arian heresy.

The Unitarians have in Eng-land 325 ministers, 355 chapels,

and about 13 mission stations.

UNIVERSITY. {'L2it.,wiiversnas,

corporation.) A corporation ofteachers and students instituted

for the promotion of the highereducation, and empowered ts

grant degrees in the variouofaculties of Divinity, Arts, Law.Medicine, &c.England has five Universities,

two ancient—Oxford and Cam-bridge ; and three modern, viz.,

Durham, London, and the Vic-

toria University, Manchester.

USE, see Sarum, Use of.

UTILITARIANISM. The nameof the peculiar theory of Ethics,

or of the ground of moral obli-

gation, that adopts, as thecriterion of right, the happinessof mankind ; or, as JeremyBentham defined it, " the great-

est happiness of the greatest

number." It is opposed to the

view that founds moral distinc-

tions on the mere arbitrary will

of God. The most eminentmodern advocates of Utilitar-

ianism are Hume, Bentham,

I04 THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

VEN.

Paley, James Mill, John Stuart

Mill, Sir James Mackintosh,

John Austin, Samuel Bailey,

Herbert Spencer, and Bain.

VENIAL SIN, 'ec Sin.

VENI CREATOR. An old Latin

hymn ascribed by commontradition to St. Ambrose, but

with no sufficient authority. It

has been used with special ref-

erence to the gifts of Ordination

since the nth century. Thefirst version in the Ordination

Service was inserted in 1662,

previous to that the second andlonger form had been used.

VENITE, EXULTEMUSDOMINO. Ps. xcv. has beensung as the "Invitatory Psalm,"opening the Service of Praise,

from time immemorial. It is

found in the Sarum Use. In the

Eastern Church a condensedform of it is used.

VERGER. From the Latin Virga,

a Hod. One who carries the macebefore the Dean or Canons in aCathedral, or conducts the con-gregation to their seats in church.

VERSICLES. The short ejacula-tory prayers of our Service, gen-erally taken from Holy Scripture.

VERSION, The AUTHORISED.The version of the Bible now in

use in England. It was pub-lished in 161 1, and authorisedby King James I. It retainsin many places the originaltranslation of Tyndale, very little

altered. A company of Divinesand Scholars of the present dayhave been engaged in revising

VES.

this version of the Old Testa-ment. The result of their labourswill probably be given to thepublic in 1SS5. (See Bible.)

VERSION, THE REVISED.The version of the New Testa-ment put forth in iSSi. It is arevision of that of 161 1, madeby a company of Scholars andDivines, and aims at being amore exact reproduction of the

original. Although at present it

has not been authorised for

public use, yet it will be foundby all to be a very useful com-mentary on the AuthorisedVersion.

VESPERS, or EVENSONG. TheEvening Service of the Church.For arrangement, &c., seeMoyn-ing Prayer, but the various partsof the Service are given eachunder its own heading.

VESTMENTS. Generally, thegarments worn by the clergy in

the public services of the Church,but more particularly the special

robes worn by some clergymenduring the celebration of theHoly Communion.

Alb. A linen vestment longerthan the surplice, and with tight

sleeves. It is confined at thewaist by a girdle, and, whenemployed in the Eucharist, it is

often, though not necessarily,

ornamented with patches of em-broidery called apparels.

Amice. A kind of broad linen

collar, fastened with strings.

Diretta. A square cap of blacksilk worn at processions andother out-door functions. It is

simply the ordinary cap (beret)

of civil life, and, like the cassock,is not strictly an ecclesiastical

vesture at all. It is worn also


VES.

in church during certain parts

of the service by extremeRituaHsts.

Cassock. A long coat buttoningover the breast and reaching to

the feet, confined at the waistby 2ihvoa.dsa.sh.ca\\ed the cincture.

It is worn immediately over theordinary clothes of the minister,

and is usually of black, thoughviolet and scarlet are sometimesused.

Chasuble. An oval garmentwithout sleeves, open at thesides, and having an aperture at

the neck through which thepriest passes his head. It is

embroidered with a Y-Crossbehind, and is considered theprincipal vestment of the priest.

It varies in colour with theseason.

Cope. A large semicircularcloak of silk or other material,

fastening in front by a clasp ormorse. At the back is a pieceof embroidery in the shape of ashield, called the hood. It

varies in colour with the season.

Cotta. A vestment of linen,

shorter than the surplice, andnot quite so full. It has short

sleeves, and is frequently edgedwith lace.

Dalmatic and Tunicle. Thesediffer very slightly in form, butthe former is generally the morerichly embroidered. It is thespecial dress of the Deacon at

Holy Communion, and varies in

colour with the season.

Girdle. A white cord, used to

confine the Alb at the waist.

Hood. (See article, Hood.)

Maniple. A smaller Stole wornover the left arm.

Stole. A narrow strip of silk

passed round the neck and hang-ing in front to about the knees.

H

VES.

It varies in colour with tlie

season.

Surplice. A linen vestment ofvarious degrees of fulness, andwith long wide sleeves. It is

the garment usually worn by theclergy of the Church of England

,

although many of the above areordered in the first Prayer Bookof Edward VI.The Eucharistic Vestments

are the Amice, Alb, Girdle,

Stole, Maniple, Tunicle, Dal-matic and Chasuble.

Besides these we have theEpiscopal Vestments, called thethe chimere and the rochet.

Chimeve. The upper robe wornby a Bishop, to which the lawnsleeves are generally attached.Until Queen Elizabeth's time it

was of scarlet, but in her reign

it was changed into black satin.

Rochet. A linen garment wornby Bishops under the chimere.The lawn sleeves now sewn onthe chimere properly are part ofthe rochet, and formerly weremuch less full than now worn.(See Ornaments.)

VESTRY. A room attached toa church for the keeping of thevestments and sacred vessels.

Meetings of parishioners, for thedespatch of the official businessof the parish are held in this

room, whence they are calledVestries, or Vestry Meetings. It

is not however essential to thevalidity of the meeting that it

should be held in the Vestry ofthe church, indeed, by makingapplication under an Act passedin 1S50, meetings in the Vestrycan be made illegal. Notice of themeeting must be affixed on ornearthe door of the Church threedays previously. The Incum-bent is ex-officio chairman of the

io6 THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY.

VIA.

meeting, and all persons rated

to the' relief of the poor are

entitled to attend and vote.

VIA MEDIA. The middle road.

This position is occupied in the

Christian world by the Anglican

Church. On the one side there

is the Church of Rome ;on the

other, the ultra-Protestant Sects.

The phrase is also used of anymiddle way between two ex-

tremes.

VIATICUM. A provision madefor a journey. In the ancient

Church both baptism and the

Eucharist were called Viatica,

because they are equally neces-

sary for the safe passage of a

man through this world to eter-

nal life. More particularly, how-ever, the term is used of the

Eucharist given to persons in

immediate danger of death. The13th Canon of the Council of

Nice ordains that none " be de-

prived of his perfect and mostnecessary viaticum when he de-

parts out of this life."

VICAR, see Rector.

VICARS CHORAL. The assist-

ants or deputies of the canonsor prebendaries of cathedralsand collegiate churches, in thedischarges of their duties. Theyare not necessarily all in HolyOrders ; those who are so are

now generally called " MinorCanons," (which see) and theothers are " Lay-clerks."

VICAR GENERAL. An officer

whose duties are much the sameas those of the Chancellor of aDiocese (which see.)

VIGIL. The night or evening

VUL.

before certain holy-days of theChurch. The word means awatching, and is derived from thecustom of the primitive Christ-ians, who used to spend thewhole night previous to anygreat festival in watching andfasting. The Collect for thoseholy-days which have vigils is

read at the Evening Service ofthe day before. Festivals occur-ring in seasons of joy as a rule

have no vigil preceding them.

VIRGIN MARY, see Mary.

VISITATION. Once in threeyears a Bishop goes throughhis diocese, calling together theClergy at different centres, anddelivering to them a charge,

(which see.) An Archdeacon doesthe same for his Archdeaconryonce a year. It is at this latter

visitation that Church-wardensare admitted to their office.

VISITATION OF THE SICK,see Sick.

VOLUNTARY. A piece of Musicplayed on the organ at the be-ginning and close of Divine Ser-

vice. Formerly a Voluntary wasplayed after the Psalms, some-times after the Second Lesson.The name implies that its per-

formance is optional. LordBacon approved of Voluntaries

as giving time for meditation.

VULGAR TONGUE. The nativelanguage of a country. Thephrase in the Baptismal Office

stood formerly, "in the Englishtongue," but it was altered to

embrace the case of foreigners.

VULGATE. The Latin transla-

tion of the Bible in common

THE CHURCH HANDY DICTIONARY. T07

WAF.use. The first Vulgate of the

Old Testament was translated,

not from the original Hebrew,but from the Septuagint (whichsee), the author being unknown.The second Vulgate was by St.

Jerome, and was made from the

Hebrew. A mixture of these

two was authorised for use bythe Council of Trent. Othertranslations have since beenmade. It is the official andstandard text in the RomanChurch.

WAFERS. The bread used bythe Romanists, by LutheranProtestants,and by some Ritual-

ists in our own Church, in theEucharist.

lATESLEYANS, see Methodists.

WHITSUN-DAY, or WHIT-SUNDAY. The derivation of thename is doubtful ; some takingit from Whitsun, a corruptionof Pentecosten, the old Anglo-Saxon name for the day ; andsome from White Sunday, be-cause those who had been bap-tized on its eve wore white robes.

This festival is the birthdayof the Church, and has been ob-served, like Easter, from thefirst days of Christianity. (SeePentecost.)

WILL, FREE, see Free Will.

YEA,

WORD, THE. A name given to

our Lord in the opening of St.

John's Gospel. The term wasfamiliar to the Jews. (SeeLogos.)

WORSHIP. Besides meaningthe supreme homage and devo-tion due to Almighty God, it is

also used in the Bible andPrayer Book, to denote honour,respect, and reverence given to

men. Thus it is used in Ps.

Ixxxiv. 12 ; Luke xiv. 10 ; andin I Chron. xxix. 20, it seems to

be used in both senses.

In the marriage service the

husband promises to worship his

wife, that is, to render her all

due respect and honour. Inlike manner we call a Mayor ora Chancellor " Worshipful."

WORSHIP, PUBLIC, see PublioWorship.

YEAR, The ECCLESIASTICAL.The different seasons of the

Church Year have each a sep-

arate notice. The Church begins

her year with Advent, because,

as Bishop Cosin says, " she doesnot number her days, or measureher seasons, so much by the

motion of the sun, as by the

course of our Saviour ; beginningand counting her year with Himwho," being the true Sun of

Righteousness, began now to

rise upon the world."

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