the circulatory system (a.k.a. the cardiovascular system)
TRANSCRIPT
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The Circulatory System(a.k.a. The Cardiovascular System)
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Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Function:
◦Transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells
◦Transports carbon dioxide and metabolic materials away from body cells
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The Heart
Muscular hollow organOften called the pump of the bodyWeighs less than one poundAbout the size of a closed fistContracts about 100,000 times each day
to pump the equivalent of 2,000 gallons of blood through the body
Located in the medial to the lungs, deep to the sternum, and superior to the diaphragm
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Three layers of tissue form the heart
Endocardium◦Smooth layer of cells◦Lines the inside of the heart◦Allows for smooth flow of blood
Myocardium◦Thickest layer◦Muscular middle layer
Pericardium◦Double layered membrane or sac◦Covers outside of heart◦Fluid fills space between two layers and prevents friction
and damage to membranes as the heart beats, or contracts
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The Septum
Muscular wallSeparates heart into a right and left
sidePrevents blood from moving
between the right and left side of the heart
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Heart Chambers
Heart is divided into four parts (chambers)
Two upper chambers are called atria
Two lower chambers are called ventricles
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Heart ChambersRight atrium receives blood as it returns
from the bodyRight ventricles
◦Receives blood from the right atrium(Pushes blood into the pulmonary artery, which
carries the blood to the lungs for oxygen)Left atrium receives oxygenated blood
from the lungs by way of pulmonary veinLeft ventricle
◦Receives blood from the left atrium◦Pushes blood into the aorta so it can be carried
to the body
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ValvesOne way valves in the chambers of the heart keep blood flowing in the proper direction
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TRICUSPID VALVE
Located between the right atrium and right ventricle
Closes when right ventricle contracts and pushes blood into the lungs
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium
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Pulmonary Valve
Located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery (blood vessel that carries blood to lungs)
Closes when right ventricle has finished contracting and pushing blood into pulmonary artery
Prevents blood from flowing back into right ventricle
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Mitral Valve
Located between left atrium and left ventricle
Closes when left ventricle is contracting and pushing blood into aorta so blood can be carried to the body
Prevents blood from flowing back into left atrium
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Aortic Valve
Located between left ventricle and aorta, largest artery in the body
Closes when left ventricle is finished contracting and pushing blood into aorta
Prevents blood from flowing back into left ventricle
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The right and left sides of the heart work together in a
cyclic manner even though they are separated by the
septum.
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The Cardiac CycleElectrical impulse originating in heart
causes myocardium to contract in cyclic manner
Cycle consists of brief period of rest, called diastole, followed by of ventricular contraction called systole
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Is the blood in the right side of the heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Left?
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Conductive Pathway
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Electrical impulses originating in the heart triggers cyclic
contraction of muscles.
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Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Electrical impulse starts in the SA nodeGroup of nerve cells located in right atriumAlso called the “pacemaker”Sends out electrical impulse that spreads
out over muscles in atriaAtrial muscles then contract and push
blood into ventriclesAfter electrical impulse passes through
atria it reaches atrioventricular (AV) node
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Atrioventricular (AV) node
Group of nerve cells located between atria and ventricles
AV node sends electrical impulse through nerve fibers in the septum called the bundle of HIS
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Bundle of HIS
Nerve fibers in septumDivides into a right and left bundle branch
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Right and Left Bundle Branches
Pathways that carry the impulse down through ventricles
Bundles continue to subdivide into network of nerve fibers throughout ventricles called Purkinje fibers
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Purkinje Fibers
Final fibers on conduction pathway
Spread electrical impulse to all muscle tissue in ventricles
Ventricles then contract
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Electrical conduction pattern occurs approximately every 0.8 seconds
Movement of electrical impulse can be recorded on an ECG/EKG and used to detect abnormal activity or disease
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Arrhythmias
Interference with normal electrical conduction pattern
of the heart which causes abnormal heart rhythms
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Arrythmias can be mild to life-threatening
◦Premature atrial contraction (PAC), an early contraction of the atria, can occur in anyone and usually goes unnoticed
◦Ventricular fibrillation, in which ventricles contract at random without coordination decreases or eliminates blood output and causes death if not treated
Cardiac monitors and electrocardiograms (ECG) are used to diagnose arrythmias
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Treatment of arrythmias
Life-threatening fibrillations are treated with a defibrillator
◦Device that shocks the heart with an electrical current
◦Stops uncoordinated contraction◦Allows SA node to regain control
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Internal Artificial PacemakerSmall battery-powered device with
electrodesElectrodes are threaded through a vein
and positioned in right atrium and in apex of right ventricle
Pacemaker monitors heart’s activity and delivers electrical impulse through electrodes to stimulate contraction
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Educate your patients with pacemakers to not store cell phones in shirt pocket. It could alter signals sent from the pacemaker.
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Blood Vessels
Blood leaving the heart is carried throughout the body in blood vessels
Heart and blood vessels form a closed system for flow of blood
Three main types of blood vessels are:◦Arteries◦Capillaries◦Veins
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Arteries
Carries blood away from the heartAorta
◦Largest artery in the body◦Receives blood from left ventricle of the heart◦Branches off into all other arteries that supply
blood to the bodyArterioles
◦Smallest branches of arteries◦Join with capillaries
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Capillaries
Connect arterioles with venules, the smallest veins
Located in close proximity to almost every cell in the body
Have thin walls that contain only one layer of cells
Allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through the cells
At the same time, carbon dioxide and metabolic products from the cells enter the capillaries
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Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Venules-◦Smallest branches of veins◦Connect with capillaries◦Venules join together and become larger to
form veins
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VeinsSuperior and Inferior Vena Cava
◦Two largest veins◦Superior vena cava brings blood from upper
part of the body◦Inferior vena cava brings blood from lower part
of the body◦Both vena cava empty blood into right atrium
**Most veins contain valves that keep blood from flowing backward**
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Blood Composition
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Blood is often called a tissue because it contains many kind of cells
About four to six quarts of blood are in the average adult
Blood circulates throughout the body continually
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Blood transports many substances
◦Oxygen from lungs to the body cells◦Carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs◦Nutrients from digestive tract to cells◦Metabolic waste products from cells to organs of excretion
◦Hormones produced by endocrine glands to organs in the body
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Plasma
Plasma is the fluid or liquid portion of blood (Plasma makes up 55% of our blood)
About 90% of plasma is waterMany substances are dissolved or suspended in
the water◦Blood proteins◦Nutrients◦Mineral salts or electrolytes◦Gases◦Wastes◦Hormones◦Enzymes
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Blood Cells
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Blood cells are the solid elements of blood
Three main kinds of blood cells◦Erythrocytes◦Leukocytes◦Thrombocytes
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Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Produced in the red bone marrow at a rate of about 1 million per minute
Live about 120 days before being broken down by the liver and spleen
There are 4.5-5.5 million erythrocytes per cubic ml (one gtt) OR 25 trillion in the body
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Erythrocytes contain a protein called Hemoglobin
Composed of a protein molecule called globin and an iron compound called heme
Carries both oxygen and carbon dioxideWhen hemoglobin carries oxygen, it gives
blood its characteristic red colorIf blood contains a lot of oxygen it is
bright redWhen there is less oxygen and more
carbon dioxide, blood is a much darker red
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Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Not as numerous as erythrocytesFormed in the bone marrow and lymph
tissue and usually live about 3-9 daysNormal count is 5000-9000 leukocytes per
cub ml of bloodLeukocytes can pass through capillary
walls and enter body tissueMain function is to fight infection
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Leukocytes continued…Phagocytosis- process by which some
leukocytes engulf, ingest, and destroy pathogens, or germs