The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement

Ch. 21Ch. 21

After World War II After World War II many question many question segregationsegregation

NAACP—wins major NAACP—wins major victory with victory with Supreme Court Supreme Court decision Brown vs. decision Brown vs. Board of Education Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas)(Topeka, Kansas)

segregation in segregation in public schools is public schools is unconstitutionalunconstitutional

In Montgomery, AL In Montgomery, AL Rosa Parks refuses Rosa Parks refuses to give up seat to give up seat begins begins Montgomery Bus Montgomery Bus boycott (people boycott (people don’t use buses), don’t use buses), goes to the goes to the Supreme Court, Supreme Court, they rule bus they rule bus segregation illegalsegregation illegal

Begins career of Begins career of Martin Luther King Martin Luther King Jr. (leader of Jr. (leader of protest)protest)

Governors of Governors of southern states southern states defy rulings to defy rulings to integrate (bring integrate (bring different races different races together), federal together), federal government uses government uses US Army to protect US Army to protect minority students minority students and open schools.and open schools.

Surge of Civil Surge of Civil Rights Rights Organizations:Organizations:

NAACP- interracial NAACP- interracial group (white & group (white & black members), black members), worked through worked through the courts to the courts to secure full equality secure full equality for blacksfor blacks

National Urban National Urban League- helped League- helped African Americans African Americans who moved to who moved to Northern cities to Northern cities to find homes and find homes and jobs.jobs.

Congress of Racial Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)- Equality (CORE)- tried to obtain tried to obtain equality through equality through peaceful means peaceful means (protest, sit-ins)(protest, sit-ins)

Southern Christian Southern Christian Leadership Leadership Conference Conference (SCLC)– led by MLK (SCLC)– led by MLK advocated advocated nonviolence in the nonviolence in the forms of protests, forms of protests, passive resistance, passive resistance, and civil and civil disobedience disobedience (refusal to follow (refusal to follow laws in order to get laws in order to get them changed) them changed) even in the face of even in the face of violenceviolence

Student Nonviolent Student Nonviolent Coordinating Coordinating Committee Committee (SNCC)– wanted a (SNCC)– wanted a stronger voice and stronger voice and more immediate more immediate changeschanges

Young blacks used Young blacks used sit-ins in public sit-ins in public places to protest places to protest throughout the throughout the South, also used South, also used freedom rides freedom rides (activists riding (activists riding buses)buses)

Due to a series of Due to a series of nationally televised nationally televised protests and protests and marches in marches in Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama led by Alabama led by MLK Jr. and MLK Jr. and brutality with brutality with which the police which the police handled the strike, handled the strike, began national began national push for civil rights push for civil rights and desegregationand desegregation

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. for leading a protest in Birmingham AL, after the courts ruled the marches illegal.

Police dogs and water cannons were used against non-violent protestors

Pres. John F. Pres. John F. Kennedy begins Kennedy begins push in Congress push in Congress for Civil Rights bill, for Civil Rights bill, Congressmen in Congressmen in the South blocked the South blocked bill.bill.

Civil Rights leaders Civil Rights leaders organize March on organize March on Washington in Aug Washington in Aug 1963 to bring 1963 to bring national attention national attention to civil rights, MLK to civil rights, MLK Jr. gives “I have a Jr. gives “I have a dream” speech dream” speech calling for more calling for more civil rights.civil rights.

http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v=Bpihb9zeH9Uv=Bpihb9zeH9U

In Nov 1963 In Nov 1963 Kennedy is Kennedy is assassinated, assassinated, Lyndon Johnson Lyndon Johnson takes over and takes over and gets Civil Rights gets Civil Rights Act of 1964 Act of 1964 passed, this act passed, this act prohibited prohibited discrimination in discrimination in jobs, schools and jobs, schools and votingvoting

Many southern states Many southern states still denied voting still denied voting rights, LBJ passes rights, LBJ passes Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 1965 (gave federal 1965 (gave federal officials the right to officials the right to register voters if state register voters if state officials wouldn’t), LBJ officials wouldn’t), LBJ then passes 24then passes 24thth Amendment outlawing Amendment outlawing poll tax, these two poll tax, these two laws leads many laws leads many African American African American gaining political office.gaining political office.

Many felt that changes were coming Many felt that changes were coming to slow, broke away from civil rights to slow, broke away from civil rights movement forming more radical movement forming more radical groupsgroups

Malcolm X founded Malcolm X founded nation of Islam, nation of Islam, black Muslims who black Muslims who opposed opposed integration and integration and wanted Black wanted Black nationalism nationalism (separate identity (separate identity and racial unity for and racial unity for AA)AA)

Stokely Stokely Carmichael- found Carmichael- found black power black power movement wanting movement wanting blacks to unite, blacks to unite, build strong build strong communities, and communities, and leads to formation leads to formation of black panthers of black panthers (military wing)(military wing)

de jure de jure segregation (racial segregation (racial separation created separation created by law)by law)

de facto de facto segregation segregation (separation caused (separation caused by social and by social and economic factors)economic factors)

segregation leads segregation leads to many riotsto many riots

Detroit Race riot 1967

Many lose faith in Many lose faith in the idea of the idea of nonviolent change nonviolent change with assassinations with assassinations of MLK and Robert of MLK and Robert KennedyKennedy

By the end of the By the end of the 1960’s African 1960’s African Americans could Americans could vote, segregation vote, segregation was illegal, and was illegal, and many blacks held many blacks held political officepolitical office