Chapter 26 Section 3

The Civil Rights Movement Continues

King’s Strategy of Nonviolence

• Montgomery bus boycott gave MLK a place to test his belief in civil disobedience

• Not a new idea, came from writer Henry David Thoreau in the 1840’s

• King’s nonviolent protest belief rooted in Christianity

• Two models for MLK – Jesus and Mohandas Gandhi

• A. Philip Randolph was another key early civil rights leader who encouraged nonviolent protests

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_%28statue%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph

(SCLC)Southern Christian Leadership Conference

• Church leaders of the South came together to form the SCLC in 1957

• Goal – full equality for blacks• Most early civil rights

activities had been dominated by northerners

• Now under King’s leadership the SCLC would become the leading voice for civil rights in the 1960’s

http://a4.files.saymedia-content.com/image/upload/c_fill,g_face,h_300,q_70,w_300/MTE5NTU2MzE2MjgwNDg5NDgz.jpg

Nonviolent Protest Spreads

• Lunch counter sit-ins in Greensboro, NC & Jackson, MS in 1960

• Freedom Rides of 1961 with a goal to test the Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation in interstate travel

• Success at first, but not in Alabama where violence resulted on the Freedom Riders

• 1962 James Meredith was to attend the University of Mississippi, but violent riots broke out and JFK had to send in federal troops to restore order and allow Meredith to register

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-postwar/6014

http://www.siena.edu/pages/179.asp?item=252127

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962

Birmingham• 1963 – SCLC demonstrates

against discrimination in Birmingham, Alabama

• Police Chief “Bull” Conner uses dogs, fire hoses, and cattle prods against peaceful marchers on television

• Businesses in Birmingham pressure the city to desegregate public facilities and agree to hire black store clerks and salespeople

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_campaign

March on Washington• In August 1963 Kennedy sent a

civil rights bill to Congress, right after the events of Birmingham

• To coincide with the civil rights bill, leaders of the movement planned and carried out the “March on Washington”

• Christian and Jewish leaders gave many speeches that day, but none is remembered as well as Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech.

http://abcnews.go.com/US/things-make-dream-famous-speeches-history/story?id=20068795

Civil Right Legislation• Civil Rights Act of 1964 – banned discrimination in public facilities

and employment. It also made school desegregate more quickly and protected voting rights more fairly

• 1964 – “Mississippi Burning” – three college students went missing while trying to help blacks register to vote in the next election, they were later found dead by FBI

• Other violence such as beatings, shootings, and church bombings continue in the South

• 1965 – King stages a mass protest in Selma, Alabama• State troopers use tear gas, clubs and whips against peaceful

protesters and this is again on the evening news• 80 cites all over the country rise up in protest and push for a voting

rights act• Later in 1965 the act finally passes!http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/129353/Arm-in-arm-Martin-Luther-King-and-

his-wife-Coretta

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=selma+alabama+march+1965&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=xDRHBn0s0p0tgM&tbnid=scMPtg-HBtS2JM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F127041210%2F6-SELMA-1965ppt---MissMackaysS4&ei=GqhWU672FumfyQH62oCIDg&bvm=bv.65177938,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNF5DpBkILfD1T1kAQxUmvl_eSSdkw&ust=1398274441863383

The Movement Splinters!• Because of the fact that some blacks

grew impatient with the slow pace of the civil rights movement, more militant leaders became popular

• Malcolm X – called for blacks to separate completely from white society

• Stokely Carmichael – said it was time to fight back with violence, and came up with the idea of “black power”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stokley_Carmichael_at_Michigan_State.jpg

Violent Protests• In the ghettos of big northern cities discontent with living

conditions exploded in 1965, Watts neighborhood of L.A.• Police brutality brought on riots and led to more than 1,000

people being killed or injured• Similar situations happened in other cities over the next several

years• President Johnson – “Our nation is moving toward two societies,

one black, one white – separate and unequal.” • A presidential commission studied the situation and this led to

suggestions for improvement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattsriots-burningbuildings-loc.jpg

King is Killed• As King was traveling the country

to gain support for poor people he said to the crowd on April 3rd “ I may not get there with you. But… we, as a people, will get to the promised land.”

• “Early morning April 4, shots rang out in the Memphis sky. Free at last, they took your life, but they could not take your PRIDE.”

• Riots broke out even though President Johnson asked for people to keep their cool

• This marked an end to this era of the Civil Rights Movement

Summing Up The Civil Rights Era• Many things were accomplished in this era• Not all inequality was fixed• However, legal segregation, discrimination in

education & voting were made better• More blacks became involved in politics and

accepted in leadership roles at the local, state, and federal levels

• Thurgood Marshall became the first black Supreme Court Justice

• Affirmative Action required schools and business to give advantages to groups that had been discriminated against in the past

• Some Americans referred to it as “reverse discrimination”

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/366611/Thurgood-Marshall