The Civil War1861-1865

Answer North or SouthConfederacyUnionBlueGreyYankeesRebelsAbraham LincolnJefferson DavisRobert E. LeeU.S. Grant

The Civil War

North SouthUnion ConfederacyYankees RebelsBlue GrayAbe Lincoln Jefferson DavisMcClelland Robert E. LeeUS Grant Stonewall Jackson

The Anaconda Plan

Based on the previous map, where would you expect most battles to be fought?

Areas we will focus on:

Richmond / DC

Ohio / Cumberland /Tennessee Rivers

Mississippi Valley

Georgia

Battles

The war began at Fort Sumter

First Manassas (Bull Run)

First Manassas (Bull Run)A good day for a picnic.

Union army from D.C. to Richmond

See-saw battleConfederates

arrive by train & win

(Rebel yell – Stonewall Jackson)

Yankees run – Rebels do not chase

Results of Manassas:South: thinks

victory will be easy – gets overconfident

North – Prepares for a long war:

75,000 men now 500,000

3 months, now 3 years

General George McClellan - UnionTrained the Army of the

Potomac to fight the war in the East.

Had what Lincoln called “The Slows.” He rarely attacked, and never quite finished a battle once the enemy was running.

Will be hired and fired more than once before eventually being replaced by US Grant.

•Ulysses S. Grant had easy victories at Forts Henry and Donelson, but then:

•Shiloh = Confederate surprise attack.

•Union won, but with great difficulty

Shiloh

Results of Shiloh:

Grant realizes this will have to be a “war of exhaustion.”

Total War

Survivors of the Battle of Shiloh (Photo taken c.1908-1912)

The Trent Incident: Union arrests men from a British ship. Nearly

causing a war with Great Britain. Lincoln: “Gentlemen, one war at a time, please.” The Confederates were released.

The Politics of War

The Alabama Claims:

A ship sold to the South by Gr. Br. = 64 Union ships destroyed.

US, after war, sends Gr Br a bill for $19 million.

Eventually settled for $15.5 million.

CopperheadsConscription

Know these terms:Writ of Habeas corpusDraft Riots

Life During WartimeAfrican Americans Fight for

Freedom:1% of the population, but

made up 10% of the Union Army

Mostly freed slaves

Lower pay – no respect

If captured, the Confederates would execute (Massacre at Fort Pillow)

Slave resistance in the Confederacy included:

Doing poor work

Breaking plows or other equipment

Refusing to leave w/ owners as Union soldiers advanced

By 1864, even many Confederates realized slavery was doomed.

The Southern Economy Collapsed :Food shortages

Riots

Destruction

Soldiers SufferUnsanitary camps

= diseasesLow food rationsLow pay, boredom

between battlesPrisons: POWs crammed

into small areas w/o sanitation, shelter, or food

Dorthea Dix – First Superintendent

of Nurses

Clara Barton – her care for wounded

saved thousands of lives – she will eventually begin

the Red Cross in the US

Civil War Field Hospital

Second Manassas (Bull Run)McClellan has been

replaced by Pope

Confederacy wins

Union demoralized

Lincoln reinstates McClellan

AntietamAfter Bull Run, Lee

advanced into MarylandBattle plans discovered

and given to McClellanMcClellan actually

attacked!However, McClellan did

not pursue the Rebel army, thus losing a chance to end the war - again

Results of Antietam:Lincoln fires McClellanLincoln looks like he

cannot run an army or a war

England considers recognizing the Confederate States of America

Lincoln must change the focus of the war to keep the North motivated to fight

The Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln’s Commander-in-Chief power allows him to seize enemy resources.

Slaves helped the Southern effort

Lincoln’s Cabinet advised him NOT to free those slaves as it would cause the South to fight to the death rather than talk peace.

Results of the Emancipation Proclamation

Discouraged Britain from supporting the South

Gave the war a high moral purpose

Allowed free blacks to join the army

No Emancipation????What are some possible scenarios that could

have ensued if Lincoln had not issued the Emancipation Proclamation?

The Proclamation only applies to slaves behind the Confederate lines. It does not free slaves everywhere in the U.S. such as in slave states like Missouri that stayed loyal to the Union.

1863

Battle of Chancellorville = Union retreat to the North

Stonewall Jackson dies

Robert E. Lee invades the North into Pennsylvania

A win by Lee in the North might cause the North to lose faith and sign a peace

An accidental meeting of both armies near Gettysburg, PA will be the turning point in the Civil War

Prelude to Gettysburg

Gettysburg – Day 1 July 1, 1863

Confederate soldiers (looking for shoes) met Union brigades near Gettysburg

Shooting attracts soldiers from each army

75,000 Confederates vs. 90,000 Union soldiers

Lee takes the town – Union sets up defensive positions on hills outside of town

Gettysburg – Day 2 July 2, 1863

Lee attacks Cemetery Ridge

Little Round Top left open – would have force a Union retreat and loss

Col. Chamberlain’s men stopped the advance

Ran out of ammunition

Attacked with bayonets and saved the Union army

Gettysburg Day 3July 3, 1863

Lee orders a non-stop barrage of cannon fire

North answers

North goes silent

Lee orders a direct assault on the center (Pickett’s Charge)

It was a trap – firing at close range, the North crippled the attackers

Gettysburg – Day 4 July 4, 1863 Lee’s army limps

back to Virginia Union wins Two more years

of war left, but Gettysburg was the turning point ,

as the North begins to win

The South never completely recovers

Losses: North = 23,000

South = 28,000

The Gettysburg Address

A “New Birth of Freedom,” reminding people why our nation was founded, and why it should survive.

[Read]Four score and

seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

The only known photograph of Lincoln at the Gettysburg Address.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.

We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.

It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.

It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us –

that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain –

that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

The North Takes ChargeAfter Gettysburg, Lincoln appoints US

Grant, who chases Robert E. Lee’s army around Virginia

ELECTION OF 1864Lincoln is up for re-election. This is the first

and only presidential election the south will not participate in.

Because the war is still ongoing Lincoln thinks “he will be beaten and beaten badly”.

Good news rolls in only a few months before the election.Atlanta is taken by ShermanThe port of Mobile, Al is seized. Savannah Georgia is taken

Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman,

who destroys Georgia.

1864Lincoln re-

elected

Lee surrenders to Grant

Appomattox Court House

Lee’s army = keep guns, horse, & 3-days food

PREDICT: Before and After the WarSLAVERY—What will the outcome of

slavery be? Why??

ECONOMY--Which part of the country will have a powerful economy….less powerful? Why??

POLITICS—Who has the political power in the NEW America? Are the states or the federal government more powerful? WHY???

Legacy of the WarPolitical ChangesStates rights weakened

Economic ChangesN = huge economic

growthS = Economic collapse

Costs of War N=360,000 deadS=260,000 dead

Revolution in WarfareBetter weapons new tactics Total War

New Birth of FreedomEmancipation

Proclamation13th AmendmentGettysburg Address

13th AmendmentSECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntaryservitude, except as a punishment for crimewhereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Killed by John Wilkes Booth

Last Casualty of the Civil War