the climate and energy policy of the european union
TRANSCRIPT
The Climate and Energy Policy of the European Union: Challenges for Green Chemistry.
*Manfred Grasserbauer*Vienna University of Technologyy gy
*Director Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission (Ispra) 2002 – 2007
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Joint Research Centre, European Commission (Ispra) 2002 2007
Green Chemistry = Chemical processes and technologies enabling Sustainable Developmentenabling Sustainable Development.
“The molecular science of sustainability” (J. C. Warner)
22Prime goal: Development of a low-carbon society.
Climate and Energy
•Since preindustrial times the concentrations of Green House Gases CO2, N2O and CH4 increased due to fossil fuel consumption, agriculture 2, 2 4 p , gand land use changes from 280 to 430 ppm CO2e.•Increase of the global mean temperature by 0,78 +/- 0,18 ºC and a sea l l i b 15
U d b i l
level rise by 15 cm.
•Under business as-usualscenarios the global greenhouse gas emissions will double till 2050.In such a case the averagetemperature on earth is likelyp yto increase by 4 degrees till2100.
3Source: IPCC 2007
The EU Climate and Energy PolicyThe EU Climate and Energy Policy
Reducingclimate change by MITIGATION ADAPTATION+climate change
riskby MITIGATION ADAPTATION+
d i & d ireducing &avoiding
GHG emissions
reducingexposure &vulnerability
at the lowest cost & greatest benefit.
44Mitigation goal: limit global warming to 2°C = maximum 450 ppm CO2equ
The EU Climate and Energy Policygy y
55To stabilise the GHG concentrations at 450 ppm CO2e a global
emission reduction of 50 % by 2050 is required (rel. 1990).Source: The 2 ºC Target, European Commission 2008
The EU Climate and Energy PolicyTowards the Third Industrial RevolutionTowards the Third Industrial Revolution
• Without a massive technology change the ambitious green housegas reduction targets will NOT be achievedgas reduction targets will NOT be achieved.
• Global cooperation and substantial policy guidance with initialfinancial stimulation necessary.
Hans Joachim Schellnhuber,Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Director Potsdam Institute for Climate
Change Impact Assessment and Advisor to the Commision PresidentAdvisor to the Commision President José Manuel Barroso and German
Chancellor Angela Merkel on Climate Change mattersChange matters:
„We need the Great Transformation based on a re-
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Transformation based on a reinvention of our industrial
metabolism.“
The EU Climate and Energy Policy:Key ElementsKey Elements
Limitation of further global temperature increase to +1,2 °C (equals 2 °C compared to pre-industrial times).(equals 2 C compared to pre industrial times).
• GHG emission reduction targets:- 20 (30) % by 2020, - 85 % by 2050( ) y y
• Mitigation measures:− Enhancement of the efficiency of the use of energy (20% by 2020):
Industrial processing and manufacturingLightningHeatingMobility
E h t f ffi i f ti ith f il f l− Enhancement of efficiency of power generation with fossil fuels. − Development of Carbon Capture and Storage for fossil fuel power plants.
Increase of renewable energies (20 % of total energy market by 2020)
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− Increase of renewable energies (20 % of total energy market by 2020), including increased use of biofuels (10 % from sustainable production in petrol/diesel by 2020).
Key Areas for Research and Development:E Effi i t I d t i l T h l iEnergy Efficient Industrial Technologies
• Emission caps for industry combined with ETS• EU Directive of Best Available Technologies.
•Integrated life cycle assessment for products to minimise total energy consumption in production.•Development of highly integrated value chains for industrial products.
8Source: BASF
p g y g p•Improved valorisation of coal, oil and natural gas as feedstocks in chemical industry through new catalytic pathways.
Key Areas for Research and Development: Effi i t Li ht i
Conventional light bulbs have a yield of only 4 %
Efficient Lightning
• Development of a new generation of lightning devices with high energy efficiency: especially LEDs with efficiency of up to 80 %:
− Improvement of presently used ITO (indium tin oxide) structuresId tifi ti f it bl t i l d it f i d− Identification of suitable materials and composites for increased lifetime and efficiency
− New materials: organic semiconductors based on conjugated
9Source: SusChem 2006
New materials: organic semiconductors based on conjugated polymers, metal based luminophores such as Ir (III) complexes allowing color tuneability
Key Areas for Research and Development:Effi i t H ti
Heating produces 8 % of EU GHG emissions
Efficient Heating
• Development of a new generation of houses: − passive houses
10− surplus houses: solar panels on roof, “photovoltaic windows”…………
Key Areas for Research and Development:Effi i t H ti
• Research and development tasks:
Efficient Heating
− New insulating materials: nanostructured materials like aerogel nanofoamsreducing the gas exchange compared to conventional foamsPhotochromic coatings for glass reg lating radiation− Photochromic coatings for glass regulating radiation
− Sensors for an energy efficient home climate managementIntegration of photovoltaics for power generation (roof windows)− Integration of photovoltaics for power generation (roof, windows)
− Integrated electricity storage systems based on high performance batteries and fuel cells
− Thin film wall coatings for purification of indoor air based on low temperature photo catalytic decomposition of VOCs, e.g. contained in cigarette smoke
− Functional nano porous textiles for superior energy balance with self cleaning properties
− “Photovoltaic windows” based on transparent thin-film devices
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Photovoltaic windows based on transparent thin film devices
Source: SusChem 2006EU SET-Plan: The Smart Cities Initiative
From Architecture to Ecotectureo c tectu e to cotectu e
• Dongtan Wetlands to become Dongtan Ecocity
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Planned as the world’s first carbon-neutral city Dongtan Ecocity is planned to be built, on Chong Ming Island southeast to Shanghai, China.
Key Areas for Research and Development:Effi i t M bilit
Tank to wheel efficiency of cars ca 20 % in European driving cycle
Efficient Mobility
Tank-to-wheel efficiency of cars ca 20 % in European driving cycle.Energy efficiency of individual mobility using cars ca 2 %.
• Development of energy efficient light weight cars for individual• Development of energy efficient light weight cars for individual mobility
− New construction materials: high performance polymers, carbon fiber polymer composites, high performance ceramics, fibers replacing metal chords in tires
• Hybrid and electric cars providing a higher energy efficiency of theHybrid and electric cars providing a higher energy efficiency of the engine and reduced weight:
− Enhanced batteries coupled with supercapacitors to provide peak power during acceleration and energy recovery during braking
− Development of fuel cells with enhanced energy density
13Source: SusChem 2006
Key Areas for Research and Development: The Electric CarThe Electric Car
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Lohner-Porsche: The grandfather of the electrical car built 1900. Motors had an output of 2,5 HP: 50 km driving distance per charging.
Source: Spiegel On-Line 10 Dec. 2008
Key Areas for Research and Development:El t i it StElectricity Storage
• Batteries for electromobility:• Li-ion batteries presently best
performance: capacity 150 Wh/kg• Development of new systems with LiCoO2 mobile phone battery, • Development of new systems with
increased capacity (higher energy density), shorter loading times and long
l li b d th di di
2 p y,with graphite cathode
cycle lives based on cathodic or anodic nanostructured materials providing improved kinetics:Li-ion batteries: LiFePO4 anodes and silicon cathodesNi MH batteries: nanostructured Ni(OH)Ni-MH batteries: nanostructured Ni(OH)2cathodesLead-acid batteries: nanostructured
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Pb(OH)2 as anodes
Source: SusChem 2006 and DFG 2010
Key Areas for Research and Development: The Battery Powered Electric Car
Th I di REVA G Wi i i th tThe Indian REVA G-Wiz i, is the top-selling electric car in the world.Li-ion batteries, ma speed 80 km/hmax speed 80 km/h, range 120 km, price 6.000 EUR, running costs 5 EUR/100 kmrunning costs 5 EUR/100 km
US Tesla Roadster with 6000 Li ion batteries (500 kg)Li-ion batteries (500 kg), max speed 200 km/h, 4 sec from 0 – 100 km/h, range 380 km
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range 380 km,Price ca 100.000 EUR
Source: Wikipedia 2010
Key Areas for Research and Development: Th B tt P d El t i CThe Battery Powered Electric Car
Renault Twizy: „An all-electric vehicle aimed primarily at busy city dwellers who
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need to pick their way through the urban jungle.” Ultra-compact dimensions 2.30m in length, and just 1.13m wide.
Source: Renault 2009
Key Areas for Research and Development: The Hydrogen Powered Electric Car
18Source: Imageproduction and Wikipedia
Key Areas for Research and Development:y pThe Hydrogen Powered Electric Car
F l ll f l t bilit• Fuel cells for electromobility:− Proton exchange membrane (PEM) cells
using hydrogen as fuel yield only water as g y g y yemission product.
− Tank-to-wheel efficiency ca 40 % in European driving cycleEuropean driving cycle.
− Development of catalytic membranes for the efficient transport of the protons between the segments of the cell based on nanotechnology
− Improvement of air-water managementImprovement of air water management based on electroosmotic pumps
− Development of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC)
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Cells (PEFC)
Source: JRC, Institute for Energy 2010
Key Areas for Research and Development:and Development:
The Hydrogen Powered Electric Vehicle
20Toyota FCHV PEM FC fuel cell vehicleMercedes Citaro fuel cell bus
Source: Wikipedia 2010
Key Areas for Research and Development:y pHydrogen as an Energy Carrier
• As an energy carrier, hydrogen can store and deliver energy in aAs an energy carrier, hydrogen can store and deliver energy in a widely useable form and is one of the most promising alternative fuels for future energy applications (“hydrogen economy”). Major R&D areas are:• Major R&D areas are:
− Clean production of hydrogen:Electrolysis of wateryPhotoelectrochemical water splittingConcentrating solar thermal pyrolysis of waterCatalytic thermochemical productionCatalytic thermochemical production
− Safety in Storage and Transport:high pressure hydrogen tanks for vehicles, g p y gmaterials for solid state hydrogen storage, hydrogen sensors for safety.
21Source: JRC, Institute for Energy 2010
EU SET-Plan: The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative (1 bio EUR)
Key Areas for Research and Development:Clean Coal
• Present EU primary energy mix:− 37% oil, 24% gas, 18% coal, 14%
nuclear, 7% renewable energies• Resources of coal are considerably• Resources of coal are considerably
larger than those of crude oil and natural gas.
• Increasing conversion efficiency from fuel to energy:
− New thermal conversion processesNew thermal conversion processes involving pyrolysis, gasification and combustion, e.g. using nanoparticles as catalysts for combustioncatalysts for combustion
− New materials Cr-Mo-V(Nb,N,B) steels, ceramics and composites for increased
i lGE 460 MW gas turbine
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operational temperatures
Source: JRC Institute for Energy 2010 and Royal Society of Chemistry 2010
gas turbine
Key Areas for Research and Development:yClean Coal
• Carbon capture and storage• To achieve “zero-emission” thermal power plants• Capture of emitted CO2 in power plants burning fossil fuel:
physical compression and liquidification of the flue gas− physical compression and liquidification of the flue gas− absorption of CO2 in liquid solutions of bases like NaOH− reaction with Ca(OH)2.( )2
• Storage underground or under sea (CCS).• Theoretically reduction of CO2 80-90 %, but increased the fuel
needs of a coal fired plant with CCS by 25% 40%needs of a coal-fired plant with CCS by 25%-40%. • EU CCS initiative:12 industrial scale demonstration plants,
development of commercially available technologies by 2020.• US DOE plans to equip multiple new clean-coal power plants with
advanced CCS technology.
23EU SET-Plan: The European CO2 Capture, Storage andTransport Initiative (13 bio EUR)
Key Areas for Research and Development:Clean Coal
• Carbon capture and storage: Vattenfall Schwarze Pumpe 30 MW il l30 MW pilot plant
Oxyfuel method to−Oxyfuel method toburn the coal withpure oxygen andnitrogen freenitrogen-freeexhaust. −Carbon dioxide will be compressedbe compressed, liquefied and put intogeologic formationsfor storagefor storage.
Source: Vattenfall 2010
24•Recycling of captured CO2 for production of methanol by reaction withH2 („methanol economy“).
Key Areas for Research and Development:Sustainable Nuclear Fission
• Generation IV Nuclear Power Plants:− a set of theoretical nuclear reactor designs currently being
researched by an international consortium (USA, Canada, EU, UK, FR CH Russia JAP China S-Korea South Africa Argentina)FR, CH, Russia, JAP, China, S Korea, South Africa, Argentina)
− primary goals being to improve nuclear safety, improve proliferation resistance, minimize waste and natural resource utilization, and to d th t t b ild d h l tdecrease the cost to build and run such plants
• Types:− Thermal reactors: Very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR)Thermal reactors: Very high temperature reactor (VHTR),
Supercritical-water-cooled reactor (SCWR), Molten-salt reactor(MSR)F t t G l d f t t (GFR) S di l d f t− Fast reactors: Gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR), Sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), Lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR)
• Production of electricity and hydrogen by thermochemical reactions.
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y y g ySource: JRC, Institute for Energy 2010
EU SET-Plan: The Sustainable Nuclear Initiative (10 bio EUR)
Key Areas for Research and Development:Sustainable Nuclear FissionSustainable Nuclear Fission
The very high temperature reactor concept utilizes a graphite-moderated core with a
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y g p p g ponce-through uranium fuel cycle. This reactor design envisions an outlet temperature of 1,000 °C. Development completed by 2020.
Source: Wikipedia
Key Areas for Research and Development:Sustainable Nuclear FissionSustainable Nuclear Fission
Sodium-cooled fast reactor: uses fast-neutrons from metallic U-Pu-alloy fuel;no moderator breeds Pu and achieves transmutation of long-half-live transactinides;
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no moderator, breeds Pu and achieves transmutation of long half live transactinides; cooling by liquid sodium at atmospheric pressure.Development completed by 2030.
Source: Wikipedia
Key Areas for Research and Development:Actinide and Transactinide ChemistryActinide and Transactinide Chemistry
Fuel production, reactions during operation,burnt fuel
28Source: JRC, Institute for Transuranium Elements 2010
p , g p ,reprocessing, waste conditioning and storage
Key Areas for Research and Development:Renewable Energies WindRenewable Energies – Wind
Provides now 4 % of EU electricity, annual growth rate 15 % share 20 % in 2020annual growth rate 15 %, share 20 % in 2020.
29Source: JRC Institute for Energy 2010
OECD/IEA Blue Scenario:globally >500.000 wind turbines by 2050
Key Areas for Research and Development:R bl E i Wi dRenewable Energies – Wind
EuropeanEuropean potential forwind energygy
30Source: Allianz Knowledge 2009
Key Areas for Research and Development:Renewable Energies – Wind
Wi dWind power:− Wind tower heights 80 – 140 m− Rotor blade sizes 20 – 60 m − 5 - 20 rpm− Rotor tip speeds up to 300 km/h• Development of high performance• Development of high performance
materials which can withstand the high stress at off-shore installations, like excessive wind speeds andlike excessive wind speeds and corrosion by sea salt:
− aluminum alloys and composites (like fiber glass laminates) for bladesfiber glass laminates) for blades
− ultra-high-strength alloys for the gears
Enercon E 126: capacity 7 5 MW
31Source: Enercon 2010
Enercon E-126: capacity 7.5 MW overall height 198 m, diameter126 mEU SET-Plan: The European
Wind Initiative (6 bio EUR)
Key Areas for Research and Development:R bl E i S l PRenewable Energies – Solar Power
Provides now 0,4 % of EU electricity, annual growth rate 50 % share 10 - 15 % in 2020annual growth rate 50 %, share 10 15 % in 2020.
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OECD/IEA Blue Scenario:globally >2000 km2 solar PV panels by 2050
Source: JRC Institute for Energy 2010
Key Areas for Research and Development:Renewable Energies Solar PowerRenewable Energies – Solar Power
•Solar electricity (photovoltaics):A il bl i f li ht i 100 000 TW th t i•Available primary energy from sunlight is 100.000 TW, that is
20.000 times higher than the pesent global primary energyconsumption for electricity generation (5TW).
•Photovoltaic solar panelsbased on polycristallineili t t f th t dsilicon are state of the art and
are produced in large quantities.
S• poly-Si cells have a photon-electron conversion yield of18 %.•Production still expensive, therefore relatively high costsper kWh: 4 EUR compared to
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0,4 EUR for coal, gas and 1 EUR for wind
Key Areas for Research and Development:Renewable Energies – SolarRenewable Energies Solar
European potential forpotential forsolar energy
34Source: JRC, Institute for Energy
Key Areas for Research and Development:Solar ElectricitySolar Electricity
•Enhancement of photon-electron conversion yield:
− Multijunction III-V devices: 40 % yield
− Amorphous silicon hybrid materials with efficient metal based sensitizers
− Nanocrystalline wide gap semiconductorsgap semiconductors with molecular control of interfacial charge transfertransfer
35Source: SusChem 2010EU SET-Plan: The Solar Europe Initiative (16 bio EUR)
•Reduction of costs: polymeric solar cells (polythiophenes/fullerenes)
Key Areas for Research and Development:S l El t i itSolar Electricity
•Thin film (flexible) panels:−Array of very small (micrometresize) silicon cells on a flexible substrate (J. Rodgers, University of Illinois, Urbana), )−Array of “printed” organic micro solar cells on thin film electrode system on a flexible substratesystem on a flexible substrate•Integration on fabrics such as backpacks, clothes and cases.•Semitransparent solar cells on windows and jalousies
36Source: Fraunhofer ISE Freiburg 2010
Key Areas for Research and Development:The Intelligent GridThe Intelligent Grid
By 2020 wind and solar likely to provide 30 – 40 % of the electricityconsumed in the EUconsumed in the EU.
Minigrids at local level combined with large scale smart grid technology and
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g g g gyintelligent utility networks – based on a combination of AC and DC networks.
EU SET-Plan: The European Electricity Grid Initiative (2 bio EUR)
Key Areas for Research and Development:yFuels from Biomass
First generation of biofuels:•Methanol from sugarsand cerealsand cereals•Diesel from plant oils
Biofuel plant in Babilafuente (Spain)
i b l d h tusing barley and wheat as feedstock:
Annual production capacity of 200.000 tons of fuel-grade ethanol (FGE) and 230,000 tons of Dried Distillers Grain (DDGS) and 146,000 tons of CO2. Source: Abengoa 2010
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Source: Abengoa 2010
EU SET-Plan: The European Industrial Bioenergy Initiative (9 bio EUR)
Key Areas for Research and Development:F l f BiFuels from Biomass
• Sustainability of biofuels:d fi iti f bi− definition of bioenergysustainability standards
− greenhouse gas g gperformance
− competition with food productionproduction
− environmental impact of biofuels production on tropical rain forest
39Source: JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability 2007
Key Areas for Research and Development:Fuels from Biomass
• Second generation biofuels:Second generation biofuels:• Syngas (carbon monoxide and
hydrogen) production by th h i l ifi ti fthermochemical gasification from biomass
• Syngas fermented by Clostridium y g yljungdahlii producing ethanol and water.
Fluidized Bed Gasifier in Güssing
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• Ethanol separated by distillation
Source: Wikipedia 2010
Fluidized Bed Gasifier in Güssing, Austria
Key Areas for Research and Development:Key Areas for Research and Development:Fuels from Biomass
S d ti bi f l• Second generation biofuels:• Production of fermentable sugars
from cellulosic, fibre or wood based ,waste biomass by hydrolysis based on enzymatic degradation:Pretreatment technologiesPretreatment technologiesChemical hydrolysis of lignocelluloseCheap enzymes for hydrolysisp y y y
• Optimised fermentation to produce ethanol, methanol, butanol and other useful productsuseful products
• Development of biorefineriesdelivering fuels and products for
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chemical industry through integrated production platforms
Source: SusChem 2007
Key Areas for Research and Development:Integrated BiorefineryIntegrated Biorefinery
42Possible products of a biorefinery using ligno-cellulosis as feedstock. Source: S. Fernando et al. Energy & Fuels 2006, 1727
Key Areas for Research and Development:Integrated Biorefinery
43US master plan for integrated biorefineries. Source: US DOE 2010
Key Areas for Research and Development:Fuels from Biomass
•Third generation biofuels:•Third generation biofuels:•Algae fuel, also called oilgae: •Algae of the Chlorophyceae class (likeAlgae of the Chlorophyceae class (like Botryococcus braunii and Chlorella vulgaris) produce hydrocarbons (mainly triterpenes) which can amount to 50 % of
•Much higher production yield for fuels than land crops.
triterpenes), which can amount to 50 % of their mass.
uc g e p oduc o y e d o ue s a a d c ops•According to US DOE 40.000 km2 of aquaculture area could provide all petroleum consumed in the USA.•Development of aquaculture techniques and processes.•Development of extraction procedures for algae oil.•Systematic evaluation of the potential of macroalgae (seaweed) for
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•Systematic evaluation of the potential of macroalgae (seaweed) for bioethanol and biogas production.
Source: Wikipedia 2010
Towards the Third Industrial Revolution:P ibl CPossible Costs
Estimated costs of energy shift: perhaps 1% of global GDP 500 billi EUR ll= ca 500 billion EUR annually.
Global subsidies for fossil fuel production 300 billion EUR
Total global annual military spending: ca 1.000 billion EUR
45Total volume of financial support measures in present crisis: 6.000 billion EUR (???)
Towards the Third Industrial RevolutionEU Dependance on Oil Imports
46Blue area of flag corresponds to EU consumption of oil, yellow area of stars to the EU‘s own production. Source: EEA
Thank you very much for your attention!Thank you very much for your attention!
Disclaimer: While this presentation reflects current EU policies, it d t t ffi i l t t t f th E C i i
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it does not represent an official statement of the European Commission.