the close of world war ii

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The Close of World War II. As World War II approached the end, the US, British, and Soviets could not resolve the issue of freedom for Europeans. As a result, the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences tried to solve some of the postwar issues. Yalta Conference. FDR, Stalin, Churchill Poland - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Close of World War II
Page 2: The Close of World War II

The Close of World War II• As World War II

approached the end, the US, British, and Soviets could not resolve the issue of freedom for Europeans.

• As a result, the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences tried to solve some of the postwar issues.

Page 3: The Close of World War II

Yalta Conference•FDR, Stalin, Churchill•Poland

▫FDR and Churchill: Free elections▫Stalin: Matter of “life and death” for

friendly gov’t▫Agree to let Soviets set up gov’t

•Liberated Europe▫Right all of people to decide the form of

gov’t▫Democratic elections with no Nazism or

Fascism

Page 4: The Close of World War II

Yalta Conference (continued)•Germany

▫Divided into four zones (US, Britain, France, USSR)

▫Berlin split into four zones even though it is in USSR zone

Page 5: The Close of World War II

The Cold War Begins•Soviets in Poland: no free elections and

only 3 non-Communist Poles in 18-member Polish gov’t

•Germany▫Soviets want Germany to pay heavy

reparations; also want them weak and countries in between communist and under control

▫US have reparations of goods and keep it based off what Germany can afford to pay

Page 6: The Close of World War II

Potsdam Conference• US-Soviet standoff over Germany

▫Truman: Economy key; no heavy reparations

▫Stalin: Heavy reparations▫Ultimately, Stalin accepts the terms

• Other issues▫Soviets refused to back down on

Communist governments in Eastern Europe (satellite nations)

▫Iron Curtain: Communist nations of Eastern Europe

Page 7: The Close of World War II

Long Telegram•George Kennan’s Long Telegram

explained his view of the Soviets▫Insecurity, fear of West, no

permanent deals due to struggle with capitalism, continuing to acquire land

▫Use long-term containment policies Keep communism within its

present territory Keep them from expanding power,

the system would fail completely

Page 8: The Close of World War II

Iran: Kennan’s ideas proved right•Soviets refuse to remove

troops from Northern Iran, push for oil and Communist government

•US tells Soviets to withdraw forces, sends USS Missouri into Mediterranean Sea

•Soviets withdraw

Page 9: The Close of World War II

Truman Doctrine•Stop Communist

advances around the world

•Used in many places, including Turkey and Greece

Page 10: The Close of World War II

Europe’s Economic Woes

Page 11: The Close of World War II

Marshall Plan• Sec. of State George

Marshall proposed the European Recovery Program, which gives aid to Europe to rebuild economies▫Western European

countries accepted plan and economies recovered

▫Ultimately, this weakened the appeal for communism

Page 12: The Close of World War II

Berlin Airlift• Dispute of Germany continues,

so US, France, and Britain merge into one (West Germany)▫Soviets realize they will never

get the reparations they want, so they cut all traffic to West Berlin off

▫Goal: Make US reconsider decision

▫US Response: Truman sends supplies to Berlin until Stalin lifts blockade

Page 13: The Close of World War II

Review from Friday•What did it feel like

to be pointed out as a “red” in society?

•How can a simple label change the path of your life in society?

“Is This Tomorrow” was a comic book that talked about the dangers

of a communist takeover.

Page 14: The Close of World War II

The Red ScareMcCarthyism

Page 15: The Close of World War II

Red Scare•Rumors of Communists in the US and

Communists in government lead to fears that Communism is trying to take over the world

•Igor Gouzenko Story▫Ottawa’s Soviet Embassy▫Documents showing effort toget into US/Canada governments▫Reason: A-bomb info

Page 16: The Close of World War II

What it all meant•Did spies infiltrate

America’s government?

•Fear of Communist subversion began▫Subversion: effort to

weaken a society secretly and overthrow its government

Page 17: The Close of World War II

A quick poll•Raise your hand if you’ve read any book

by George Orwell, such as Animal Farm or 1984

•Raise your hand if you have ever traveled to Europe

•Raise your hand if you have ever seen either the movie Apocalypse Now or A Clockwork Orange

Page 18: The Close of World War II

The Loyalty Review Program•Screened all federal employees

▫Result: Public believed this confirmed that Communism had gotten inside the US Gov’t

•Who got screened?▫More than 6 million workers▫Suspects picked by reading books,

belonging to a group, traveling overseas, seeing particular movies

▫2,000 workers quit, 212 fired

Page 19: The Close of World War II

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)•J. Edgar Hoover wanted this committee

expanded to stop Communist growth in US▫Expose both Communists and symphathizers

•Film Industry▫Worried that it will manipulate people▫Reagan testified and said there were

Communists in Hollywood▫“Blacklisting”: Refusal to hire anyone who was a

Communist, believed to be one, or refused to cooperate with HUAC

Page 20: The Close of World War II
Page 21: The Close of World War II

Red Channels•151 actors, directors,

broadcasters, and screenwriters listed in this book▫Leonard Bernstein▫Orson Welles

•Ultimately, they found it near impossible to find work

Page 22: The Close of World War II

Review•What was the Loyalty Review Program?

HUAC? Red Channels?

•What were some of the things the government looked into as they search for Communists?

Page 23: The Close of World War II

The Hiss Saga• Whittaker Chambers: Editor of

TIME, Former Communist Party Member▫HUAC Testimony: Government

has Communists in it, including Alger Hiss

▫Alger Hiss, who was active in Roosevelt and Truman administrations denied accusations and sued Chambers

▫Ultimately, the “pumpkin papers” led to Hiss being charged with perjury

Page 24: The Close of World War II

Red Scare Continues to Grow•The Soviets created their own version of the atomic

bomb, which caused more concern and fear among U.S. citizens.▫HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?▫WAS IT A SPY?

•The case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg▫Accused of selling secrets to the Soviets on how to

make an atomic bomb▫Convicted and executed for their acts

Page 25: The Close of World War II

Other Results of the Scare•Univ. of California: Loyalty

oaths of all faculty members

•Taft-Hartley Act: Union leaders must take oaths they were not communists

•US prepares for nuclear war▫Fallout Shelters▫“Duck and Cover”

Page 26: The Close of World War II

Joseph McCarthy•1950, after the Hiss conviction, McCarthy makes

a speech saying that he has a list of 205 State Department members who were Communists▫Never released his list▫Continued to make charges▫Helped him gain attention

•“The Party of Betrayal”▫Booklet accusing Democratic Party members of

being corrupt and protecting Communists

Page 27: The Close of World War II

McCarran Act• Internal Security Act fought

Communism ▫ Required all Communist Party and

Communist organizations to register with US attorney general.

▫ Required the groups to publish records

▫ Denied Communists passports to travel abroad

▫ Arrested and detained Communists and sympathizers in national emergency

• Vetoed by Truman, overridden by Congress

Page 28: The Close of World War II

McCarthyism• McCarthy becomes chairman of Senate

subcommittee on investigations▫ Forces testimony about alleged

Communist ties▫ Essentially a witch hunt

• McCarthyism: tactic of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges▫ Press followed him and wrote about his

actions▫ McCarthy would badger witnesses▫ Few challenge him (Why do you think

this is?)

Page 29: The Close of World War II

McCarthy’s Downfall•McCarthy decided to focus on military

•Army-McCarthy hearings▫Challenged military officers▫Lost public support

•McCarthy challenged lawyer for Army who had a young member that used to be in a Communist organization▫Welch challenged him and asked “have you left

no sense of decency?”

Page 30: The Close of World War II

The End of McCarthy• Censured by Senate in

1954▫Formal disapproval of

actions▫One of biggest

punishments that can be given to a member of Senate

• Lost all influence in Senate and public

• Died in 1957

Page 31: The Close of World War II

RECAPLoyalty Review ProgramHUACMcCarthyism

Page 32: The Close of World War II

Cold War Continues…•Truman opts to not run for reelection

▫Eisenhower v. Stevenson

•Eisenhower, a war hero, wins easily▫Cuts defense budget, makes military smaller▫Why? More money to make nukes (increased

from 1,000 in 1953 to 18,000 in 1961)

•Massive Retaliation▫Threaten to use nuclear weapons to prevent war

from happening

Page 33: The Close of World War II

Sided Discussion

In your notes, make a “T Chart” outlining the pros and cons of the idea massive

retaliation

Page 34: The Close of World War II

Brinkmanship• Willingness to

go to brink of war to force other side to back down

• What many critics called Eisenhower’s “massive retaliation” plans

Page 35: The Close of World War II

Korean War Ends• Eisenhower goes to Korea, threatens to continue

war “under circumstances of our own choosing”▫Threat of nuclear war?▫Worked…negotiators created “Demilitarized Zone”

or DMZ separating North and South