The Cold War – Bay of Pigs The Cold War – Bay of Pigs to the Cuban Missile Crisisto the Cuban Missile Crisis

Latin American RelationsLatin American Relations

Not good!Not good! The U.S. had extended aid to Europe, The U.S. had extended aid to Europe,

but not Latin Americabut not Latin America The U.S. continued to intervene in Latin The U.S. continued to intervene in Latin

American affairs (i.e. : CIA-led coup in American affairs (i.e. : CIA-led coup in Guatemala)Guatemala)

The U.S. supported bloody dictators The U.S. supported bloody dictators who claimed to be fighting communismwho claimed to be fighting communism

The Bay of Pigs The Bay of Pigs InvasionInvasion

In April 1961, an invasion force of In April 1961, an invasion force of Cuban exiles trained in the U.S. by Cuban exiles trained in the U.S. by the CIA invaded Cubathe CIA invaded CubaOnly three U.S. made planes bombed Only three U.S. made planes bombed Cuban air basesCuban air basesThey used U.S. equipment and They used U.S. equipment and landed at several sites, the main one landed at several sites, the main one being the Bay of Pigsbeing the Bay of Pigs

The Bay of Pigs InvasionThe Bay of Pigs Invasion

Castro had agents in the CIA and Castro had agents in the CIA and knew of the invasion plansknew of the invasion plans

His troops were waiting for them and His troops were waiting for them and captured 1,100 mencaptured 1,100 men

The Bay of Pigs InvasionThe Bay of Pigs Invasion

The Tractors for Freedom Committee, headed The Tractors for Freedom Committee, headed by Eleanor Roosevelt, failed to raise the $28 by Eleanor Roosevelt, failed to raise the $28 million demanded by Castro as reparationsmillion demanded by Castro as reparations

After negotiations, Castro finally agreed to the After negotiations, Castro finally agreed to the repatriation of the prisoners in exchange for repatriation of the prisoners in exchange for $53 million in food and medicine$53 million in food and medicine

The prisoners were returned from December The prisoners were returned from December 1962 to July 19651962 to July 1965

Importance of CubaImportance of Cuba

In November 1961, Kennedy asked In November 1961, Kennedy asked his brother, Attorney General Robert his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, to oversee Operation Kennedy, to oversee Operation MongooseMongoose

This was a program of economic This was a program of economic warfare, sabotage, and terrorism warfare, sabotage, and terrorism designed to topple Castrodesigned to topple Castro

Importance of CubaImportance of Cuba

Robert Kennedy informed the CIA that Robert Kennedy informed the CIA that the Cuban problem carries the Cuban problem carries ““the top the top priority in the U.S. Government – all priority in the U.S. Government – all else is secondary – no time, no effort, else is secondary – no time, no effort, or manpower is to be sparedor manpower is to be spared”” in the in the effort to overthrow the Castro regimeeffort to overthrow the Castro regime

Plans were in the works to overthrow Plans were in the works to overthrow the regime by October 1962the regime by October 1962

Flexible ResponseFlexible Response

On May 4, 1962, Robert On May 4, 1962, Robert McNamara created this McNamara created this new policynew policy

It replaced the policy of It replaced the policy of Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation

It was implemented to It was implemented to develop several options, develop several options, other than the nuclear other than the nuclear option, for quickly dealing option, for quickly dealing with enemy aggressionwith enemy aggression

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Since the U.S. had antagonized the USSR with Since the U.S. had antagonized the USSR with hostile alliances and nuclear missiles aimed at the hostile alliances and nuclear missiles aimed at the country, Khrushchev decided to install medium-country, Khrushchev decided to install medium-range nuclear missiles in Cubarange nuclear missiles in Cuba

This was done because:This was done because: It would counter U.S. nuclear missilesIt would counter U.S. nuclear missiles They believed it could win a nuclear warThey believed it could win a nuclear war Double the number of targets that Soviet missiles were Double the number of targets that Soviet missiles were

capable of hittingcapable of hitting

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

In July 1962, the U.S. government became In July 1962, the U.S. government became aware that missiles were being imported and aware that missiles were being imported and set up in Cubaset up in Cuba

U-2 spy planes photographed the missile sitesU-2 spy planes photographed the missile sites

By October 16By October 16thth, President Kennedy opted for a , President Kennedy opted for a naval quarantine (blockade) to prevent Soviet naval quarantine (blockade) to prevent Soviet ships bearing missiles from reaching Cubaships bearing missiles from reaching Cuba

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

The USSR denounced the blockadeThe USSR denounced the blockade

From October 22From October 22ndnd-24-24thth, Soviet ships , Soviet ships were on course for Cubawere on course for Cuba

The U.S. put its nuclear forces on red The U.S. put its nuclear forces on red alert and assembled an invasion alert and assembled an invasion force in Floridaforce in Florida

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

On October 24On October 24thth, the Soviet ships slowed down , the Soviet ships slowed down and then changed course away from Cubaand then changed course away from Cuba

Khrushchev sent Kennedy a message offering Khrushchev sent Kennedy a message offering to withdraw the missiles in Cuba in exchange to withdraw the missiles in Cuba in exchange for:for: A U.S. pledge never to invade the islandA U.S. pledge never to invade the island U.S. withdrawal of nuclear missiles in TurkeyU.S. withdrawal of nuclear missiles in Turkey

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Kennedy agreed to both provisions by Kennedy agreed to both provisions by October 28October 28thth

During the following weeks, both During the following weeks, both superpowers began fulfilling their superpowers began fulfilling their promisespromises

Results of the Cuban Results of the Cuban Missile CrisisMissile Crisis

It was the closest to nuclear war that It was the closest to nuclear war that any two countries have ever comeany two countries have ever come

The Soviet missiles were removed The Soviet missiles were removed from Cubafrom Cuba

The U.S. had to tolerate a Communist The U.S. had to tolerate a Communist country in the Caribbeancountry in the Caribbean

U.S. missiles were removed from U.S. missiles were removed from TurkeyTurkey

Results of the Cuban Missile CrisisResults of the Cuban Missile Crisis

It led to a decrease in tension in the Cold War It led to a decrease in tension in the Cold War (détente)(détente)

Relations were stained between Khrushchev Relations were stained between Khrushchev and Castroand Castro

Khrushchev was discreditedKhrushchev was discredited

Khrushchev and his successors began the Khrushchev and his successors began the largest peacetime arms race in history so as not largest peacetime arms race in history so as not to be in a position of humiliation againto be in a position of humiliation again

Results of the Cuban Missile Results of the Cuban Missile CrisisCrisis

Democrats fared well in the Congressional Democrats fared well in the Congressional elections of 1962elections of 1962Kennedy pushed for a nuclear test-ban Kennedy pushed for a nuclear test-ban treaty (one was signed in late 1963)treaty (one was signed in late 1963)Installation in August 1963 of a Moscow-Installation in August 1963 of a Moscow-Washington Washington ““hot linehot line”” for easy for easy communication in case of crisiscommunication in case of crisisKennedy advocated to not think of the Kennedy advocated to not think of the Soviet Union as a devil-ridden countrySoviet Union as a devil-ridden country