The Collapse of the RepublicThe Collapse of the RepublicThe RomansThe Romans

Growing InequalityGrowing Inequality By the 2By the 2ndnd Century Century

B.C. Rome primarily B.C. Rome primarily governed by the governed by the Senate.Senate.

Rome suffering Rome suffering economically and economically and militarily because of militarily because of landless plebeians. landless plebeians.

Gracchus BrothersGracchus Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Tiberius and Gaius

Gracchus were reform Gracchus were reform minded aristocrats.minded aristocrats.

Called for laws giving Called for laws giving public land of the public land of the patricians back to the patricians back to the landless poor.landless poor.

Tiberius and Gaius Tiberius and Gaius later killed for their later killed for their reform beliefs. reform beliefs.

Marius’s Military ReformsMarius’s Military Reforms General named Marius General named Marius

made matters worsemade matters worse Recruited soldiers Recruited soldiers

from landless poor from landless poor promising them land if promising them land if they swore allegiance they swore allegiance to him and served in to him and served in his military.his military.

Gained great power by Gained great power by doing this.doing this.

SullaSulla Sulla followed Sulla followed

Marius’s idea.Marius’s idea. A Civil War broke out A Civil War broke out

in Rome and Sulla’s in Rome and Sulla’s army seized Rome in army seized Rome in 82 B.C.82 B.C.

Sulla would later Sulla would later restore power to the restore power to the senate in hopes of senate in hopes of reviving the reviving the Republic.Republic.

The CollapseThe Collapse From 82-31 B.C. From 82-31 B.C.

civil wars beset civil wars beset Rome. Rome.

Three men Three men Crassus, Pompey, Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar and Julius Caesar emerged emerged victorious.victorious.

Crassus was a Crassus was a wealthy landowner wealthy landowner while the other two while the other two were military were military leaders. leaders.

The First TriumvirateThe First TriumvirateCrassus, Pompey, and Julius Crassus, Pompey, and Julius

CaesarCaesar Triumvirate is a Triumvirate is a

government ruled by 3 government ruled by 3 people with equal people with equal power.power.

Each man had a military Each man had a military command.command.

Crassus later killed, and Crassus later killed, and Senate decides that Senate decides that Pompey would be the Pompey would be the best to lead.best to lead.

Caesar disagreed.Caesar disagreed.

Caesar Takes PowerCaesar Takes Power Julius Caesar refused to give Julius Caesar refused to give

up his command and crossed up his command and crossed the Rubicon River to defeat the Rubicon River to defeat Pompey in 47 B.C.Pompey in 47 B.C.

Caesar then becomes first Caesar then becomes first dictator of Rome.dictator of Rome.

Gives land to the poor and Gives land to the poor and expanded the senate to 900, expanded the senate to 900, filling it with his supporters.filling it with his supporters.

He would later be He would later be assassinated by his own assassinated by his own senators.senators.

Second TriumvirateSecond TriumvirateOctavian, Antony, and LepidusOctavian, Antony, and Lepidus

Early Lepidus is kicked to the curb leaving Antony and Early Lepidus is kicked to the curb leaving Antony and Octavian to divide the Roman World between them.Octavian to divide the Roman World between them.

Octavian took the west and Antony took the east.Octavian took the west and Antony took the east. Later conflict would arise between the two and Later conflict would arise between the two and

Antony would look to his lover Cleopatra VII for help.Antony would look to his lover Cleopatra VII for help. Octavian showed no mercy in defeating Antony and Octavian showed no mercy in defeating Antony and

Cleopatra, sending them into retreat where they Cleopatra, sending them into retreat where they would both commit suicide.would both commit suicide.

The Age of Augustus The Age of Augustus Octavian takes power and Octavian takes power and

proclaims the proclaims the “restoration of the “restoration of the republic.republic.

Gave some power back to Gave some power back to Senate and became Senate and became Rome’s first emperor.Rome’s first emperor.

Given title of Augustus by Given title of Augustus by Senate (revered one)Senate (revered one)

Known for his fairness in Known for his fairness in dealing with the people, dealing with the people, stabilized Rome’s frontier, stabilized Rome’s frontier, and conquered new areas.and conquered new areas.

The Early EmpireThe Early EmpireA.D. 14 - 180A.D. 14 - 180

Emperors allowed to Emperors allowed to pick successors.pick successors.

First four emperors after First four emperors after Augustus were from his Augustus were from his family.family.

Tiberius, Caligula, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero.Claudius, and Nero.

All took more power All took more power away from the senate away from the senate and were considered to and were considered to be corrupt.be corrupt.

Pax RomanaPax Romana Second century series Second century series

of 5 good emperors.of 5 good emperors. Nerva, Trajan, Nerva, Trajan,

Hadrian, Antoninus, Hadrian, Antoninus, and Marcus Aurelius.and Marcus Aurelius.

Pax Romana stands Pax Romana stands for the period of for the period of “Roman Peace”“Roman Peace”