the commercial revolution and the revival of church ... · jacques le goff: the birth of purgatory...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Commercial Revolution and the Revival of Church Building in Europe
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The patrimony of the church:accumulationof land and housesover the centuriesMortmain =Ecclesiasticalproperty cannot be sold or alienated
Properties belonging to the abbey of St.-Denis
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The Commercial Revolution – RobertLopez, 1971
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RomanEmpire
the High MiddleAges
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Population:England in 1086: 1,100,000
c. 1346: 3,700,000
Florence: c. 1300 120,000 by 1427 this declines to 36.909
Siena, 52,000Pisa, 40,000; by 1315 up to 50,000,
but by ca. 1350 declines to 8000, in 1427 is 7, 106
Perugia, 28,000; Arezzo, 20,000; Asissi, 1232, 12,397
most Italian cities did not recoup their pre-plague pop until late 19th
century
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New developments in agriculture
Changes in diet: legumes in addition to grains –more protein= greater fertility and longevity
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The heavy plow forheavy northernsoils; also:
1. Crop rotation
2. The horse collar
3. The horseshoe
4. Horses instead of oxen
5. Land clearance
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The horse collar, stirrups, and rotating axle
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The Bayeux Tapestry: a Norman warrior riding with stirrups
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At the same time, the increasing monetizationof the medieval economy - in effect the
origins of the modern commercial economy in which merchants became immensely wealthy
But wealth was complicated in the medievalchurch:
1. trade looked down upon2. money lending/borrowing for interest
a sin
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The importanceof Islam in establishing a model of effectivelong-distancetrade
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A Roman road in S. Italy (Apulia) – still an essential network in the Middle Ages
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Islam believed that the good, honest merchant was a valuable member of society; that trade was essential for well-being
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Medieval trade by theHigh Middle Ages
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The annualfair as anessentialform of trade andexchange
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Krakow, the market square and the cloth hall
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Also rivers:The RhoneThe RhineThe VistulaThe Po
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Technology: lifting wheels, waterwheels, windmills
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fulling
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The fate of the soul after Death mediated by thechurch
Intercessory prayerCommemorative masses
Salvation becomes a commodity
Jacques Le Goff: The Birth of Purgatory
double entry bookeeping----------
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Italian City-States and their Cathedrals, starting early 11th century
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Modena Cathedral
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Parma Cathedral
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Parma Cathedral
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Pisa: the Cathedral Complex
baptistery
cathedral
tower
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Florence, the Baptistery and the Cathedral
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Ferrara: the Loggia of the Mercanti(merchant’s lodge)
Lay patronage
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Aquileia: the Early Christian Cathedral
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The pavement of Aquileia Cathedral
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Donor from Aquileia
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The new “incentive system” for pious donations: the doctrine ofPURGATORY
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The fate of the soul after deathas mediated by the church
Intercessory prayerCommemorative masses
Salvation becomes a commodity
Jacques Le Goff: The Birth of Purgatory
(double entry bookeepinginvented by Fibonacci, inPisa, early 13th century? )
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