the commute - abc r+drd.abc.net.au/assets/downloads/abc_r+d_commute.pdf · introduction 03 how r+d...

15 August 2015Research and Development

THE COMMUTE

ABC Digital Network

Document prepared by R+D Team, Melbourne, August 2015

INTRODUCTION 03How R+D set about exploring future commuting experiences.

THE COMMUTING LANDSCAPE OF 2020 05 The ‘who, where, why, how and what’ of commuting in Australia.

TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUTING IN 2020 11How technology is likely to shift commuting experiences in 2020.

IMPACTS OF COMMUTING ON PEOPLE 16How people are emotionally and mentally impacted by commuting.

FUTURE ABC EXPERIENCES FOR COMMUTERS 19How might ABC be more meaningfully present in the lives of commuters.

SOME INSPIRATION 24 A set of media experiments for commuters.

REFERENCES 26Articles, blogs, etc.

Table of Contents



Introduction.Hours spent sitting in traffic jams and in crowded trains, unstable fuel prices, increased social and geographic fragmentation, mobile offices, smartphones, wearables, connected cars, the ‘Internet Of Things’, and ubiquitous computing. How will these and other factors influence the Australian commute to work in 2020, and what does it have to do with the ABC?

Initiated within ABC R+D’s unit, the project’s mission: Every day millions of Australians go from A to B. How can we make the ABC an essential travel companion for these daily journeys?

This document—written for ABC content makers, technologists and strategists—provides a distillation of R+D’s preliminary findings about the near-future of commuting in Australia, grouped around three themes:

1. Landscape of commuting in 2020: political, economic and social factors

2. Technological trends impacting commuters’ 2020 media experiences

3. Commuting lives: mental and emotional impacts of commuting on people

R+D also provides an interpretation of those findings; identifying some implications, gaps and opportunities for the ABC. If ABC were to create experiences for commuters in 2020, what might they look like and feel like?

ABC R+D http://rd.abc.net.au/

Image: Map from 1925 shows average time spent on Melbourne’s tram and train network


Our process; who we talked to

In this set of preliminary findings, information has been drawn from desk research, interviews with experts and via conversations with people around the ABC.

R+D reviewed existing literature and data that provide insights into future commuting experiences, both in Australia and internationally.

Subject matter experts were contacted by the ABC to provide additional insights and data. They included: transport planners, ICT researchers (NICTA) and academics with backgrounds in sociology and human-geography.

R+D has also talked to staff from various ABC divisions, in order to ensure that existing knowledge within the organisation was tapped into, including existing audience insights, content strategies and development roadmaps.

Finally, we synthesised the data we collected and identified some ideas and opportunities that might suit further exploration through concept-modelling.

Anne Benoit-Renard

Product Strategy Manager, TV

Benedict Watts

Digital & Editorial Product Manager,

Christian Lafrance

Radio Multiplatform, XP Lead

Rae Allen

Dev & Design Team Leader, Radio Multiplatform

Tim Hardarker

triple j Product Manager

Laura Warne

Radio National Product Manager

Craig McCosker

ABC News Digital, Solution Architect

Raymond Van der Zalm

ABC News Digital, XP Lead

Amanda Collier

Content Strategist, Radio Multiplatform

Chris Loader

Blogger ‘Charting Transport’ & Service Planner, Public Transport Victoria

Dr Colin Symes

Honorary AssociateDepartment of EducationMacquarie University

Lisa Walsh

Head Audience Research

James McDonald

Ergonomics Attribute Engineer, Ford Australia

Angela Stengel

Product Manager, ABC Radio

Matt Buchanan

The Brief

Stephanie Saad

Product Manager, iView

Adam Ralph

ABC Television, XP Lead

Dr. David Bissell

School of SociologyThe Australian National University


THE COMMUTING LANDSCAPE OF2020



An ever-increasing portion of our days are spent commuting.

Australians will spend more time commuting—by 2020, the forecast is that we will spend an average of 65 minutes per day—an increase of 8 minutes per day from 2011 (ABS, 2011).

Over the past decade, the proportion of people spending more than 10 hours per week commuting has increased by about half. - Kelly & Donegan, 2015.

One in four full-time employees spends more time commuting than they do with their children (Kelly & Donegan, 2015).

People in metro areas will continue to spend more time commuting than regional areas (Flood & Barbato, 2005).

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ABC

Increased time spent commuting equals increased time for the ABC to directly engage commuters in media experiences.

Aussies will commute 65 minutes each day.- ABS, 2011


In 2020, private cars will still be the primary mode of commuting.

• Federal and state level governments generally continue to favour the funding of road infrastructure projects, which further draws commuters to private vehicle use. (Kelly & Mares, 2013)

• Whilst fuel-prices are a factor for people when deciding commute mode, it has minimal influence. Also, the emergence of rideshare and car-pooling activities (Uber, Car Next Door, Flexicar etc) is yet to have any significant impact on behaviour.

• With cars being a primary commute mode in Australia, comes road congestion. The growth in road traffic is mainly due to population growth, despite other trends such as: increases in petrol prices, unemployment and more people teleworking (Gargett & Cosgrove, 2014).


To reach the largest pool of potential audienc-es who commute, the ABC could create media experiences for urban car commuters travelling outside of built-up urban areas (CBDs).

Currently, 65.6% of Australians travel to work by car (ABS, 2011). Despite a small reduction in car ownership, cars will continue to be the primary mode of transport to and from work. WHY ARE CARS SO IMPORTANT TO COMMUTERS?

A growing spatial divide between location of jobs and homes. Whilst there is small trend towards increased urban density in well-established suburbs, most people are forced to settle at the outer fringe, where public transport infrastructure poor. (Kelly & Donegan, 2015).

The bulk of travel to and from workplaces occurs in cars outside of central business districts (CBDs); areas that aren’t well-serviced by public transport.

⅔ Australians commute by car.


In 2020, public transport will primarily serve CBD-bound commuters.

Only 10% of Australians commute by public transport (ABS, 2011). Public transport is only the dominant mode for CBD travel in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne (Kelly & Donegan, 2015).

Public transport corridors in CBD areas and inter-regional networks is reaching peak capacity, or already beyond capacity -Saulwick, 2015

While public transport infrastructure is being built, purchased and planned, in big cities like Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, federal funding of state-based

transport infrastructure will continue to bias road expansion (Mees, et al. 2007)

People on lower incomes (but not extremely low) are the least likely to use public transport. (Loader, 2012)

Public transport use peaks with teenagers (25% VIC). This falls away with age: down to 10% by age 35-39. (Loader, 2012)


To reach a pool of medium to high income CBD-bound commuters in Melbourne, Sydney & Brisbane, ABC could create media experiences specifically for public transport usage.

10% commute by public transport.


Commuting patterns are already visible for different groups of people.

There are observable commuting behaviour patterns which tie directly to unique audience segments. These patterns relate to time of day/week, travel mode, geography and social demographics.

SOME OBSERVED PATTERNS IN AUSTRALIA

• Tradespeople spend the most hours commuting, followed by business / information professionals. (Flood & Barbato, 2005).

• School kids travel at different times of the day to 9-5 professionals (Loader, 2012).

• Men spend more hours commuting than women (Flood & Barbato, 2005).

• Women more likely to undertake multi-purpose commutes. For instance, from home, to shops, to childcare, to work (Kelly & Donegan, 2015).

• Ferrying, motorbiking, cycling and driving are more common among men, while women are more frequent on trams, buses and as car passengers (McCrindle, 2014).


Targeting content and services directly to unique audience-segments according to time of the day, key travel corridors, etc. could create highly personalised ABC commuter experiences.


Commuting for productivity.

While technology and flexible employment arrangements have made it is easier for people to work from home, the impact on Australian commuting life will be marginal (Dockery & Bawa, 2014) . However, the commute has already emerged as primary context for people to be productive by conducting work tasks or life chores.

• Amongst a sample of 1000 Australians who travel to work via public transport, 46% reported that they do work/study related activities (Microsoft, 2014)

• According to sociologist, Dr David Bissell (2014), some people count commuting as part of work day, especially if they are ‘extreme commuters’ travelling long distances by train.

• People will save specific work tasks for the commute, but the degree of confidentiality in the material/content matters. (Bissell, 2014)


Building on existing commuter behaviours, the ABC could find ways to become more useful to people in relation to their work while they com-mute: help me do work on the train.

46% of public transport users work or study in transit.


TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUTING IN 2020



Connected cars.

Carmakers and mobile operators are debating the best way to connect the car to the internet. Built-in options can provide invisible and seamless digital services, but some consumers prefer tethering their smartphone to the car so they can have full access to their personal data, media and cloud-based services (Diwanji, V. & Karmarkar, N. 2012).

IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDIA

1. Voice recognition of commands and prompts will be critical to the in car experience, ensuring eyes remain on the road, and hands on the wheel. There are parallel developments in gestural interfaces but most money is on technologies that do not distract hands and arms from the wheel (Seifert, D. 2015).

2. Predictive analytics— as demonstrated via mobile apps like Google Now—that draw data from your email, calendar, social networks, text messages and previous behaviours, means your car knows where you need to go, when you need to be there and what will improve the journey.

Connected cars will enable internet access and the provision of digital services such as online media and web browsing on the go. Cars and their inhabitants will be able to communicate with other connected vehicles and connected objects to improve the safety and efficiency of travel, while leading to accurate real-time traffic information and smart traffic routing.

In newer vehicles, sensors and wireless internet are built-in to the car (Greenough, 2015). For older vehicles, there are devices that can be retrofitted in order to enable similar functionality, such as the DelphiConnect.

It is expected that in the EU by 2025, every new car will be a connected car (Parker, 2013). In 2020, 75% of all cars shipped globally will inbuilt internet-connection hardware (Greenough, 2015).

Mobile platforms (Apple, Google) are tightly coupling the functionality of their smartphones to smoothly integrate with a vehicle’s media and communication systems. See Android Auto and Apple Carplay.

3. The seamless transition of media experiences from home, car and into workplace will be an essential and natural part of the car commute (Mohammed, J. 2015).

4. The car will become another device in social networking. Cars could arrange meeting spots for a new business contact, connect family members and so on (Nielsen, 2014).


Driverless cars: common by 2040

Vehicles that can drive themselves are already here. Recent advancements highlight how artificial intelligence will be used by driverless cars to learn from, and react to, the ever changing environments drivers encounter when successfully navigating uncharted environments (IDEO 2015).

Whilst not common in 2020, existing driver assistance technologies—such as cruise control, park assist or lane-departure warnings—will continue to evolve into a full suite of technologies that sense a car’s environment and navigate the world with us.

When the driverless car becomes common (2040), the well established connected car technology will be central to how the driverless commute is experienced (Broggi 2012).


Most dramatically drivers are freed up to do other tasks apart from driving and navigation chores.

The driverless car will also be a connected car experience. It is expected that commuters will take advantage of this connection to socialise, work, relax, or engage with media.


Smart commuting environments.The car is not the only commuting mode where ubiquitous internet connectivity and sensors align to alter the experience.

Commuting environments and objects —such as streets, terminals, traffic signals and buses— will be smartly connected; a continuous network of sensors invisibly interwoven into everyday commuting (NICTA, 2015). This is part of a mega-trend of the physical becoming more digital.


1. Environmental and situational feedback allows digital products and services to anticipate and augment our experiences in highly intelligent ways. Devices can map your surroundings, building feature rich and interactive digital augmentations of real life.

2. Our built world is itself a lot more responsive to us. In this smart commuting context, content is working with the environment.

3. Transactions, such as public transport ticketing and cash payment will continue to shift towards the use of personal devices like mobile phones or wearables (Smith et. al. 2012).

4. With all these connected objects sensing the world, us and sharing data, previously unseen patterns and insights will be leveraged by machines to make informed and educated decisions. Think smart routing of traffic as but one example.

5. Ultra cheap, internet-enabled solar-powered screens that display in HDTV resolution will be on bus stops, in shopping centres, at tables in restaurants – all operating on a centralized advertising model. Gone are the days of the static acetate poster on the wall of a shopping mall.

6. Connected cars will communicate with smart objects along streets and roads. For instance, a car could communicate with street lighting up ahead on quiet streets. Smart billboards will adjust content for commuters according to the profile of a car’s passengers, time of day, weather, etc.


Always on, cheap and fast connected commuting. Traditional mobile carrier technologies like 4G and 5G will be augmented by new peer-to-peer technologies, such as wireless ad hoc networks (NICTA, 2015). These technologies, plus the overall decreases in cost of mobile carriers, will accelerate ubiquitous and cheap internet access.

According to Cisco’s 5 year projections (2014), by 2019 in Australia:

• The average mobile connection speed will double up to 6,711 kbps

• The average mobile connection will generate 4,484 megabytes of mobile data traffic per month in 2019, up from 941 megabytes in 2014.


1. There will be a corresponding increased audience demand for high bandwidth media and communication experiences: streaming videos and music, or playing graphically rich multi-player games.

2. ‘Software as a Service’ and cloud-based computing rises as network reach, speed and accessibility increases. Barriers to accessing services such as Netflix and Spotify will decrease.

3. Media files distributed over non-mobile networks.

4. Decrease in mediums such as terrestrial radio, shift to on demand internet based content.

5. More bandwidth to create and share experiences with friends and family anywhere, particularly relevant as commuting time continues to increase.

6. With near saturation of traditional mobile devices, next phases of hardware will see these devices become flexible / fold-able. Battery life will see devices have tripled. The end result is a more robust, adaptable and seamless device carried.


THE IMPACT OF COMMUTING ON PEOPLE



Commuting changes people.

Media coverage frequently tells the story of commuter stress precipitated by road congestion, service interruptions, overcrowding and unpleasant encounters with other commuters. But that’s only part of the picture.

Excessive commuting has health and wellbeing impacts. Every 10 minutes of commuting results in 10 per cent fewer social connections (Kelly, J-F. & Donegan, P. 2015). In the urban fringe where residents have longer commute times, there is less time for friends and neighbours, and households are more isolated (Flood, M. et al. 2005).

Pressures related to home life or work life are acutely felt while commuting. Stress can be triggered by a sense of opportunity costs; imagining what else might be achieved instead of commuting, such as spending time with family, being productive, pursuing a hobby (Bissell, 2015).

The way a person feels about their work, profoundly impacts how they feel about their commute. Even if people aren’t using their commute time to do work tasks, many of them are mentally and emotionally gearing-up for the day ahead, or decompressing from the work day behind them as they make their way home (Bissell, 2014).

Over many years spent commuting, a person will be fundamentally changed, right down to the details of where they choose to live and work, how they perceive others and world around them (Bissell, 2015).

Commuters are constantly seek new ways to transform their journey; assessing what makes their commute less stressful, or more interesting and pleasurable, such as trying out a different route to drive to work (Bissell, 2015).

Commuters’ internal states are highly changeable. They may experience many feelings, emotions and moods during a single commute. Commute time provides space and time for people to reflect on their lives, even if oftentimes this sways them towards feelings of melancholia. Yet, subjective experiences vary with time of day, week, season, and life-stage (Bissell, 2013 & 2015).

For some people, commuting is a time to feel free of responsibilities; when they can indulge in activities such as reading a book, playing a game, watching a video (Bissell, 2015). Some people will use this time to connect with friends and family via phone calls, social media or texting.

Commuting involves complex and nuanced social codes, choreographed movements and interactions; even when such interactions are silent (Symes, 2013).


The best of people, the worst of people: commuter communities.

One’s fellow commuters, will always be an endless source of both fascination, and frustration. You will see public transport commuters switching on mobiles in order to ‘switch off ’ and block out fellow passengers (Fink & Taylor, 2011).

While unpleasant encounters with other people can profoundly impact a person’s sense of wellbeing and generate a feeling of misanthropy, sometimes a sense of solidarity will emerge between commuters. The #illridewithyou movement that emerged in response to attacks against Muslims on Sydney’s trains is a great example of this.

There are some pleasures associated with moving with the same people everyday.

One study has shown how car commuters who are digitally connected with other commuters —such as via apps like Waze—have a more enjoyable experience than unconnected commuters (New Cities Foundation, 2012).

One develops expertise in commuting. It is a skill that can be mastered, life-hacked, or perhaps even ‘gamed’. It requires navigation, timing, coordination and learning the etiquette and social norms that change from one part of the city, to the next (Bissell, 2015; Symes, 2013).

Commuters become an expert source of knowledge, stories and ideas about transport. Their insights could lead to infrastructural and planning improvements e.g. poorly coordinated traffic lights. (Bissell, 2015)

The way that commuting is talked about— in conversations with colleagues and family; by the media; by politicians and transit authorities—impacts how commuting is experienced.


1. ABC could create experiences that transform a commuter’s sense of opportunity costs into opportunity gains. Bring a person’s home life or work life closer as she commutes.

2. ABC is perfectly positioned to provide entertainment and novelty to commuters; servicing a commuter’s need for indulgent and pleasurable media experiences.

3. Be a leader in usefully and positively guiding conversations about commuting life. Connect people to commuter advocates and experts, and make more tangible and meaningful the abstract outcomes of transport policies and projects.

4. Be sensitive to the fluctuations of a commuter’s internal states. Either enhance a person’s current mood, or deliberately set out to change his mood.


FUTURE ABC EXPERIENCES FOR COMMUTERS



share this with Carol

ACTION

CONNECTED CAR

Tell me about that smoke

QUESTION

Suspicious house �re in

Hobart

BREAKINGLOCAL STORY

LISTENINGHow do you want to share?

from one environment to the next (e.g. my home for watching but my car for listening). It is sensitive to context and location. New forms of digital interaction may apply, such as augmented reality.

MEGATRENDS (VIA BEYOND THE SCREEN)

• Intelligent, ubiquitous computing• Artificial intelligence• Natural user interfaces• Big data

A connected car experience for a solo driver using voice recognition and content shaped via natural language processing.

The car’s sensors in combination with the driver’s personal profile data and other connected objects and devices will ensure the media experience is seamless

“Media will know me and my surroundings.”


Name this song...

TRIVIA FOR MUM

START ABC QUIZ

Point to the capital city of Australia

TRIVIA FOR BOBBY

What does a koala like to eat?

TRIVIA FOR SAMANTHA

Experiences are personalised and adaptive, depending on an individual profile (interests, age, etc.), and current commute activities (driving?). Digital interactions may encompass voice and gesture controls, and augmented reality. Media transitions from one activity or format the next, depending on context.



A connected car experience for a more than one person. In 2020, media experiences can be shared and enjoyed together in the same social and physical context, or you can connect from remote location.

“I will share adaptive media experiences with others.”


POPULAR AROUND YOU

POLL

Bioinput: relaxedseated

BUS MODE

Filter content by proximity to

others

MusicNews

TV

WAITING MODE

Till next 234BUS

2:49

READ HEADLINES

What show are you obsessed with?

Top video on this route

TELL US

ON THE MOVE

Now listening to top stories

Top playlist on this route

HEAR HEADLINES SHOW POPULAR

“Media adapts to my commute mode and myenvironment.”

Smart commuting environments—train carriages, roads, bus stops—will provide data that ABC could use to tailor experiences for your context. For public transport users, ABC can make the most of data generated from the crowds of people you are travelling with.



Each commuting environment and travel mode—and the transitions that people make between them—have inherent and unique qualities. Imagine a media experience that is sensitive to the fluctuations of your internal states (mood, thoughts), your physical activity (walking, sitting) and your surroundings.


26% 45%

STORYARCHIVE

POTSCODE3058

POSTCODE3000

TOPICPRIMER

COMPARE

RECORDING RESPONSE

UPLOAD

DOWNLOAD

SHARE

Last night’s topic

26%

“As I commute, I will connect, share and collaborate with others.”

Communities of commuters can interact with each other; sharing, co-creating, collaborating and conversing around topics hosted by the ABC in these environments. There are new opportunities to connect with people at a hyper-local level, and to distribute media via ad-hoc networks.



As commuting environments and objects —such as streets, bus stops, railway platforms—become smartly connected, new ways to engage people in public and outdoor spaces, emerges.


SOME INSPIRATION



Media experiments for commuters.

1 - NAVDY

With Navdy, drivers use gestural or voice controls to operate mobile apps without taking their eyes off the road.

2 - THE STRAP GAME

An idea for making a game out of ‘hanging on’ in crowded buses or trams.

3 - YAHOO’S BUS STOP DERBY

Enabled people to play games for a neighbourhood team while they wait for a bus.

4 - VR PUBLIC TRANSPORT

This Google Cardboard Virtual Reality experiment transformed an average tram ride into a roller coaster.

5 - WEND

Wend draws on invisible data about your daily travels, and turns that data into a game.

6 - ANDROID AUTO & APPLE CARPLAY

Contextually aware connected apps and services for cars via Google Android, or Apple.

2 - VINLI

Vinli turns your car into a roving WiFi hotspot.

3 - WAZE

A Google-owned community-based traffic and navigation app.

4 - BBC INTERACTIVE BOARD

Polling passersby in realtime. China ‘Befriend’ or ‘Beware’? SMS your opinion.

5 - MIT SENSELAB EYESTOP

‘Smart urban furniture’ - enriching cities using sensing tech, community info & entertainment.

https://www.navdy.com/

http://s3images.coroflot.com/user_files/individual_files/original_122283_Pl3bNdJJvCBA7bJ4oYa081Bc0.jpg

http://s3images.coroflot.com/user_files/individual_files/original_122283_Pl3bNdJJvCBA7bJ4oYa081Bc0.jpg

http://www.busstopderby.com/

http://outdoorvr.com/

http://wearemudlark.com/projects/wend/

http://www.vin.li/

http://www.busstopderby.com/

https://tropist.wordpress.com/2007/06/15/bbc-worlds-interactive-billboard/

http://senseable.mit.edu/eyestop/


REFERENCES



REFERENCES pg 1/2

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BISSELL, D. (2015). Understanding the impacts of com-muting: Research report for stakeholders. Unpublished manuscript.

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REFERENCES pg 2/2

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IMAGES

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