THE COMPARISON BETWEEN PAYAKUMBUH (DOWNTOWN) DIALECT AND PAYAKUMBUH (MUDIAK) DIALECT

SOCIOLINGUISTICS FINAL TASK

FAUZIATUL HUSNA

2007/83598

KEPENDIDIKAN 2

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND ART

STATE UNIVERSITY OF PADANG

2010

I. INTRODUCTION

Language is a very wide field of study that has many sub-discussions like psycholinguistics for a study of language and its relationship with the brain and sociolinguistics for a study of language and its relationship with social features like culture. This second field of language study is what I am going to discuss in this essay later. However, this sub-discussion alone is still a very wide topic to be discussed in this simple and short writing. So I will narrow the discussion to the matter of dialect only.

The term dialect (from the Greek Language word dialektos, ) is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. The two ways are :

a. A variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect; a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect or topolect.

b. A language socially subordinates to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it. This more precise usage enables distinguishing between varieties of a language, such as the French spoken in Nice, France, and local languages distinct from the superordinate language, e.g. Nissart, the traditional native Romance language of Nice, known in French as Niard.

A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). (http/www.wikipedia.com)

From the description above we can see that there are two ways of language dialect definition. However, the one that I use here is the first definition since it matches with the kind of dialect I discuss here.

As stated above, dialect is a difference of the features of language used by people who actually speak a same language. A popular example of dialect in English language is between Irish and Scottish. People in both Ireland and Scotland use English language in their daily life that makes English becomes their native language, but the English they are using are pretty different that makes linguist conclude that they have different dialect. In this writing, I will compare two dialects that exist in the same region (Payakumbuh), they are the dialect of the downtown Payakumbuh and mudiak, which is still the part of Payakumbuh itself. Then there will be a conclusion we can derive from the discussion. Both downtown and mudiak area of Payakumbuhs people speak Minangkabau language, but they have different dialect which will be clear in the discussion of this topic.

Before coming to the core of the discussion I think itd be better if we talk about the intention or the purpose of the discussion itself first. By talking about this, we will be lead to the right way or method in comparing the two dialects. Actually, the comparison between two dialects is done in order to know exactly how they are differing and also why is the difference occur. Furthermore, the similarities of both language will also being talked about in this writing since we cannot say that we have compared two or more things before we look at both differences and similarities of those comparable things.

II. DISCUSSION

The differences and similarities that occur in two dialects can be caused by several things like regional distance and social status. In this writing, however, we talk about the regional distance caused. Downtown Payakumbuh and Mudiak area is actually not so far away in distance, but the differences are obvious. You can say from where someone come from (downtown or mudiak) just by listening to the way they speak. However, I do not think that a dialect is better than others since the differences do not occur due to any different in social status.

In this discussion, I will compare the two dialects by using these following ways:

1. Look at the two dialect thoroughly

2. Check the common word

3. Check the same words in the two dialects

4. Check the different words in the two dialects

5. Pay attention to the accent/pronunciation/intonation

1. Here are some example of the two dialects:

The examples of some words below have been arranged in the term of their class: nouns, verbs, adjectives and modifiers. It will make it easier for us to make a general comparison at the beginning of this discussion.

No.

Indonesian

Payakumbuh

Payakumbuh (mudiak)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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31.

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49.

50.

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5.

6.

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8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

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25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

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36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

KATA BENDA

Kamar

Mangkok

Lemari

Kursi

Meja

Tikar

Jendela

Pintu

Dapur

Mobil

Uang

Dinding

Pohon

Baju

Celana

Pasar

Beras

Air

Telur

Tepung

Kue

Buku

Pena

Pensil

Atap

Paman

Bibi

Papaya

Jeruk

Kelapa

Monyet

Anjing

Tikus

Kucing

Ayam

Jamur

Kuda

Jalan

Piring

Gelas

Sapu

Sandal

Ibu

Ayah

Nenek

Kakek

Kuali

Panci

Kambing

Jengkol

KATA KERJA

Tidur

Berdiri

Berlari

Mencuci

Menangis

Tertawa

Memotong

Mencaci

Mengintip

Membaca

Bicara

Memukul

Membawa

Membeli

Menukar

Menjual

Berenang

Makan

Minum

Belajar

Mengajar

Mendengar

Meninggalkan

Memindahkan

Menolak

Mengantar

Menyesal

Menyerah

Membunuh

Melahirkan

Memancing

Bangun tidur

Membual

Menyayangi

Membenci

Melawan

Mendukung

Mencuri

Memanjat

Berteriak

KATA SIFAT

Baik

Buruk

Cantik

Tampan

Sombong

Panjang

Pendek

Luas

Kecil

Besar

Gelap

Terang

Gemuk

Panas

Lembab

Tinggi

Rendah

Penting

Pemarah

Enak

Manis

Pahit

Asam

Gila

Aneh

Benar

Salah

Lembut

Kasar

Pendiam

Cerewet

Jahat

Nakal

Keras

Lunak

Dalam

Dangkal

Marah

Sedih

Sempit

Bosan

Kurus

Lamban

Senang

Lelah

Basah

Cepat

Lambat

Susah

Mudah

KATA KETERANGAN

Nanti

Kemarin

Besok

Tadi

Sekarang

Depan

Kemarin Lusa

Belakang

Atas

Bawah

Kiri

Kanan

Dengan baik

Dengan cepat

Di sini

Di sana

Sering

Jarang

Apa

Dimana

Kemana

Siapa

Mengapa

Kapan

Satu

Dua

Tiga

Emapt

Lima

Seratus

Kamar

Mangkuak

Lamari

Kursi

Meja

Lapiak

Jandela

Pintu

Dapua

Oto

Pitih

Dindiang

Batang

Baju

Sarawa

Pasa

Bareh

Aia

Talua

Tapuang

Kue

Buku

Pena

Pensil

Atok

Pak adang

Mak adang

Kalikih

Limau

Karambia

Baruak

Anjiang

Mancik

Kuciang

Ayam

Cendawan

Kudo

Jalan

Piriang

Galeh

Sapu

Tarompah

Mama/Ama

Papa/apa

Enek

Atuak

Kuali

Pariuak

Kambiang

Jariang

Lalok

Tagak

Lari

Nyuci

Nangih

Galak

Motong

Mancacek

Mancigok

Mambaco

Mangecek

Manokok

Mambaok

Mambali

Manuka

Manjua

Baranang

Makan

Minum

Baraja

Maaja

Mandanga

Maninggaan

Mamindahan

Manolak

Maantaan

Manyasa

Manyarah

Mambunuah

Malahian

Manciang

Jago lalok

Baduto

Manyayangi

Mambanci

Malawan

Mandukuang

Mencilok

Manjek

Mamakiak

Elok

Buruak

Rancak

Gagah

Sombong

Panjang

Pendek

Laweh

Ketek

Gadang

Kalam

Tarang

Gapuak

Angek

Lambok

Tinggi

Randah

Penting

Pamberang

Lamak

Manih

Paik

Asam

Gilo

Aneh

Batua

Salah

Lambuik

Kasa

Paantok

Pengecek

Jaek

Mada

Kareh

Lunak

Dalam

Dangkal

Berang

Sadiah

Sampik

Bosan

Kuruih

Lamban

Sanang

Latiah

Basah

Capek

Lambek

Payah

Murah

Beko

Patang

Bisuak

Tadi

Kini

Muko

Patang ciak lai

Balakang

Ateh

Bawah

Kiri

Kanan

Elok-elok

Capek-capek

Di siko

Di situ

Acok

Jarang

A

Dima

Kama

Sia

Manga

Bilo

Ciek

Duo

Tigo

Ampek

Limo

saratuih

Biliek

Mangkuok

Lomari

Kursi

Meja

Lapiek

Jandela

Pintu

Dapuo

Oto

Pitih

Dindieng

Batang

Baju

Sarowa

Pasa

Boreh

Aie

Toluo

Topuong

Kue

Buku

Pena

Pensil

Atok

Pak odang

Mak odang

Kalikih

Limou

Karambie

Boruok

Anjieng

Moncik

Kucieng

Ayom

Cendawen

Kudo

Jalen

Pirieng

Galeh

Sapu

Sulop

Mama/ama

Papa/apa

Enek

Atuok

Kuali

Pariuok

Kambieng

Jorieng

Lolok

Togak

Lari

Nyuci

Nangih

Golak

Motong

Mancacek

Mancigok

Mambaco

Mangecek

Manokok

Mambao

Mamboli

Manuka

Manjua

Baronang

Maken

Minum

Baraja

Maaja

Mandonga

Maninggaen

Mamindahen

Manolak

Maantaen

Manyosa

Manyorah

Mambunuoh

Malahien

Mancieng

Jago lolok

Baduto

Manyayangi

Mambonci

Malawen

Mandukuong

Mancilok

Manjek

Mamokiek

Elok

Buruok

Rancak

Gagah

Sombong

Panjang

Pendek

Loweh

Ketek

Godang

Kolom

Torang

Gopuok

Angek

Lombok

Tinggi

Rondah

Penting

Pambongih

Lomak

Manih

Paik

Asom

Gilo

Aneh

Botuo

Salah

Lambuik

Kasa

Paontok

Pangecek

Jaek

Mada

Koreh

Lunak

Dalom

Dangka

Bongih

Sadieh

Sompik

Bosan

Kuruh

Lamban

Sonang

Lotieh

Biak

Copek

Lambek

Payah

Murah

Biko

Potang

Bisuok

Cako

Kini

Muko

Potang ciek lai

Balakang

Ateh

Bawah

Kida

Suok

Elok-elok

Copek-copek

Di siko

Di situ

Kodok

Jarang

A

Dima

Kama

Sia

Manga

Bilo

Ciek

Duo

Tigo

Ompek

Limo

Saratuh

2. The common words

The common words like iyo and ndak are just the same in both downtown and mudiak area of Payakumbuh. But I conclude that there are at least two other common words used in Minangkabau language. They are:

Do in ndak do that means no.

In downtown people will say ndak do.

In mudiak people say ndak deh.

Lo in iyo lo or ndak lo that means too.

In downtown people will say iyo lo.

In mudiak people say iyo leh.

From the example we can see that some common words that is used so often and intensively in Minangkabau language are used differently by two dialects we are discussing.

3. The same words in the two dialects

In the two dialects, some words are just the same, for example:

Indonesian

Downtown

Mudiak

Tampan

Cantik

Siapa

Dimana

Apa

Ibu

Ayah

Kasar

Menjual

Menukar

Kursi

Meja

Minum

Satu

Dua

Tiga

Gagah

Rancak

Sia

Dima

A

Ama

Apa

Kasa

Manjua

Manuka

Kursi

Meja

Minum

Ciek

Duo

Tigo

Gagah

Rancak

Sia

Dima

A

Ama

Apa

Kasa

Manjua

Manuka

Kursi

Meja

Minum

Ciek

Duo

Tigo

We can see that those words are actually the popular words that are used massively in daily life just like the common words before. But in fact, those several words are not different in the two different dialects. More importantly, those words are from every class of the words. So each classes has the representative in the group of words that is used the same way in both downtown and mudiak dialect.

4. The different words in the two dialects

In the two dialects, some words are different, for example:

Indonesian

Downtown

Mudiak

Jeruk

Pergi

Gemuk

Kurus

Basah

Seratus

Cepat

Empat

Tidur

Sering

Makan

Paman

Limau

Pai

Gapuak

Kuruih

Basah

Saratuih

Capek

Ampek

Lalok

Acok

Makan

Pak adang

Limou

Poi

Gopuok

Kuruh

Biak

Saratuh

Copek

Ompek

Lolok

Kodok

Maken

Pak odang

It is clear that some words are totally different in use in the two dialects. Downtown people tend to use what seems to be softer dialect while mudiak people seem comfortable in using words that are slightly harsher and more frankly.

5. Pronunciation and intonation comparison

In the matter of pronunciation I do not think that they have so many differences. However, in intonation case, it is obvious that some group of Mudiak people tend to speak with higher tone and higher speed as well, but it is not quite a fair generalization sine I more likely to think that it depends on the personal style of each user.

Moreover, some particular groups in Mudiak area also have their own style of intonation. For example people in Taeh have an intonation style that is so rich of tone variation and Maek people with their melodic style of speaking. This is something that also make them easy to be recognized. On the other hand, downtown people tend to use a flat intonation.

III. CONCLUSION

As the conclusion, I think it is safe to say that there are indeed differences and similarities between downtown Payakumbuh and mudiak dialect.Those similarities and differences are varied in many ways, whether in the matter of phonology, ssemantic and penunciation/intonation aspect. However, I think it is acceptable if we make a pattern of those differences and similarities, just based on the discussion above so it will not become a problem since it is just in my opinion.

Some obvious patterns:

0-eh

O vocal in downtown dialect tend to be changed into eh in mudiak dialect, like we can see in this example:

Iyo lo iyo leh

Ndak do ndak deh

A-o

A vocal in downtown dialect is always changed into o vocal.

For instance:

Pai poi

Lalok lolok

Kalam kolom

Uih-uh

Sufix like uih is changed into suffix uh.

Here are the example:

Kuruih kuruh

Luruih luruh

Lutuik lutuk

Random difference

Random here means that some words change in a way that is not patterned like those previous examples. This kind of difference is much more complicated and it will make a new speaker of the dialect find it difficult to remember. In my opinion, it is just like regular and irregular verbs in English. Regular verbs is like the previous patterned changes and irregular verbs is like the random difference or change in mudiak dialect compared to downtown Payakumbuh dialect.

That are what I can conclude from the discussion of this writing piece. Before I close it, I think it is urgent to restate my previous statement that we cannot judge people from their dialect or even their language because people are much more complex than that. So, it is just not fair if some people from certain place think that their dialect is better that others. Dialect is created trough a long process of its users. More importantly, in this case especially, it is not created due to the differences of social status but just regional distance. No reason to look down to any of these two dialects.