the comprehensive latex symbol list - ccrma

The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List

Scott Pakin <[email protected]>∗

July 2, 2001

Abstract

This document lists 2266 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Some ofthese symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX2ε system; others require fonts and packagesthat may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fontsand packages used to prepare this document—as well as this document itself—are freely available from theComprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).

Contents

1 Introduction 4

2 Body-text symbols 5Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Table 2: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Table 3: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-Mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Table 4: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Table 5: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 6: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 8: Text-Mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 9: tipa Text-Mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 10: wsuipa Text-Mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 11: wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 12: textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 13: textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 14: marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 15: textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 16: textcomp Old-Style Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 17: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 18: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 19: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 20: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 Mathematical symbols 12Table 21: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 22: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 23: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 24: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 25: Variable-sized stmaryrd Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 26: Variable-sized wasysym Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 27: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 28: Variable-sized txfonts/pxfonts Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 29: Relation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14∗The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by Alexander

Holt. See Section 7.5 on page 40 for more information about who did what.

1

Table 30: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 31: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 32: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 33: stmaryrd Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 34: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 35: Arrow Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 36: AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 37: AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 38: stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 39: Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 40: AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 41: Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 42: AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 43: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 44: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 45: AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 46: Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 47: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 48: AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 49: stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 50: Variable-Sized stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 51: textcomp Text-Mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 52: Math-Mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 53: Some Other Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 54: AMS Extensible Arrow Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 55: Punctuation Symbols (Math Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 56: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 57: Miscellaneous AMS Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 58: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 59: stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 60: Other wasysym Math-Mode Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 61: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 62: textcomp Text-Mode Math and Science Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 63: marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 64: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 65: ulsy Contradiction and Other Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 66: Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4 Science and technology symbols 24Table 67: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 68: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 69: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 70: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 71: wasysym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 72: marvosym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 73: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 74: wasysym APL Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 75: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 76: ASCII Control Characters (IBM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 77: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 78: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 79: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 80: marvosym Safety-Related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2

5 Dingbats 27Table 81: bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 82: pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 83: marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 84: bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 85: pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 86: dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 87: bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 88: pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 89: dingbat Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 90: bbding Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 91: pifont Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 92: bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 93: pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 94: bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 95: pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 96: wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 97: pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 98: wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 99: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 100: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 101: wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 102: ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 103: bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 104: pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 105: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 106: marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 107: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 108: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 109: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6 Other symbols 33Table 110: textcomp Genealogical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 111: wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 112: wasysym Musical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 113: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 114: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 115: marvosym Navigation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 116: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 117: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 118: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 119: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 120: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 121: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

7 Additional Information 367.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.2 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.3 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.4 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.5 About this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

References 42

Index 43

3

1 Introduction

Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of LATEXsymbol information: font samples, LATEX commands, packages, usage details, caveats—everything needed toput thousands of different symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:

1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).

2. All of their symbols have LATEX 2ε names. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name,not just by \char〈number〉.

These are not particularly limiting criteria; the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List contains samples of 2266symbols—quite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX 2ε system;others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need tobe installed. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for helpwith installing new fonts and packages.

Document Usage

Each section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with thecorresponding LATEX command to the right of each symbol. A table’s caption indicates what package needs tobe loaded in order to access that table’s symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 16, “textcomp Old-StyleNumerals”, are made available by putting “\usepackagetextcomp” in your document’s preamble. “AMS”means to use one of the AMS symbol packages, such as amssymb. Notes below a table provide additionalinformation about some or all the symbols in that table.

One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certainsymbols do not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuth’s original, 7-bit font encoding, which is thedefault font encoding for LATEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a different encoding, such as T1(a common 8-bit font encoding). That means that you should put “\usepackage[〈encoding〉]fontenc” inyour document’s preamble, where 〈encoding〉 is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to thecurrent group, use “\fontencoding〈encoding〉\selectfont”.

Section 7 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It shows which symbolnames are not unique across packages, gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols,explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a LATEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and providessome information about this document itself. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List ends with an index ofall the symbols in the document and various additional useful terms.

Frequently Requested Symbols

There are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex. If you’re lookingfor such a symbol, the following list will help you find it quickly.

© and ® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

, as in “Spaces are significant.” . . . . . . . . 5

ı, ı, ı, ı, etc. (versus i, i, i, and i) . . . . . . . . 6¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

¤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

∴ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

B and F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

°, as in “180°” or “15” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

L, F, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23N, Z, R, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37´a, `e, etc. (i.e., several accents per character) 38

−

∫. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

< and > (instead of ¡ and ¿) . . . . . . . . . . . 39

˜ (or ∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4

2 Body-text symbols

This section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents,ligatures, and currency symbols.

Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters

$ \$ % \% \_ \ & \& # \# \

Table 2: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

$ \$ \_ \ddag \¶ \P cO © \copyright . . . \dots \§ \S \dag £ \pounds

Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2εprovides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makesavailable.

Table 3: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-Mode Commands

ˆ \textasciicircum < \textless˜ \textasciitilde a ª \textordfeminine* \textasteriskcentered o º \textordmasculine\ \textbackslash ¶ \textparagraph| \textbar · \textperiodcentered \textbraceleft ¿ \textquestiondown \textbraceright “ \textquotedblleft \textbullet ” \textquotedblright

cO © \textcopyright ‘ \textquoteleft \textdagger ’ \textquoteright \textdaggerdbl rO ® \textregistered$ \textdollar § \textsection. . . \textellipsis £ \textsterling— \textemdash TM \texttrademark– \textendash \textunderscore¡ \textexclamdown \textvisiblespace> \textgreater


Table 4: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters)

a \aa Ð \DH∗ L \L ø \o ß \ss

A \AA ð \dh∗ l \l Ø \O SS \SSÆ \AE Ð \DJ∗ \NG∗ Œ \OE Þ \TH∗

æ \ae \dj∗ \ng∗ œ \oe þ \th∗

∗ Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select analternate font encoding, such as T1.

5

Table 5: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages

Ð \BD ° \mc ¤ \mf ¨ \mk » \Mt \mZ \Bd \mD \mF \mN \MT Â \TE \BH ð \Md \mG \mn º \mt â \Te§ \Bh Ð \MD ¦ \mg ª \mo \mT Å \TO· \Bt ¡ \md À \mI \mO ® \mu∗ å \To \BT \mE à \mi \mP \mU∗ \mb ¢ \me \mJ ± \mp \mY \mB \ME © \mj ¬ \ms ¯ \my \mC £ \Me \mK \mS ¶ \mz

These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package.

∗ \mv and \mV are synonyms for \mu and \mU.

Table 6: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 \guillemotleft \guilsinglleft \quotedblbase " \textquotedbl \guillemotright \guilsinglright \quotesinglbase

To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,such as T1.

Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks

\ding123 \ding125 \ding161 \ding163 \ding124 \ding126 \ding162

Table 8: Text-Mode Accents

Aa \"A\"a Aa \‘A\‘a Aa \HA\Ha Aa \uA\ua

Aa \’A\’a A¯

a¯

\bA\ba ¡ \kA\ka† Aa \vA\va

Aa \.A\.a Aa \cA\ca Aa \rA\ra Aa \~A\~a

Aa \=A\=a A. a. \dA\da A a \tA\ta

Aa \^A\^a Aa \GA\Ga‡ ¼A¼a \UA\Ua‡

Aa \newtieA\newtiea∗ AO aO \textcircledA\textcircleda

∗ Requires the textcomp package.† Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an

alternate font encoding, such as T1.‡ Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package.

Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of “i” and “j”(viz., “ı” and “”). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace thedot. For example, “na\"\ive” produces a correct “naıve”, while “na\"ive”would yield the rather odd-looking “naive”. (“na\"ive” does work in encodingsother than OT1, however.)

6

Table 9: tipa Text-Mode Accents

Aa \textacutemacronA\textacutemacronaAa \textacutewedgeA\textacutewedgea

A a \textadvancingA\textadvancinga

A<a< \textbottomtiebarA\textbottomtiebaraAa \textbrevemacronA\textbrevemacronaAa \textcircumacuteA\textcircumacuteaAa \textcircumdotA\textcircumdotaAa \textdotacuteA\textdotacuteaA a \textdotbreveA\textdotbrevea A a \textdoublegraveA\textdoublegraveaAa \textdoublevbaraccentA\textdoublevbaraccentaAa \textgravecircumA\textgravecircumaAa \textgravedotA\textgravedotaAa \textgravemidA\textgravemida

Aa \textinvsubbridgeA\textinvsubbridgea

A a \textloweringA\textloweringaAa \textmidacuteA\textmidacuteaAa \textovercrossA\textovercrossaA

a \textoverwA\textoverwa

A a \textpolhookA\textpolhooka

A a \textraisingA\textraisinga

A a \textretractingA\textretractingaAa \textringmacronA\textringmacronaAa \textroundcapA\textroundcapa

Aa \textseagullA\textseagulla

Aa \textsubarchA\textsubarcha

Aa \textsubbarA\textsubbara

Aa \textsubbridgeA\textsubbridgea

A a \textsubdotA\textsubdota

A a \textsublhalfringA\textsublhalfringa

A a \textsubplusA\textsubplusa

A a \textsubrhalfringA\textsubrhalfringa

Aa \textsubringA\textsubringa

Aa \textsubsquareA\textsubsquarea

Aa \textsubtildeA\textsubtildea

Aa \textsubumlautA\textsubumlauta

Aa \textsubwA\textsubwa

Aa \textsubwedgeA\textsubwedgea

A&a& \textsuperimposetildeA\textsuperimposetildea

A" a" \textsyllabicA\textsyllabicaAa \texttildedotA\texttildedota>A>a \texttoptiebarA\texttoptiebara

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7

(continued from previous page)

Aa \textvbaraccentA\textvbaraccenta

tipa defines shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentationfor more information.

Table 10: wsuipa Text-Mode Accents

Ag ag \dentalA\dentala

Aa \underarchA\underarcha

Table 11: wsuipa Diacritics

s \ain v \leftp x \overring h \stress \underwedgek \corner n \leftt ~ \polishhook j \syllabic t \uppu \downp q \length w \rightp r \underdots l \uptm \downt \midtilde o \rightt y \underringp \halflength z \open i \secstress | \undertilde

The wsuipa package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used tocompose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a]produces “xa”, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces “ra”. See the wsuipa doc-umentation for more information.

Table 12: textcomp Diacritics

\textacutedbl \textasciicaron ¯ \textasciimacron´ \textasciiacute ¨ \textasciidieresis \textgravedbl \textasciibreve ` \textasciigrave ~ \texttildelow

The textcomp package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.

Table 13: textcomp Currency Symbols

\textbaht $ \textdollar \textguarani \textwon¢ \textcent \textdollaroldstyle \textlira ¥ \textyen \textcentoldstyle \textdong \textnaira \textcolonmonetary ¿ \texteuro \textpeso¤ \textcurrency \textflorin £ \textsterling

8

Table 14: marvosym Currency Symbols

¢ \Denarius ¤ \EUR D \EURdig e \EURtm £ \Pfund \Ecommerce d \EURcr c \EURhv ¦ \EyesDollar ¡ \Shilling

Note that:

\Deleatur is another macro name for \Denarius.

The different euro signs are meant to be compatible with different fonts—Courier (\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times (\EURtm), and the marvosymdigits listed in Table 63 (\EURdig).

Table 15: textcomp Legal Symbols

\textcircledP cO © \textcopyright \textservicemark« \textcopyleft rO ® \textregistered TM \texttrademark


Table 16: textcomp Old-Style Numerals

0 \textzerooldstyle 4 \textfouroldstyle 8 \texteightoldstyle1 \textoneoldstyle 5 \textfiveoldstyle 9 \textnineoldstyle2 \texttwooldstyle 6 \textsixoldstyle3 \textthreeoldstyle 7 \textsevenoldstyle

Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commandsshown above, consider using \oldstylenums. . . to typeset an old-style number.

Table 17: wasysym Phonetic Symbols

D \DH k \dh l \openoÞ \Thorn U \inve þ \thorn

Table 18: tipa Phonetic Symbols

È \textbabygamma P \textglotstop í \textrtaillb \textbarb ; \texthalflength ï \textrtailnc \textbarc » \texthardsign ó \textrtailrd \textbard # \texthooktop ù \textrtailsé \textbardotlessj á \texthtb ú \textrtailtg \textbarg ê \texthtbardotlessj ü \textrtailz

(continued on next page)

9

(continued from previous page)

Ü \textbarglotstop Á \texthtc $ \textrthook1 \textbari â \texthtd À \textscaª \textbarl ä \texthtg à \textscb8 \textbaro H \texthth £ \textsceÝ \textbarrevglotstop Ê \texththeng å \textscg0 \textbaru Î \texthtk Ë \textschì \textbeltl Ò \texthtp @ \textschwaB \textbeta Ó \texthtq I \textsciò \textbullseye É \texthtscg ¨ \textscj \textceltpal Ö \texthtt Ï \textsclX \textchi ÿ \texthvlig ð \textscnÅ \textcloseepsilon Û \textinvglotstop × \textscoeligÑ \textcloseomega K \textinvscr ± \textscomegaÆ \textcloserevepsilon Ì \textiota ² \textscqÞ \textcommatailz « \textlambda ö \textscr^ \textcorner : \textlengthmark A \textscripta \textcrb ´ \textlhookt V \textscriptv¡ \textcrd ¥ \textlhti Ú \textscug \textcrg ¦ \textlhtlongi Y \textscyè \textcrh Ô \textlonglegr \textsecstressÛ \textcrinvglotstop ½ \textlptr º \textsoftsign« \textcrlambda M \textltailm Â \textstretchc2 \textcrtwo ñ \textltailn tC \texttctcligC \textctc ë \textltilde Ù \textteshlig¢ \textctd Ð \textlyoghlig T \texttheta¢ý \textctdctzlig ® \textnrleg þ \textthorn³ \textctesh Í \textObardotlessj ¶ \texttsligJ \textctj ¬ \textOlyoghlig 5 \textturna \textctn ° \textomega ¯ \textturnceligµ \textctt _ \textopencorner 4 \textturnhµC \textcttctclig O \textopeno © \textturnk¸ \textctyogh % \textpalhook Õ \textturnlonglegrý \textctz F \textphi W \textturnmdý \textdctzlig | \textpipe î \textturnmrlegS \textdoublebaresh " \textprimstress ô \textturnr \textdoublebarpipe ¼ \textraiseglotstop õ \textturnrrtail=/ \textdoublebarslash § \textraisevibyi 6 \textturnscripta \textdoublepipe 7 \textramshorns Ø \textturnt \textdoublevertline ¿ \textrectangle 2 \textturnv \textdownstep \ \textrevapostrophe û \textturnwÃ \textdyoghlig 9 \textreve L \textturnydz \textdzlig 3 \textrevepsilon U \textupsilonE \textepsilon Q \textrevglotstop \textupstepS \textesh ¹ \textrevyogh \textvertlineR \textfishhookr Ç \textrhookrevepsilon § \textvibyi¤ \textg Ä \textrhookschwa · \textvibyyG \textgamma ~ \textrhoticity ß \textwynn \textglobfall ¾ \textrptr Z \textyogh \textglobrise ã \textrtaild

tipa defines shortcut characters for many of the above. It also defines a command\tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for moreinformation.

10

Table 19: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols

! \babygamma 8 \eng 4 \labdentalnas \schwa \barb \er / \latfric * \sci \bard M \esh 6 \legm : \scn' \bari \eth E \legr J \scr. \barl D \flapr 1 \lz \scripta< \baro b \glotstop \nialpha \scriptgA \barp \hookb \nibeta Y \scriptv+ \barsci \hookd [ \nichi W \scuX \barscu \hookg \niepsilon ] \scyT \baru $ \hookh \nigamma \slashb; \clickb % \hookheng ) \niiota \slashc \clickc \hookrevepsilon 2 \nilambda \slashdR \clickt " \hv > \niomega U \slashu? \closedniomega \inva C \niphi \taild \closedrevepsilon , \invf O \nisigma H \tailinvr \crossb d \invglotstop S \nitheta 0 \taill \crossd & \invh V \niupsilon 9 \tailn# \crossh I \invlegr 7 \nj F \tailr3 \crossnilambda 5 \invm @ \oo L \tails \curlyc G \invr = \openo P \tailtN \curlyesh K \invscr \reve _ \tailza \curlyyogh \invscripta f \reveject Q \tesh^ \curlyz \invv \revepsilon B \thorn( \dlbari Z \invw c \revglotstop - \tildel \dz \ \invy \scd ` \yoghe \ejective \ipagamma \scg

Table 20: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols

* \textasteriskcentered \textopenbullet \textbardbl a ª \textordfeminineO \textbigcircle o º \textordmasculine \textblank ¶ \textparagraph¦ \textbrokenbar · \textperiodcentered \textbullet \textpertenthousand \textdagger \textperthousand \textdaggerdbl \textpilcrow- \textdblhyphen ' \textquotesingle \textdblhyphenchar \textquotestraightbase \textdiscount \textquotestraightdblbase \textestimated \textrecipe \textinterrobang ¸ \textreferencemark \textinterrobangdown § \textsectionn \textmusicalnote \textthreequartersemdash \textnumero \texttwelveudash


11

3 Mathematical symbols

Most, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a “Missing $inserted” error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operatorsmarked as “variable-sized” are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorterstill when used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts.

Alphanumeric symbols (e.g., “L ” and “”) are usually produced using one of the math alphabets inTable 66 rather than with an explicit symbol command. Look there first if you need a symbol for a transform,number set, or some other alphanumeric.

The various text-mode symbols defined by the textcomp package are made available in math mode throughthe mathcomp package.

Table 21: Binary Operators

q \amalg ∪ \cup ⊕ \oplus × \times∗ \ast † \dagger \oslash / \triangleleft© \bigcirc ‡ \ddagger ⊗ \otimes . \triangleright5 \bigtriangledown \diamond ± \pm E \unlhd∗

4 \bigtriangleup ÷ \div B \rhd∗ D \unrhd∗

• \bullet C \lhd∗ \ \setminus ] \uplus∩ \cap ∓ \mp u \sqcap ∨ \vee· \cdot \odot t \sqcup ∧ \wedge \circ \ominus ? \star o \wr

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 22: Variable-sized Math Operators⋂ ⋂\bigcap

⊗⊗\bigotimes

∧∧\bigwedge

∏∏\prod⋃ ⋃

\bigcup⊔ ⊔

\bigsqcup∐∐

\coprod∑ ∑

\sum⊙⊙\bigodot

⊎ ⊎\biguplus

∫ ∫\int⊕⊕

\bigoplus∨ ∨

\bigvee∮ ∮

\oint

Table 23: AMS Binary Operators

Z \barwedge \circledcirc ᵀ \intercal \boxdot \circleddash h \leftthreetimes \boxminus d \Cup n \ltimes \boxplus g \curlyvee i \rightthreetimes \boxtimes f \curlywedge o \rtimese \Cap > \divideontimes r \smallsetminus \centerdot u \dotplus Y \veebar~ \circledast [ \doublebarwedge

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Table 24: stmaryrd Binary Operators

\baro 9 \interleave \varoast \bbslash 2 \leftslice \varobarN \binampersand ! \merge \varobslashO \bindnasrepma \minuso \varocirclei \boxast \moo \varodotk \boxbar ` \nplus 5 \varogreaterthan \boxbox : \obar 4 \varolessthanj \boxbslash @ \oblong \varominus \boxcircle ; \obslash \varoplus \boxdot = \ogreaterthan \varoslash \boxempty < \olessthan \varotimesl \boxslash > \ovee 6 \varovee. \curlyveedownarrow ? \owedge 7 \varowedge/ \curlyveeuparrow 3 \rightslice " \vartimes' \curlywedgedownarrow \sslash \Ydown& \curlywedgeuparrow 8 \talloblong \Yleft) \fatbslash , \varbigcirc \Yright# \fatsemi \varcurlyvee \Yup( \fatslash \varcurlywedge

Table 25: Variable-sized stmaryrd Math Operators

em\bigbox

g o\biginterleave

\bigsqcap

bj\bigcurlyvee

\bignplus

`h\bigtriangledown

ck\bigcurlywedge

f n\bigparallel

ai\bigtriangleup

Table 26: Variable-sized wasysym Math Operators# $\iiint

\oiint

u z\varoint! "

\iintr w

\varint

Table 27: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators

V \circledbar T \circledwedge \medcircW \circledbslash M \invamp \sqcapplusU \circledvee \medbullet | \sqcupplus

13

Table 28: Variable-sized txfonts/pxfonts Math Operators

\bigsqcapplus

\ointclockwise

\bigsqcupplus

\ointctrclockwise> ?\fint

R S\sqiiint'(

\idotsint∗P Q

\sqiint% &\iiiint∗

\sqint# $

\iiint∗,†F G

\varoiiintclockwise! "\iint∗,†

N O\varoiiintctrclockwiseL M

\oiiintclockwiseB C

\varoiintclockwiseD E\oiiintctrclockwise

J K\varoiintctrclockwise) *

\oiiint- .

\varointclockwiseH I\oiintclockwise

+ ,\varointctrclockwise@ A

\oiintctrclockwise

\varprod \oiint†

∗ Also defined by amsmath.† Also defined by wasysym.

Table 29: Relation Symbols

≈ \approx ∈ \in ≺ \prec ⊂ \subset \asymp Z \Join∗ \preceq ⊆ \subseteq./ \bowtie ≤ \leq ∝ \propto \succ \cong \ll ∼ \sim \succeqa \dashv | \mid ' \simeq ⊃ \supset \doteq |= \models _ \smile ⊇ \supseteq≡ \equiv , \neq @ \sqsubset∗ ` \vdash^ \frown 3 \ni v \sqsubseteq≥ \geq ‖ \parallel A \sqsupset∗

\gg ⊥ \perp w \sqsupseteq


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Table 30: AMS Binary Relations

u \approxeq m \gtrdot ` \smallsmile \backepsilon R \gtreqless @ \sqsubsetv \backsim T \gtreqqless A \sqsupsetw \backsimeq ≷ \gtrless b \Subset∵ \because & \gtrsim j \subseteqqG \between 5 \leqq v \succapproxJ \blacktriangleleft 6 \leqslant < \succcurlyeqI \blacktriangleright / \lessapprox % \succsimm \Bumpeq l \lessdot c \Supsetl \bumpeq Q \lesseqgtr k \supseteqq$ \circeq S \lesseqqgtr ∴ \therefore2 \curlyeqprec ≶ \lessgtr ≈ \thickapprox3 \curlyeqsucc . \lesssim ∼ \thicksim+ \doteqdot ≪ \lll E \trianglelefteqP \eqcirc t \pitchfork , \triangleq1 \eqslantgtr w \precapprox D \trianglerighteq0 \eqslantless 4 \preccurlyeq ∝ \varpropto; \fallingdotseq - \precsim C \vartriangleleft= \geqq : \risingdotseq B \vartriangleright> \geqslant p \shortmid \Vdash≫ \ggg q \shortparallel \vDash' \gtrapprox a \smallfrown \Vvdash

Table 31: AMS Negated Binary Relations

\gnapprox \nleqslant 4 \ntrianglerighteq \gneq ≮ \nless 0 \nvdash \gneqq - \nmid 2 \nvDash \gnsim ∦ \nparallel 3 \nVDash \gvertneqq ⊀ \nprec \precnapprox \lnapprox \npreceq \precnsim \lneq . \nshortmid ( \subsetneq \lneqq / \nshortparallel $ \subsetneqq \lnsim / \nsim \succnapprox \lvertneqq * \nsubseteq \succnsim \ncong \nsucc ) \supsetneq \ngeq \nsucceq % \supsetneqq \ngeqq + \nsupseteq \varsubsetneq \ngeqslant # \nsupseteqq & \varsubsetneqq≯ \ngtr 6 \ntriangleleft ! \varsupsetneq \nleq 5 \ntrianglelefteq ' \varsupsetneqq \nleqq 7 \ntriangleright

Table 32: stmaryrd Binary Relations

A \inplus F \subsetpluseq P \trianglelefteqslantB \niplus E \supsetplus Q \trianglerighteqslantD \subsetplus G \supsetpluseq

15

Table 33: stmaryrd Negated Binary Relations

R \ntrianglelefteqslant S \ntrianglerighteqslant

Table 34: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations

\boxdotLeft \ \lrtimes 9 \npreceqq \boxdotleft \Mappedfromchar \nprecsim \boxdotright \mappedfromchar ; \nsimeq \boxdotRight \mmappedfromchar a \nsqsubset \boxleft \Mmappedfromchar @ \nsqsubseteq \boxLeft \mmapstochar b \nsqsupset \boxRight \Mmapstochar A \nsqsupseteq \boxright \multimapboth > \nSubset \circleddotleft \multimapbothvert " \nsubseteqq \circleddotright \multimapdot 8 \nsuccapproxS \circledgtr \multimapdotboth % \nsucccurlyeqR \circledless \multimapdotbothA : \nsucceqq \circleleft \multimapdotbothAvert \nsuccsim \circleright \multimapdotbothB ? \nSupset \colonapprox \multimapdotbothBvert 5 \nthickapprox \Colonapprox \multimapdotbothvert h \ntwoheadleftarrowD \coloneq \multimapdotinv g \ntwoheadrightarrowH \Coloneq \multimapinv \nvarparallelB \coloneqq 6 \napproxeq \nvarparallelinvF \Coloneqq - \nasymp 1 \nVdash \colonsim * \nbacksim v \Nwarrow \Colonsim + \nbacksimeq [ \openJoine \dashleftrightarrow ) \nBumpeq ] \opentimes \Diamonddotleft ( \nbumpeq y \Perp \DiamonddotLeft t \Nearrow \preceqq \Diamonddotright . \nequiv \precneqq \DiamonddotRight 4 \ngg Y \rJoin \Diamondleft # \ngtrapprox V \Rrightarrow \DiamondLeft & \ngtrless u \Searrow \Diamondright ! \ngtrsim K \strictfi \DiamondRight " \nlessapprox J \strictifI \Eqcolon ' \nlessgtr L \strictiffE \eqcolon \nlesssim \succeqqG \Eqqcolon 3 \nll \succneqqC \eqqcolon < \notin w \Swarrowh \eqsim = \notni ∥ \varparallelf \leftsquigarrow 7 \nprecapprox \varparallelinvX \lJoin $ \npreccurlyeq \VvDash

16

Table 35: Arrow Symbols

⇓ \Downarrow ←− \longleftarrow ⇒ \Rightarrow↓ \downarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow \rightharpoondown← \hookleftarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow \rightharpoonup→ \hookrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow \rightleftharpoons \leadsto∗ 7−→ \longmapsto \searrow⇐ \Leftarrow −→ \longrightarrow \swarrow← \leftarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow ↑ \uparrow \leftharpoondown 7→ \mapsto ⇑ \Uparrow \leftharpoonup \nearrow m \Updownarrow⇔ \Leftrightarrow \nwarrow l \updownarrow↔ \leftrightarrow → \rightarrow


Table 36: AMS Arrows

\circlearrowleft ⇔ \leftleftarrows \rightleftarrows \circlearrowright \leftrightarrows \rightleftharpoonsx \curvearrowleft \leftrightharpoons ⇒ \rightrightarrowsy \curvearrowright ! \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrowc \dashleftarrow W \Lleftarrow \Rshd \dashrightarrow " \looparrowleft \twoheadleftarrow \downdownarrows # \looparrowright \twoheadrightarrow \downharpoonleft \Lsh \upharpoonleft \downharpoonright ( \multimap \upharpoonright \leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail \upuparrows

Table 37: AMS Negated Arrows

: \nLeftarrow < \nLeftrightarrow ; \nRightarrow8 \nleftarrow = \nleftrightarrow 9 \nrightarrow

Table 38: stmaryrd Arrows

^ \leftarrowtriangle ⇐\ \Mapsfrom \shortdownarrow- \leftrightarroweq ←[ \mapsfrom \shortleftarrow] \leftrightarrowtriangle ⇒ \Mapsto \shortrightarrow \lightning 1 \nnearrow \shortuparrow⇐=\ \Longmapsfrom 0 \nnwarrow % \ssearrow←− [ \longmapsfrom _ \rightarrowtriangle $ \sswarrow=⇒ \Longmapsto M \rrparenthesis

17

Table 39: Log-like Symbols

\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min \sinh\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr \sup\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec \tan\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin \tanh

Calling the above “symbols” may be a bit misleading.1 Each log-like symbol merelyproduces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spacing.See Section 7.3 for more information.

Table 40: AMS Log-like Symbols

inj lim \injlim lim−−→

\varinjlim lim \varlimsup

proj lim \projlim lim \varliminf lim←−−

\varprojlim

Load the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 7.3 for some additionalcomments regarding log-like symbols.

Table 41: Greek Letters

α \alpha θ \theta o o τ \tauβ \beta ϑ \vartheta π \pi υ \upsilonγ \gamma ι \iota $ \varpi φ \phiδ \delta κ \kappa ρ \rho ϕ \varphiε \epsilon λ \lambda % \varrho χ \chiε \varepsilon µ \mu σ \sigma ψ \psiζ \zeta ν \nu ς \varsigma ω \omegaη \eta ξ \xi

Γ \Gamma Λ \Lambda Σ \Sigma Ψ \Psi∆ \Delta Ξ \Xi Υ \Upsilon Ω \OmegaΘ \Theta Π \Pi Φ \Phi

The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. Thesymbol “M”, for instance, is used for both an uppercase “m” and an uppercase “µ”.

Table 42: AMS Greek Letters

z \digamma κ \varkappa1Michael J. Downes prefers the more general term, “atomic math objects”.

18

Table 43: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters

α \alphaup θ \thetaup π \piup φ \phiupβ \betaup ϑ \varthetaup $ \varpiup ϕ \varphiupγ \gammaup ι \iotaup ρ \rhoup χ \chiupδ \deltaup κ \kappaup % \varrhoup ψ \psiupε \epsilonup λ \lambdaup σ \sigmaup ω \omegaupε \varepsilonup µ \muup ς \varsigmaupζ \zetaup ν \nuup τ \tauupη \etaup ξ \xiup υ \upsilonup

Table 44: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters

1 \varg 3 \varv 4 \varw 2 \vary

Pass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with 1, 3, 4, and 2in every mathematical expression in your document.

Table 45: AMS Hebrew Letters

i \beth k \daleth ג \gimel

\aleph appears in Table 56 on page 21.

Table 46: Variable-sized Delimiters

((

( ))

) ↑

x \uparrow ⇑

~wwwwww \Uparrow

[[

[ ]]

] ↓

y \downarrow ⇓

wwwwww \Downarrow

\

\ l

xy \updownarrow m

~wwww \Updownarrow

b

⌊\lfloor c

⌋\rfloor d

⌈\lceil e

⌉\rceil

〈

⟨\langle 〉

⟩\rangle /

// \

∖\backslash

|

∣∣∣∣ | ‖

∥∥∥∥ \|

When used with \left and \right, these symbols expand to the height of theinner math expression.

Table 47: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters

\rmoustache \lmoustache

\rgroup \lgroup

\arrowvertwwwww wwwwwwwwwwww \Arrowvert

\bracevert

These symbols must be used with \left and \right.

19

Table 48: AMS Delimiters

p \ulcorner q \urcorner x \llcorner y \lrcorner

Table 49: stmaryrd Delimiters

P \Lbag Q \Rbag N \lbag O \rbagV \llceil W \rrceil T \llfloor U \rrfloorL \llparenthesis M \rrparenthesis

Table 50: Variable-Sized stmaryrd Delimiters

~

\llbracket

\rrbracket

Table 51: textcomp Text-Mode Delimiters

< \textlangle > \textrangle[ \textlbrackdbl ] \textrbrackdbl \textlquill ¡ \textrquill

Table 52: Math-Mode Accents

a \acutea a \brevea a \ddota a \gravea a \tildeaa \bara a \checka a \dota a \hata ~a \veca

Also note the existence of \imath and \jmath, which produce dotless versions of“i” and “j”. (See Table 56 on the following page.) These are useful when theaccent is supposed to replace the dot. For example, “\hat\imath” produces acorrect “ ı ”, while “\hati” would yield the rather odd-looking “ i ”.

Table 53: Some Other Constructions

abc \widetildeabc abc \widehatabc←−−abc \overleftarrowabc

−−→abc \overrightarrowabc

abc \overlineabc abc \underlineabc︷︸︸︷abc \overbraceabc abc︸︷︷︸ \underbraceabc

√abc \sqrtabc

n√abc \sqrt[n]abc

f ′ f’ abcxyz \fracabcxyz

20

Table 54: AMS Extensible Arrow Accents←−a \overleftarrowa −→a \overrightarrowa ←→a \overleftrightarrowa

a←−

\underleftarrowa a−→

\underrightarrowa a←→

\underleftrightarrowa

These accents are called “extensible” because they stretch to fit their argument.For example, “$\underrightarrowABCdef$” produces “ABCde f

−−−−−−−→”.

Table 55: Punctuation Symbols (Math Mode)

, , ; ; : \colon∗ . \ldotp · \cdotp

∗ While “:” is valid in math mode, \colon uses different surrounding spacing. SeeSection 7.3 and the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for more information onmath-mode spacing.

Table 56: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Symbols

ℵ \aleph ` \ell \jmath ♠ \spadesuit∠ \angle ∅ \emptyset . . . \ldots

√\surd

\ \backslash ∃ \exists f \mho∗ > \top⊥ \bot [ \flat ∇ \nabla 4 \triangle

\Box∗ ∀ \forall \ \natural... \vdots

· · · \cdots ~ \hbar ¬ \neg ℘ \wp♣ \clubsuit ♥ \heartsuit ∂ \partial. . . \ddots = \Im ′ \prime^ \Diamond∗ ı \imath < \Re♦ \diamondsuit ∞ \infty ] \sharp


Table 57: Miscellaneous AMS Symbols

∠ \angle \complement ] \measuredangle8 \backprime \diagdown f \mhok \Bbbk \diagup @ \nexistsF \bigstar ð \eth ^ \sphericalangle \blacklozenge ` \Finv \square \blacksquare a \Game O \triangledownN \blacktriangle ~ \hbar ∅ \varnothingH \blacktriangledown \hslash M \vartriangles \circledS ♦ \lozenge

Table 58: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

X \checkmark r \circledR z \maltese

21

Table 59: stmaryrd Extension Characters

Y \Arrownot \ \Mapsfromchar \MapstocharX \arrownot [ \mapsfromchar

Table 60: Other wasysym Math-Mode Symbols

? \apprge Z \Join f \mho A \sqsupset> \apprle \leadsto # \ocircle E \unlhd \Box C \lhd B \rhd D \unrhd^ \Diamond \LHD \RHD \wasypropto \invneg \logof @ \sqsubset

Table 61: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols

_ \Diamondblack n \lambdaslash p \varclubsuit s \varspadesuit \Diamonddot ¢ \mathcent q \vardiamondsuito \lambdabar £ \mathsterling r \varheartsuit

Table 62: textcomp Text-Mode Math and Science Symbols

\textcelsius = \textminus » \textsurd° \textdegree µ \textmu ¾ \textthreequartersö \textdiv W \textohm ³ \textthreesuperior_ \textdownarrow ½ \textonehalf Ö \texttimes/ \textfractionsolidus ¼ \textonequarter ² \texttwosuperior \textleftarrow ¹ \textonesuperior ^ \textuparrow¬ \textlnot ± \textpmM \textmho \textrightarrow

Table 63: marvosym Math Symbols

0 \MVZero 2 \MVTwo 4 \MVFour 6 \MVSix 8 \MVEight1 \MVOne 3 \MVThree 5 \MVFive 7 \MVSeven 9 \MVNine

W \Anglesign ÷ \Squaredot P \Vectorarrowhigh= \Corresponds p \Vectorarrow

Table 64: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol

A \AR

Table 65: ulsy Contradiction and Other Symbols

\blitza \blitzb \blitzc \blitzd \blitze \odplus

22

Table 66: Math Alphabets

Required packageABCdef123 \mathrmABCdef123 noneABCdef123 \mathitABCdef123 noneABCde f123 \mathnormalABCdef123 noneABC \mathcalABC noneABC \mathscrABC mathrsfsABC \mathcalABC euscript with option: mathcal

or \mathscrABC euscript with option: mathscrABCdef123 \mathpzcABCdef123 none; manually defined∗

ABC \mathbbABC amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, or pxfonts \varmathbbABC txfonts or pxfontsABCdef123 \mathbbABCdef123 bbold or mathbbol†ABCdef12 \mathbbmABCdef12 bbmABCdef12 \mathbbmssABCdef12 bbmABCdef12 \mathbbmttABCdef12 bbmABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfontABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfont with option: sansABCdef123 \mathfrakABCdef123 eufrakABCdef123 \textfrakABCdef123 yfontsABCdef123 \textswabABCdef123 yfonts

∗ Put “\DeclareMathAlphabet\mathpzcOT1pzcmit” in your docu-ment’s preamble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery.

† The mathbbol package defines some additional blackboard bold characters:parentheses, square brackets, angle brackets, and—if the bbgreekl optionis passed to matbbol—Greek letters. For instance, “<[( )]>” is pro-duced by “\mathbb\Langle\Lbrack\Lparen\bbalpha\bbbeta\bbgamma\Rparen\Rbrack\Rangle”.

23

4 Science and technology symbols

This section lists symbols that are employed in various branches of science and engineering (and, becausewe were extremely liberal in our classification, astrology, too).

Table 67: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols

: \AC @ \VHF :::: \photon :: \HF QPPPPPPR \gluon

Table 68: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols

! \FallingEdge ' \LongPulseLow % \PulseLow " \ShortPulseHigh& \LongPulseHigh $ \PulseHigh \RaisingEdge # \ShortPulseLow

In addition, within \textifsym. . ., the following codes are valid:

l l m m h h d d < < > >

L L M M H H D D = << ? >>

This enables one to write “\textifsymmm<DDD>mm” to get “mm<DDD>mm” or“\textifsymL|H|L|H|L” to get “L|H|L|H|L”.

Finally, \textifsym supports the display of segmented digits, as would appearon an LCD: “\textifsym-123.456” produces “-123.456”. “\textifsymb”outputs a blank with the same width as an “8”.

Table 69: wasysym Astronomical Symbols

\ascnode X \jupiter \newmoon \venus \astrosun $ \leftmoon \ \pluto \vernal \descnode \mars % \rightmoon

\earth ' \mercury Y \saturn# \fullmoon [ \neptune Z \uranus

Table 70: marvosym Astronomical Symbols

Â \Mercury Ä \Mars Ç \Uranus À \SunÃ \Venus Å \Jupiter È \Neptune Á \MoonÊ \Earth Æ \Saturn É \Pluto

Table 71: wasysym Astrological Symbols

\aries _ \cancer a \libra d \capricornus] \taurus \leo b \scorpio e \aquarius^ \gemini ` \virgo c \sagittarius f \pisces

V \conjunction W \opposition

24

Table 72: marvosym Astrological Symbols

à \Aries ã \Cancer æ \Libra é \Capricorná \Taurus ä \Leo ç \Scorpio ê \Aquariusâ \Gemini å \Virgo è \Sagittarius ë \Pisces

Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specified with \Zodiac1 . . .\Zodiac12.

Table 73: wasysym APL Symbols

~ \APLbox ÷~ \APLinv E \APLstar \APLcomment p \APLleftarrowbox \APLupF \APLdown \APLlog n \APLuparrowboxo \APLdownarrowbox − \APLminus \− \notbackslash \APLinput q \APLrightarrowbox /− \notslash

Table 74: wasysym APL Modifiers

\APLcirc ∼ \APLnot | \APLvert

Table 75: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols

Í \ComputerMouse Ñ \ParallelPort Î \SerialInterfaceÏ \Keyboard Ò \Printer Ð \SerialPort

Table 76: ASCII Control Characters (IBM)

\SOH • \BEL \CR ‼ \DCc ↓ \EM \US \STX \BS \SO ¶ \DCd → \SUB ¦ \splitvert♥ \ETX \HT \SI § \NAK ← \ESC \DEL♦ \EOT \LF \DLE \SYN \FS♣ \ENQ \VT \DCa \ETB ↔ \GS♠ \ACK \FF \DCb ↑ \CAN \RS

SOH, STX, ETX, . . ., US are the names of ASCII characters 1–31. DEL is the name ofASCII character 127. \splitvert doesn’t correspond to a control character but ismerely the “|” character shown IBM style.

These characters require the ascii package and must be entered with the ascii fontin effect, for example, “\ascii\STX”. See the ascii package documentation formore information.

Table 77: marvosym Communication Symbols

k \Email t \fax v \Faxmachine E \Lightning A \Pickup

z \Emailct u \FAX B \Letter H \Mobilefone T \Telefon

25

Table 78: marvosym Engineering Symbols

" \Beam l \Force ‘ \Octosteel \RoundedTTsteel# \Bearing ’ \Hexasteel ˜ \Rectpipe — \Squarepipe› \Circpipe & \Lefttorque ” \Rectsteel “ \Squaresteel• \Circsteel L \Lineload ' \Righttorque œ \Tsteel% \Fixedbearing $ \Loosebearing Ÿ \RoundedLsteel š \TTsteel– \Flatsteel ™ \Lsteel \RoundedTsteel

Table 79: marvosym Biological Symbols

~ \Female … \FemaleMale ‚ \MALE \Neutral \FEMALE \Hermaphrodite | \Male„ \FemaleFemale \HERMAPHRODITE ƒ \MaleMale

Table 80: marvosym Safety-Related Symbols

h \Biohazard C \CEsign ` \Explosionsafe j \Radioactivityn \BSEfree J \Estatically a \Laserbeam ! \Stopsign

26

5 Dingbats

Dingbats are symbols such as stars, arrows, and geometric shapes. They are commonly used as bullets initemized lists or, more generally, as a means to draw attention to the text that follows.

The pifont dingbat package warrants special mention. Among other capabilities, pifont provides a LATEXinterface to the PostScript Zapf Dingbats font. However, rather than name each of the dingbats individually,pifont merely provides a single \ding command, which outputs the character that lies at a given position inthe font. The consequence is that the pifont symbols can’t be listed by name in this document’s index, so bemindful of that fact when searching for a particular symbol.

Table 81: bbding Arrows

y \ArrowBoldDownRight z \ArrowBoldRightShort x \ArrowBoldUpRight \ArrowBoldRightCircled w \ArrowBoldRightStrobe

Table 82: pifont Arrows

\ding212 \ding221 \ding230 \ding239 \ding249→ \ding213 \ding222 \ding231 \ding241 \ding250↔ \ding214 \ding223 \ding232 \ding242 \ding251 \ding215 \ding224 \ding233 \ding243 \ding252 \ding216 \ding225 \ding234 \ding244 \ding253 \ding217 \ding226 \ding235 \ding245 \ding254 \ding218 \ding227 \ding236 \ding246 \ding219 \ding228 \ding237 \ding247 \ding220 \ding229 \ding238 \ding248

Table 83: marvosym Scissors

s \Cutleft q \Cutright S \Leftscissorsr \Cutline R \Kutline Q \Rightscissors

Table 84: bbding Scissors

\ScissorHollowLeft \ScissorLeftBrokenTop \ScissorHollowRight \ScissorRight \ScissorLeft \ScissorRightBrokenBottom \ScissorLeftBrokenBottom \ScissorRightBrokenTop

Table 85: pifont Scissors

\ding33 \ding34 \ding35 \ding36

Table 86: dingbat Pencils

W \largepencil P \smallpencil

27

Table 87: bbding Pencils and Nibs

\NibLeft \PencilLeft \PencilRightDown \NibRight \PencilLeftDown \PencilRightUp \NibSolidLeft \PencilLeftUp \NibSolidRight \PencilRight

Table 88: pifont Pencils and Nibs

\ding46 \ding47 \ding48 \ding49 \ding50

Table 89: dingbat Hands

R \leftpointright L \rightpointleft N \rightpointrightD \leftthumbsdown d \rightthumbsdownU \leftthumbsup u \rightthumbsup

Table 90: bbding Hands

\HandCuffLeft \HandCuffRightUp \HandPencilLeft \HandCuffLeftUp \HandLeft \HandRight \HandCuffRight \HandLeftUp \HandRightUp

Table 91: pifont Hands

\ding42 \ding43 \ding44 \ding45

Table 92: bbding Crosses and Plusses

* \Cross + \CrossOpenShadow & \PlusOutline- \CrossBoldOutline , \CrossOutline ) \PlusThinCenterOpen4 \CrossClowerTips ' \Plus. \CrossMaltese ( \PlusCenterOpen

Table 93: pifont Crosses and Plusses

\ding57 \ding59 \ding61 \ding63 \ding58 \ding60 \ding62 \ding64

Table 94: bbding Xs and Check Marks

! \Checkmark # \XSolid % \XSolidBrush" \CheckmarkBold $ \XSolidBold

28

Table 95: pifont Xs and Check Marks

\ding51 \ding53 \ding55 \ding52 \ding54 \ding56

Table 96: wasysym Xs and Check Marks

2 \CheckedBox \Square 4 \XBox

Table 97: pifont Circled Numbers

① \ding172 ❶ \ding182 ➀ \ding192 ➊ \ding202② \ding173 ❷ \ding183 ➁ \ding193 ➋ \ding203③ \ding174 ❸ \ding184 ➂ \ding194 ➌ \ding204④ \ding175 ❹ \ding185 ➃ \ding195 ➍ \ding205⑤ \ding176 ❺ \ding186 ➄ \ding196 ➎ \ding206⑥ \ding177 ❻ \ding187 ➅ \ding197 ➏ \ding207⑦ \ding178 ❼ \ding188 ➆ \ding198 ➐ \ding208⑧ \ding179 ❽ \ding189 ➇ \ding199 ➑ \ding209⑨ \ding180 ❾ \ding190 ➈ \ding200 ➒ \ding210⑩ \ding181 ❿ \ding191 ➉ \ding201 ➓ \ding211

Table 98: wasysym Stars

C \davidsstar A \hexstar B \varhexstar

Table 99: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

N \Asterisk P \FiveFlowerPetal 2 \JackStarA \AsteriskBold 8 \FiveStar 3 \JackStarBoldB \AsteriskCenterOpen ; \FiveStarCenterOpen O \SixFlowerAlternateX \AsteriskRoundedEnds ? \FiveStarConvex U \SixFlowerAltPetalC \AsteriskThin 7 \FiveStarLines M \SixFlowerOpenCenterD \AsteriskThinCenterOpen 9 \FiveStarOpen Q \SixFlowerPetalDotted0 \DavidStar : \FiveStarOpenCircled L \SixFlowerPetalRemoved/ \DavidStarSolid < \FiveStarOpenDotted [ \SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetalZ \EightAsterisk = \FiveStarOutline G \SixStarS \EightFlowerPetal > \FiveStarOutlineHeavy K \SixteenStarLightY \EightFlowerPetalRemoved @ \FiveStarShadow ` \SnowflakeH \EightStar 1 \FourAsterisk ^ \SnowflakeChevronI \EightStarBold V \FourClowerOpen _ \SnowflakeChevronBoldF \EightStarConvex W \FourClowerSolid ] \SparkleE \EightStarTaper 5 \FourStar \ \SparkleBoldR \FiveFlowerOpen 6 \FourStarOpen J \TwelweStar

29

Table 100: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

\ding65 \ding74 \ding83 \ding92 \ding101 \ding66 \ding75 \ding84 \ding93 \ding102 \ding67 \ding76 \ding85 \ding94 \ding103 \ding68 \ding77 \ding86 \ding95 \ding104 \ding69 \ding78 \ding87 \ding96 \ding105 \ding70 \ding79 \ding88 \ding97 \ding106 \ding71 \ding80 \ding89 \ding98 \ding107 \ding72 \ding81 \ding90 \ding99 \ding73 \ding82 \ding91 \ding100

Table 101: wasysym Geometric Shapes

7 \hexagon 8 \octagon D \pentagon 9 \varhexagon

Table 102: ifsym Geometric Shapes

% \BigCircle T \FilledBigTriangleRight E \SmallCircle

\BigCross Q \FilledBigTriangleUp \SmallCross

& \BigDiamondshape e \FilledCircle F \SmallDiamondshape

\BigHBar \FilledDiamondShadowA \SmallHBar

_ \BigLowerDiamond \FilledDiamondShadowC \SmallLowerDiamond

/ \BigRightDiamond f \FilledDiamondshape O \SmallRightDiamond

\BigSquare u \FilledSmallCircle @ \SmallSquare

# \BigTriangleDown v \FilledSmallDiamondshape C \SmallTriangleDown

" \BigTriangleLeft p \FilledSmallSquare B \SmallTriangleLeft

$ \BigTriangleRight s \FilledSmallTriangleDown D \SmallTriangleRight

! \BigTriangleUp r \FilledSmallTriangleLeft A \SmallTriangleUp

\BigVBar t \FilledSmallTriangleRight \SmallVBar

5 \Circle q \FilledSmallTriangleUp * \SpinDown

\Cross ` \FilledSquare ) \SpinUp

\DiamondShadowA \FilledSquareShadowA 0 \Square

\DiamondShadowB \FilledSquareShadowC \SquareShadowA

\DiamondShadowC c \FilledTriangleDown \SquareShadowB

6 \Diamondshape b \FilledTriangleLeft \SquareShadowC

U \FilledBigCircle d \FilledTriangleRight 3 \TriangleDown

V \FilledBigDiamondshape a \FilledTriangleUp 2 \TriangleLeft

P \FilledBigSquare \HBar 4 \TriangleRight

S \FilledBigTriangleDown o \LowerDiamond 1 \TriangleUp

R \FilledBigTriangleLeft ? \RightDiamond \VBar

The ifsym documentation points out that one can use \rlap to combinesome of the above into useful, new symbols. For example, \BigCircle and\FilledSmallCircle combine to give “u% ”. Likewise, \Square and \Cross com-bine to give “0”. See Section 7.2 for more information about constructing newsymbols out of existing symbols.

30

Table 103: bbding Geometric Shapes

d \CircleShadow u \Rectangle j \SquareShadowTopLefta \CircleSolid v \RectangleBold i \SquareShadowTopRightp \DiamondSolid t \RectangleThin g \SquareSolidb \Ellipse f \Square o \TriangleDowne \EllipseShadow k \SquareCastShadowBottomRight n \TriangleUpc \EllipseSolid m \SquareCastShadowTopLefts \HalfCircleLeft l \SquareCastShadowTopRightr \HalfCircleRight h \SquareShadowBottomRight

Table 104: pifont Geometric Shapes

\ding108 \ding111 \ding114 \ding117 \ding121 \ding109 \ding112 \ding115 \ding119 \ding122 \ding110 \ding113 \ding116 \ding120

Table 105: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols

\dbend ~ \lhdbend \reversedvideodbend

Note that these symbols descend far beneath the baseline. manfnt also defines non-descending versions, which it calls, correspondingly, \textdbend, \textlhdbend,and \textreversedvideodbend.

Table 106: marvosym Information Symbols

® \Bicycle o \Football Z \PointinghandV \Checkedbox x \Gentsroom w \WheelchairU \Clocklogo I \Industry b \WritinghandK \Coffeecup i \InfoX \Crossedbox y \Ladiesroom

Table 107: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats

O \anchor E \eye S \SborderC \carriagereturn C \filledsquarewithdots B \squarewithdots

D \checkmark I \satellitedish Z \Zborder

Table 108: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats

\Envelope \Peace \PhoneHandset T \SunshineOpenCircledq \OrnamentDiamondSolid \Phone \Plane \Tape

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Table 109: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats

\ding37 \ding40 \ding164 \ding167 ♠ \ding171 \ding38 \ding41 \ding165 ♣ \ding168 ♦ \ding169 \ding39 \ding118 \ding166 ♥ \ding170

32

6 Other symbols

The following are all the symbols that didn’t fit neatly or unambiguously into any of the previous sections.(Do weather symbols belong under “Science and technology”? Should dice be considered “mathematics”?)While some of the tables contain clearly related groups of symbols (e.g., musical notes), others represent motleyassortments of whatever the font designer felt like drawing.

Table 110: textcomp Genealogical Symbols

b \textborn c \textdivorced m \textmarriedd \textdied l \textleaf

Table 111: wasysym General Symbols

0 \agemO \clock \LEFTarrow , \smileym \ataribox ¤ \currency \lightning \sun \bell \diameter \male K \UParrow- \blacksmiley L \DOWNarrow h \permil \varangle1 \Bowtie \female \phone ◊ \wasylozenge| \brokenvert / \frownie \pointer ∴ \wasytherefore¢ \cent \invdiameter \recorder \checked 6 \kreuz \RIGHTarrow

Table 112: wasysym Musical Notes

\eighthnote \halfnote \twonotes \fullnote \quarternote

See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 56).

Table 113: wasysym Circles

\CIRCLE G# \LEFTcircle H# \RIGHTcircle ! \rightturn# \Circle I \Leftcircle J \RightcircleG \LEFTCIRCLE H \RIGHTCIRCLE " \leftturn

Table 114: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols

\manboldkidney \manpenkidney

$ \manconcentriccircles & \manquadrifolium% \manconcentricdiamond \manquartercircle

# \mancone ' \manrotatedquadrifolium \mancube " \manrotatedquartercircley \manerrarrow \manstar! \manfilledquartercircle \mantiltpennib \manhpennib 7 \mantriangledown \manimpossiblecube x \mantriangleright \mankidney 6 \mantriangleup \manlhpenkidney \manvpennib

33

Table 115: marvosym Navigation Symbols

· \Forward » \MoveDown ´ \RewindToIndex ¼ \ToTop¸ \ForwardToEnd º \MoveUp µ \RewindToStart¹ \ForwardToIndex ¶ \Rewind ½ \ToBottom

Table 116: marvosym Laundry Symbols

Ø \AtForty Ü \Handwash Ô \ShortNinetyFiveÓ \AtNinetyFive ¯ \IroningI Ö \ShortSixtyÕ \AtSixty ° \IroningII Û \ShortThirtyË \Bleech ± \IroningIII Ú \SpecialForty« \CleaningA Ì \NoBleech \Tumbler¾ \CleaningF ¨ \NoChemicalCleaning ‰ \WashCotton¿ \CleaningFF ² \NoIroning Š \WashSynthetics¬ \CleaningP \NoTumbler ‹ \WashWool \CleaningPP × \ShortFiftyÝ \Dontwash Ù \ShortForty

Table 117: Other marvosym Symbols

ˆ \Ankh † \Cross Œ \Heart © \Smileyý \Bat F \FHBOlogo ÿ \MartinVogel þ \Womanface¥ \Bouquet f \FHBOLOGO m \Mundus Y \Yinyang‡ \Celtcross § \Frowny @ \MVAtª \CircledA \FullFHBO : \Rightarrow∗

∗ Standard LATEX 2ε defines \Rightarrow to display “⇒”, while marvosym redefinesit to display “:” (or “:” in math mode). This conflict can be problematic for mathsymbols defined in terms of \Rightarrow, such as \Longleftrightarrow, whichends up looking like “⇐ :”.

Table 118: ifsym Weather Symbols

\Blitz " \FilledWeakRainCloud \Rain \ThinFog

\Cloud \Fog \RainCloud \WeakRain

\FilledCloud \Graupel \Snow \WeakRainCloud

! \FilledRainCloud \Hagel \SnowCloud

$ \FilledSnowCloud \HalfSun \Sun

# \FilledSunCloud \NoSun \SunCloud

In addition, \Thermo0. . .\Thermo6 produce thermometers that are between0/6 and 6/6 full of mercury: Similarly, \wind〈sun〉〈angle〉〈strength〉 will draw wind symbols with a givenamount of sun (0–4), a given angle (in degrees), and a given strength in km/h (0–100). For example, \wind000 produces “ 0 ”, \wind200 produces “ 0”, and \wind40100 produces “ : ”.

34

Table 119: ifsym Alpine Symbols

\FilledHut \Joch \Tent \Vermessung \Flag \Mountain \VarFlag \Village \HalfFilledHut \StoneMan \VarIceMountain \Hut \Summit \VarMountain \IceMountain \SummitSign \VarSummit

Table 120: ifsym Clocks

\Interval \StopWatchStart \VarClock \Wecker

\StopWatchEnd \Taschenuhr \VarTaschenuhr

ifsym also exports a \showclock macro. \showclock〈hours〉〈minutes〉 outputsa clock displaying the corresponding time. For instance, “\showclock540”produces “D”. 〈hours〉 must be an integer from 0 to 11, and 〈minutes〉 must be aninteger multiple of 5 from 0 to 55.

Table 121: Other ifsym Symbols

\FilledSectioningDiamond \Letter \Radiation \Fire \PaperLandscape \SectioningDiamond \Irritant \PaperPortrait ( \Telephone

: \StrokeOne ::: \StrokeThree ; \StrokeFive:: \StrokeTwo :::: \StrokeFour

In addition, \Cube1. . .\Cube6 produce dice with the corresponding number ofspots:

35

7 Additional Information

Unlike the previous sections of this document, Section 7 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it providesadditional help in using the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List. First, it draws attention to symbol names usedby multiple packages. Then, it provides some guidelines for finding symbols and gives some examples regardinghow to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. Next, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbolsin math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all ofthe standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in LATEX. And finally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.

7.1 Symbol Name Clashes

Unfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Dependingon how the symbols are defined in each package, LATEX will either output an error message or replace an earlier-defined symbol with a later-defined symbol. Table 122 lists the name clashes that appear in this document.The symbol “N/A” is used to indicate that the corresponding package was not available when symbols.tex wascompiled.

Table 122: Symbol Name Clashes

Symbol LATEX 2ε AMS stmaryrd wasysym marvosym bbding ifsym dingbat wsuipa

\angle ∠ ∠\baro <\bigtriangledown 5

`

\bigtriangleup 4a

\checkmark X D\Circle # 5\Cross † * \Letter B \lightning \Rightarrow ⇒ :

\rightleftharpoons

\Square f 0\Sun À \TriangleDown o 3\TriangleUp n 1

Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same document—or even merely loading conflictingsymbol packages—can be tricky, but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 122, not impossible. The generalprocedure is to load the first package, rename the conflicting symbols, and then load the second package.Examine the LATEX source for this document—especially the \savesymbol and \restoresymbol macros andtheir subsequent usage—to see one possible way to handle symbol conflicts.

txfonts and pxfonts redefine a huge number of symbols—essentially, all of the symbols defined by latexsym,textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and LATEX 2ε itself. The txfonts and pxfonts conflicts are not listedin Table 122 because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 123 illustrateswhat “compatible” means in this context.

Table 123: Example of a Benign Name Clash

Default txfontsSymbol (Computer Modern) (Times Roman)

R R R\textrecipe

36

To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the document’s main font, merely reset the defaultfont families back to their original values after loading one of those packages:

\renewcommand\rmdefaultcmr\renewcommand\sfdefaultcmss\renewcommand\ttdefaultcmtt

7.2 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ?

If you can’t find some symbol you’re looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations:

The symbol isn’t intuitively named. As a few examples, the command to draw dice is “\Cube”; a plussign with a circle around it (“exclusive or” to computer engineers) is “\oplus”; and lightning bolts infonts designed by German speakers may have “blitz” in their names. The moral of the story is to becreative with synonyms when searching the index.

The symbol is defined by some package that I overlooked (or deemed unimportant). If there’s somesymbol package that you think should be included in the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List, please sendme e-mail at the address listed on the title page.

The symbol isn’t defined in any package whatsoever.

Even in the last case, all is not lost. Sometimes, a symbol exists in a font, but there is no LATEX bindingfor it. For example, the PostScript Symbol font contains a “↵” symbol, which may be useful for representing acarriage return, but there is no package for accessing that symbol (as far as I know). To produce an unnamedsymbol, you need to switch to the font explicitly with LATEX 2ε’s low-level font commands [LAT00] and use\char to request a specific character number in the font.2

Symbols that do not exist in any font can sometimes be fabricated out of existing symbols. The LATEX 2εsource file called fontdef.dtx contains a number of such definitions. For example, \models (see Table 29 onpage 14) is defined in that file with:

\def\models\mathrel|\joinrel=

where \mathrel and \joinrel are used to control the horizontal spacing. (See The TEXbook [Knu86] formore information on those commands.)

With some simple pattern-matching, one can easily define a backward \models sign (“=|”):

\def\ismodeledby=\joinrel\mathrel|

As another example, fontdef.dtx composes the \ddots symbol (see Table 56 on page 21) out of threeperiods, raised 7 pt., 4 pt., and 1 pt., respectively:

\def\ddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise7\p@\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\p@ is a LATEX 2ε shortcut for “pt” or “1.0pt”. The remaining commands are defined in The TEXbook [Knu86].To draw a version of \ddots with the dots going along the opposite diagonal, we merely have to reorder the\raise7\p@, \raise4\p@, and \raise\p@:

\makeatletter\def\revddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise\p@

\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise7\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\makeatother

(The \makeatletter and \makeatother commands are needed to coerce LATEX into accepting “@” as part ofa macro name.)

As a final example of creating new symbols out of existing ones, the following code defines a principal valueintegral symbol, which is an integral sign with a line through it:

2pifont defines a convenient \Pisymbol command for accessing symbols in PostScript fonts by number. For example,“\Pisymbolpsy191” produces “↵”.

37

\def\Xint#1\mathchoice\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle#1%\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\!\int

\def\XXint#1#2#3\setbox0=\hbox$#1#2#3\int$\vcenter\hbox$#2#3$\kern-.5\wd0

\def\ddashint\Xint=\def\dashint\Xint-

\dashint produces a single-dashed integral sign (“−∫

”), while \ddashint produces a double-dashed one (“=∫

”).The same technique can be used to produce, for example, clockwise and counterclockwise contour integrals.(Search the comp.text.tex archives for a post by Donald Arseneau that says exactly how.) The precedingcode was taken verbatim from the UK TEX Users’ Group FAQ (http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq).

Accents are a special case of combining existing symbols to make new symbols. While various tables inthis document show how to add an accent to an existing symbol, some applications, such as transliterationfrom non-Latin alphabets, require multiple accents per character. For instance, the creator of pdfTEX writeshis name as “Han Th´e Thanh”. The wsuipa package defines \diatop and \diaunder macros for putting oneor more diacritics or accents above or below a given character. For example, \diaunder[\diatop[\’|\=]|\textsubdotr] produces “´r”. See the wsuipa documentation for more information.

The accents package facilitates the fabrication of accents in math mode. Its \accentset command en-ables any character to be used as an accent. For instance, \accentset\starf produces “

?

f ” and\accentseteX produces “

e

X”. \underaccent does the same thing, but places the accent beneath thecharacter. This enables constructs like \underaccent\tildeV, which produces “

˜V”. accents provides

other accent-related features as well; see the documentation for more information.

7.3 Math-mode spacing

Terms such as “binary operators”, “relations”, and “punctuation” in Section 3 primarily regard the surroundingspacing. (See the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for a nice exposition on the subject.) To use an symbolfor a different purpose, you can use the TEX commands \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen,\mathclose, and \mathpunct. For example, if you want to use \downarrow as a variable (an “ordinary”symbol) instead of a delimiter, you can write “$3 x + \mathord\downarrow$” to get the properly spaced“3x + ↓” rather than the awkward-looking “3x+ ↓”. See The TEXbook [Knu86] for more information.

The purpose of the “log-like symbols” in Tables 39 and 40 is to provide the correct amount of spacingaround and within multiletter function names. Table 124 contrasts the output of the log-like symbols withvarious, naıve alternatives. In addition to spacing, the log-like symbols also handle subscripts properly. Forexample, “\max_p \in P” produces “maxp∈P” in text, but “max

p∈P” as part of a displayed formula.

Table 124: Spacing Around/Within Log-like Symbols

LATEX expression Output

$r \sin \theta$ r sin θ (best)$r sin \theta$ rsinθ$r \mboxsin \theta$ rsinθ

7.4 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference

Table 125 on the next page amalgamates data from various other tables in this document into a convenientreference for LATEX 2ε typesetting of ASCII characters, i.e., the characters available on a typical3 computerkeyboard. The first two columns list the character’s ASCII code in decimal and hexadecimal. The thirdcolumn shows what the character looks like. The fourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the

3typical for the United States, at least

38

character as a text character. And the fourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the characterwithin a \texttt. . . command (or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

Table 125: LATEX 2ε ASCII Table

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

33 21 ! ! !34 22 " \textquotedbl "35 23 # \# \#36 24 $ \$ \$37 25 % \% \%38 26 & \& \&39 27 ’ ’ ’40 28 ( ( (41 29 ) ) )42 2A * * *43 2B + + +44 2C , , ,45 2D - - -46 2E . . .47 2F / / /48 30 0 0 049 31 1 1 150 32 2 2 2...

......

......

57 39 9 9 958 3A : : :59 3B ; ; ;60 3C < \textless <61 3D = = =

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

62 3E > \textgreater >63 3F ? ? ?64 40 @ @ @65 41 A A A66 42 B B B67 43 C C C...

......

......

90 5A Z Z Z91 5B [ [ [92 5C \ \textbackslash \char‘\\93 5D ] ] ]94 5E ˆ \^ \^95 5F \_ \char‘\_96 60 ‘ ‘ ‘97 61 a a a98 62 b b b99 63 c c c...

......

......

122 7A z z z123 7B \ \char‘\124 7C | \textbar |125 7D \ \char‘\126 7E ˜ \~ \~

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 125:

\textquotedbl is not available in the OT1 font encoding.

The characters “<”, “>”, and “|” do work as expected in math mode, although they produce, respectively,“¡”, “¿”, and “—” in text mode.4 Hence, $<$, $>$, and $|$ serve as a terser alternative to \textless,\textgreater, and \textbar. Note that for typesetting metavariables, many people prefer \textlangleand \textrangle to \textless and \textgreater, i.e., “〈filename〉” instead of “<filename>”.

The various \char commands within \texttt are necessary only in the OT1 font encoding. Using otherencodings (e.g., T1), commands such as \, \, \_, and \textbackslash all work properly.

\textasciicircum can be used instead of \^, and \textasciitilde can be used instead of \~.For typesetting tildes in URLs and Unix filenames, some people prefer \sim (see Table 29 on page 14),which produces a larger symbol. But if you don’t mind the tilde produced by \~, you should use theurl package to typeset URLs—it has a number of additional nice features.

The IBM version of ASCII characters 1 to 31 can be typeset using the ascii package. See Table 76 onpage 25.

To replace ‘ and ’ with the more computer-like (and more visibly distinct) ` and ' within a verbatimenvironment, use the upquote package. Outside of verbatim, you can use \char18 and \char13 to getthe modified quote characters. (The former is actually a grave accent.)

4Donald Knuth didn’t think such symbols were important outside of mathematics, so he omitted them from the OT1 fontencoding.

39

Similar to Table 125, Table 126 on the following page is an amalgamation of data from other tables in thisdocument. While Table 125 shows how to typeset the 7-bit ASCII character set, Table 126 shows the Latin 1(Western European) character set, also known as ISO-8859-1.

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 126:

A “(tc)” after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol.A “(T1)” means that the symbol needs the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the fontencoding document-wide.

Many of the \text. . . accents can also be produced using the accent commands shown in Table 8 onpage 6 plus an empty argument. For instance, \= is essentially the same as \textasciimacron.

The commands in the “LATEX 2ε” columns work in both body text and within a \texttt. . . command(or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

Microsoft® Windows® normally uses a superset of Latin 1 called “CP1252” (Code Page 1252). CP1252adds codes in the range 128–159 (hexadecimal 80–9F), including characters such as dashes, daggers, andquotation marks. If there’s sufficient interest, a future version of the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol Listmay include a CP1252 table.

7.5 About this document

History David Carlisle wrote the first version of this document in October, 1994. It originally contained allof the native LATEX symbols (Tables 21, 22, 29, 35, 39, 41, 46, 47, 52, 53 55, and 56) and was designed to benearly identical to the tables in Chapter 3 of Leslie Lamport’s book [Lam86]. Even the table captions and theorder of the symbols within each table matched! The AMS symbols (Tables 23, 30, 31, 36, 37, 42, 45, 48, and57) and an initial Math Alphabets table (Table 66) were added thereafter. Later, Alexander Holt providedthe stmaryrd tables (Tables 24, 25, 32, 33, 38, 49, and 59).

In January, 2001, Scott Pakin took responsibility for maintaining the symbol list and has since implementeda complete overhaul of the document. The result, now called, “The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List”,includes the following new features:

The addition of a handful of new math alphabets, dozens of new font tables, and thousands of newsymbols

The categorization of the symbol tables into body-text symbols, mathematical symbols, science andtechnology symbols, dingbats, and other symbols, to provide a more user-friendly document structure

An index, table of contents, and a frequently-requested symbol list, to help users quickly locate symbols

Symbol tables rewritten to list the symbols in alphabetical order

Appendices to provide additional information relevant to using symbols in LATEX

Tables showing how to typeset all of the characters in the ASCII and Latin 1 font encodings

Furthermore, the internal structure of the document has been completely altered from David’s original version.Most of the changes are geared towards making the document easier to extend, modify, and reformat.

Build characteristics Table 127 on page 42 lists some of this document’s build characteristics. Mostimportant is the list of packages that LATEX couldn’t find, but that symbols.tex otherwise would have beenable to take advantage of. Complete, prebuilt versions of this document are available from CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/ or one of its many mirror sites) in the directory tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive.

40

Table 126: LATEX 2ε Latin 1 Table

Dec Hex Char LATEX 2ε

161 A1 ¡ !‘162 A2 ¢ \textcent (tc)163 A3 £ \pounds164 A4 ¤ \textcurrency (tc)165 A5 ¥ \textyen (tc)166 A6 ¦ \textbrokenbar (tc)167 A7 § \S168 A8 ¨ \textasciidieresis (tc)169 A9 © \textcopyright170 AA ª \textordfeminine171 AB \guillemotleft (T1)172 AC ¬ \textlnot (tc)174 AE ® \textregistered175 AF ¯ \textasciimacron (tc)176 B0 ° \textdegree (tc)177 B1 ± \textpm (tc)178 B2 ² \texttwosuperior (tc)179 B3 ³ \textthreesuperior (tc)180 B4 ´ \textasciiacute (tc)181 B5 µ \textmu (tc)182 B6 ¶ \P183 B7 · \textperiodcentered184 B8 ¸ \c185 B9 ¹ \textonesuperior (tc)186 BA º \textordmasculine187 BB \guillemotright188 BC ¼ \textonequarter (tc)189 BD ½ \textonehalf (tc)190 BE ¾ \textthreequarters (tc)191 BF ¿ ?‘

192 C0 A \‘A

193 C1 A \’A

194 C2 A \Â195 C3 A \~A196 C4 A \"A

197 C5 A \AA198 C6 Æ \AE199 C7 C \cC

200 C8 E \‘E

201 C9 E \’E

202 CA E \Ê203 CB E \"E

204 CC I \‘I

205 CD I \’I

206 CE I \Î207 CF I \"I208 D0 Ð \DH (T1)

Dec Hex Char LATEX 2ε

209 D1 N \~N

210 D2 O \‘O

211 D3 O \’O

212 D4 O \Ô213 D5 O \~O214 D6 O \"O215 D7 Ö \texttimes (tc)216 D8 Ø \O

217 D9 U \‘U

218 DA U \’U

219 DB U \Û220 DC U \"U

221 DD Y \’Y222 DE Þ \TH (T1)223 DF ß \ss224 E0 a \‘a225 E1 a \’a226 E2 a \â227 E3 a \~a228 E4 a \"a229 E5 a \aa230 E6 æ \ae231 E7 c \cc232 E8 e \‘e233 E9 e \’e234 EA e \ê235 EB e \"e236 EC ı \‘ı237 ED ı \’ı238 EE ı \^ı239 EF ı \"ı240 F0 ð \dh (T1)241 F1 n \~n242 F2 o \‘o243 F3 o \’o244 F4 o \ô245 F5 o \~o246 F6 o \"o247 F7 ö \textdiv (tc)248 F8 ø \o249 F9 u \‘u250 FA u \’u251 FB u \û252 FC u \"u253 FD y \’y254 FE þ \th (T1)255 FF y \"y

41

Table 127: Document Characteristics

Characteristic Value

Source file: symbols.texBuild date: July 2, 2001Symbols documented: 2266Packages included: textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym

pifont marvosym manfnt bbding ifsym tipa wsuipa ulsyar txfonts fclfont ascii dingbat yfonts accents mathrsfszapfchan bbold dsfont bbm

Packages omitted: none

References

[Dow00] Michael Downes. Short math guide for LATEX, July 19, 2000. Version 1.07. Available from http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html.

[Knu86] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, volume A of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading,MA, USA, 1986.

[Lam86] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A document preparation system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

[LAT00] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2ε font selection, January 30, 2000. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps (also included in many TEX distribu-tions).

42

Index

If you’re having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under “T” for “\text. . .”. Many text-mode commands beginwith that prefix.

Symbols\" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 39\$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 39\% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 39\& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 39\’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 39\_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 39\‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 39

A\AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5abzuglich . . see \textdiscount

\AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24accents . . . . . . . 6–8, 20, 21, 38

any character as . . . . . . 38multiple per character . 38

accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 42\accentset . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\ACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25acute . . . . . . . . . . see accents\acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\AE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\ae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\agemO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\ain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\aleph . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 21\alpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18alphabets

African . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Greek . . . . . . . . . . 18, 19Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . 19math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23phonetic . . . . . . . . . 9–11

\alphaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19alpine symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 35\amalg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12AMS . . 4, 12, 15, 17–21, 36, 40amsfonts . . . . 12, 14, 17, 21, 23amsmath . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 18amssymb 4, 12, 14, 17, 21, 23, 42\anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 36\Anglesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Ankh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34APL

modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . 25

symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLcomment . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLdownarrowbox . . . . . . . . 25\APLinput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLinv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLleftarrowbox . . . . . . . . 25\APLlog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLrightarrowbox . . . . . . . 25\APLstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\APLuparrowbox . . . . . . . . . 25\APLvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\apprge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\apprle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\approx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\approxeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Aquarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\aquarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\AR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 42\arccos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\arcsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\arctan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\arg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Aries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\aries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\ArrowBoldDownRight . . . . . 27\ArrowBoldRightCircled . . . 27\ArrowBoldRightShort . . . . 27\ArrowBoldRightStrobe . . . 27\ArrowBoldUpRight . . . . . . . 27\Arrownot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\arrownot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22arrows . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 27, 37

extensible . . . . . . . . . . 21negated . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

\Arrowvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\arrowvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Arseneau, Donald . . . . . . . . 38ASCII . . . . . . . . 4, 5, 25, 38–40

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39ascii . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 39, 42\ascnode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Asterisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\AsteriskBold . . . . . . . . . . 29\AsteriskCenterOpen . . . . . 29\AsteriskRoundedEnds . . . . 29asterisks . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30\AsteriskThin . . . . . . . . . . 29\AsteriskThinCenterOpen . . 29astrological symbols . . . . 24, 25

astronomical symbols . . . . . . 24\astrosun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\asymp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\ataribox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\AtForty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\AtNinetyFive . . . . . . . . . . 34\AtSixty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

B\B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\babygamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\backepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . 15\backprime . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\backsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\backsimeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\backslash . . . . . . . . . . 19, 21\bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\barb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\bard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\bari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\baro . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 13, 36\barp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barsci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barscu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\baru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\barwedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Bat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\bbalpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\bbbeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Bbbk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21bbding . . . . . 27–29, 31, 36, 42\bbgamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23bbgreekl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42bbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42\bbslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\BEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\beta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\betaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\beth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\between . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Bicycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\bigbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\bigcap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bigcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\BigCircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\BigCross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\bigcup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bigcurlyvee . . . . . . . . . . . 13\bigcurlywedge . . . . . . . . . 13\BigDiamondshape . . . . . . . . 30\BigHBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

43

\biginterleave . . . . . . . . . 13\BigLowerDiamond . . . . . . . . 30\bignplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\bigodot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bigoplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bigotimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bigparallel . . . . . . . . . . . 13\BigRightDiamond . . . . . . . . 30\bigsqcap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\bigsqcapplus . . . . . . . . . . 14\bigsqcup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bigsqcupplus . . . . . . . . . . 14\BigSquare . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\bigstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\BigTriangleDown . . . . . . . . 30\bigtriangledown . . . 12, 13, 36\BigTriangleLeft . . . . . . . . 30\BigTriangleRight . . . . . . . 30\BigTriangleUp . . . . . . . . . 30\bigtriangleup . . . . 12, 13, 36\biguplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\BigVBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\bigvee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bigwedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\binampersand . . . . . . . . . . 13binary operators . . . . . . 12, 13binary relations . . . . . . . 15–16

negated . . . . . . . . . 15, 16\bindnasrepma . . . . . . . . . . 13\Biohazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26biological symbols . . . . . . . . 26blackboard bold . . . . . . . . . 23\blacklozenge . . . . . . . . . . 21\blacksmiley . . . . . . . . . . . 33\blacksquare . . . . . . . . . . . 21\blacktriangle . . . . . . . . . 21\blacktriangledown . . . . . . 21\blacktriangleleft . . . . . . 15\blacktriangleright . . . . . 15\Bleech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Blitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\blitza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\blitzb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\blitzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\blitzd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\blitze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\bot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Bouquet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Bowtie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\bowtie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22\boxast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\boxbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\boxbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\boxbslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\boxcircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\boxdot . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13\boxdotLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxdotleft . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxdotRight . . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxdotright . . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxempty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\boxLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\boxleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\boxplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\boxRight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\boxtimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bracevert . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19breve . . . . . . . . . . see accents\breve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\brokenvert . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\BS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\BSEfree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Bumpeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\bumpeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

C\c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 41\CAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Capricorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\capricornus . . . . . . . . . . . 24cardinality . . . . . . . see \aleph

caret . . . . . . . . . . . see accentsCarlisle, David . . . . . . . . . . 40carriage return . . . . . . . 25, 37\carriagereturn . . . . . . . . 31\cdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\cdotp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\cdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Cedi . see \textcolonmonetary

cedilla . . . . . . . . . . see accents\Celtcross . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\cent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\centerdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\CEsign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 37\check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20check marks . . . . . . . 28, 29, 31\checked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\CheckedBox . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Checkedbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Checkmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\checkmark . . . . . . . . 21, 31, 36\CheckmarkBold . . . . . . . . . 28\chi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\chiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\circ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\circeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\CIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Circle . . . . . . . . . . 30, 33, 36\circlearrowleft . . . . . . . . 17\circlearrowright . . . . . . . 17circled numbers . . . . . . . . . . 29\CircledA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\circledast . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\circledbar . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\circledbslash . . . . . . . . . 13\circledcirc . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\circleddash . . . . . . . . . . . 12\circleddot . . . . . . see \odot

\circleddotleft . . . . . . . . 16\circleddotright . . . . . . . . 16\circledgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\circledless . . . . . . . . . . . 16\circledminus . . . see \ominus

\circledotleft . . . . . . . . see\circleddotleft

\circledotright . . . . . . . see\circleddotright

\circledplus . . . . . see \oplus

\circledR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\circledS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\circledslash . . . see \oslash

\circledtimes . . . see \otimes

\circledvee . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\circledwedge . . . . . . . . . . 13\circleleft . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\circleright . . . . . . . . . . . 16circles . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 33\CircleShadow . . . . . . . . . . 31\CircleSolid . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Circpipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Circsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26circumflex . . . . . . . see accents\CleaningA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\CleaningF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\CleaningFF . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\CleaningP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\CleaningPP . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\clickb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\clickc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\clickt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33clock symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Clocklogo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\closedniomega . . . . . . . . . 11\closedrevepsilon . . . . . . . 11\Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34clovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30clubs (suit) . . . . . . . . 21, 22, 32\clubsuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Coffeecup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Colonapprox . . . . . . . . . . . 16\colonapprox . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Coloneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\coloneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Coloneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\coloneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Colonsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\colonsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16communication symbols . . . . 25comp.text.tex . . . . . . . . 4, 38\complement . . . . . . . . . . . . 21complex numbers see alphabets,

mathComprehensive TEX Archive Net-

work . . . . . . . . . . . . seeCTAN

computer hardware symbols . 25\ComputerMouse . . . . . . . . . 25

44

\cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\conjunction . . . . . . . . . . . 24contradiction symbols . . . . . 22control characters . . . . . . . . 25\coprod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\Corresponds . . . . . . . . . . . 22\cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\cosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\cot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\coth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9CP1252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\CR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Cross . . . . . . . . 28, 30, 34, 36\crossb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\CrossBoldOutline . . . . . . . 28\CrossClowerTips . . . . . . . . 28\crossd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\Crossedbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 31crosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 34\crossh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\CrossMaltese . . . . . . . . . . 28\crossnilambda . . . . . . . . . 11\CrossOpenShadow . . . . . . . . 28\CrossOutline . . . . . . . . . . 28crucifixes . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 34\csc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18CTAN . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 4, 40\Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 37\Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\curlyc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\curlyeqprec . . . . . . . . . . . 15\curlyeqsucc . . . . . . . . . . . 15\curlyesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\curlyvee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\curlyveedownarrow . . . . . . 13\curlyveeuparrow . . . . . . . . 13\curlywedge . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\curlywedgedownarrow . . . . 13\curlywedgeuparrow . . . . . . 13\curlyyogh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\curlyz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33currency symbols . . . . . . . . 8, 9\curvearrowleft . . . . . . . . 17\curvearrowright . . . . . . . . 17\Cutleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Cutline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Cutright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

D\d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\dag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\dagger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\daleth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19dangerous bend symbols . . . 31\dasharrow . . . . . . . . . . . . see

\dashrightarrow

\dashint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\dashleftarrow . . . . . . . . . 17

\dashleftrightarrow . . . . . 16\dashrightarrow . . . . . . . . 17\dashv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\davidsstar . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\DavidStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\DavidStarSolid . . . . . . . . 29\dbend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\DCa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\DCb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\DCc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\DCd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ddag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\ddagger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\ddashint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\ddot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\ddots . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 37\deg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18degrees . . . . . see \textdegree

\DEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Deleatur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

variable-sized . . . . . 19, 20\Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\deltaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Denarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\descnode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\det . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\DH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9\dh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9diacritics . . . . . . . . see accentsdiæresis . . . . . . . . see accents\diagdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\diagup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Diamond . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22\diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Diamondblack . . . . . . . . . . 22\Diamonddot . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\DiamonddotLeft . . . . . . . . 16\Diamonddotleft . . . . . . . . 16\DiamonddotRight . . . . . . . . 16\Diamonddotright . . . . . . . . 16\DiamondLeft . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Diamondleft . . . . . . . . . . . 16\DiamondRight . . . . . . . . . . 16\Diamondright . . . . . . . . . . 16diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31diamonds (suit) . . . . . 21, 22, 32\DiamondShadowA . . . . . . . . 30\DiamondShadowB . . . . . . . . 30\DiamondShadowC . . . . . . . . 30\Diamondshape . . . . . . . . . . 30\DiamondSolid . . . . . . . . . . 31\diamondsuit . . . . . . . . . . . 21\diatop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 38\diaunder . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 38dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 37dictionary symbols . see phonetic

symbols\digamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

circled . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9segmented . . . . . . . . . . 24

\dim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 27–32dingbat . . . . . 27, 28, 31, 36, 42dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\divideontimes . . . . . . . . . 12\DJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\dj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\dlbari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\DLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Dontwash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Doteq . . . . . . . see \doteqdot

\doteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\doteqdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\dotplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\doublebarwedge . . . . . . . . 12\doublecap . . . . . . . . see \Cap

\doublecup . . . . . . . . see \Cup

\DOWNarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Downarrow . . . . . . . . . . 17, 19\downarrow . . . . . . . . 17, 19, 38\downdownarrows . . . . . . . . 17Downes, Michael J. . . . . 18, 42\downharpoonleft . . . . . . . . 17\downharpoonright . . . . . . . 17\downp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\downt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8dsfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42\dz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

E\Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Ecommerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\EightAsterisk . . . . . . . . . 29\EightFlowerPetal . . . . . . . 29\EightFlowerPetalRemoved . 29\eighthnote . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\EightStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\EightStarBold . . . . . . . . . 29\EightStarConvex . . . . . . . . 29\EightStarTaper . . . . . . . . 29\ejective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11electrical symbols . . . . . . . . 24\ell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\EllipseShadow . . . . . . . . . 31\EllipseSolid . . . . . . . . . . 31\EM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Emailct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\emptyset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\eng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11engineering symbols . . . . 24, 26\ENQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\EOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

45

\epsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\epsilonup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\eqcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Eqcolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\eqcolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Eqqcolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\eqqcolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\eqsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\eqslantgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\eqslantless . . . . . . . . . . . 15\equiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25escapable characters . . . . . . . 5\esh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\Estatically . . . . . . . . . . . 26\eta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\etaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\ETB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\eth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 21\ETX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\EUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\EURcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\EURdig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\EURhv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9euro signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\EURtm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9euscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\exists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\exp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Explosionsafe . . . . . . . . . 26extensible arrows . . . . . . . . . 21extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\EyesDollar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

F\fallingdotseq . . . . . . . . . 15\FallingEdge . . . . . . . . . . . 24\fatbslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\fatsemi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\fatslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\FAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\fax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Faxmachine . . . . . . . . . . . . 25fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\FEMALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\FemaleFemale . . . . . . . . . . 26\FemaleMale . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\FF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\FHBOLOGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\FHBOlogo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\FilledBigCircle . . . . . . . . 30\FilledBigDiamondshape . . . 30\FilledBigSquare . . . . . . . . 30\FilledBigTriangleDown . . . 30\FilledBigTriangleLeft . . . 30\FilledBigTriangleRight . . 30

\FilledBigTriangleUp . . . . 30\FilledCircle . . . . . . . . . . 30\FilledCloud . . . . . . . . . . . 34\FilledDiamondShadowA . . . 30\FilledDiamondShadowC . . . 30\FilledDiamondshape . . . . . 30\FilledHut . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\FilledRainCloud . . . . . . . . 34\FilledSectioningDiamond . 35\FilledSmallCircle . . . . . . 30\FilledSmallDiamondshape . 30\FilledSmallSquare . . . . . . 30\FilledSmallTriangleDown . 30\FilledSmallTriangleLeft . 30\FilledSmallTriangleRight 30\FilledSmallTriangleUp . . . 30\FilledSnowCloud . . . . . . . . 34\FilledSquare . . . . . . . . . . 30\FilledSquareShadowA . . . . 30\FilledSquareShadowC . . . . 30\filledsquarewithdots . . . 31\FilledSunCloud . . . . . . . . 34\FilledTriangleDown . . . . . 30\FilledTriangleLeft . . . . . 30\FilledTriangleRight . . . . 30\FilledTriangleUp . . . . . . . 30\FilledWeakRainCloud . . . . 34\fint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Finv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\FiveFlowerOpen . . . . . . . . 29\FiveFlowerPetal . . . . . . . . 29\FiveStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\FiveStarCenterOpen . . . . . 29\FiveStarConvex . . . . . . . . 29\FiveStarLines . . . . . . . . . 29\FiveStarOpen . . . . . . . . . . 29\FiveStarOpenCircled . . . . 29\FiveStarOpenDotted . . . . . 29\FiveStarOutline . . . . . . . . 29\FiveStarOutlineHeavy . . . 29\FiveStarShadow . . . . . . . . 29\Fixedbearing . . . . . . . . . . 26\Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\flapr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 33\Flatsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30\Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34fontdef.dtx . . . . . . . . . . . . 37fontenc . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6, 40\fontencoding . . . . . . . . . . . 4\Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\forall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\ForwardToEnd . . . . . . . . . . 34\ForwardToIndex . . . . . . . . 34\FourAsterisk . . . . . . . . . . 29\FourClowerOpen . . . . . . . . 29\FourClowerSolid . . . . . . . . 29Fourier transform see alphabets,

math

\FourStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\FourStarOpen . . . . . . . . . . 29fraktur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\frown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\frownie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Frowny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\FS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\FullFHBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\fullmoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\fullnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

G\G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\gammaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\gcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \geq

\Gemini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\gemini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24genealogical symbols . . . . . . 33\Gentsroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31geometric shapes . . . . . . 30, 31\geq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\geqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\geqslant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gets . . . . . . . see \leftarrow

\gg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\ggg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gggtr . . . . . . . . . . . see \ggg

\gimel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\glotstop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\gluon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\gnapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gnsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Graupel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34grave . . . . . . . . . . see accents\grave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 19, 23\GS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\gtrapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gtrdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gtreqless . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gtreqqless . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gtrless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\gtrsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\guillemotleft . . . . . . . 6, 41\guillemotright . . . . . . 6, 41\guilsinglleft . . . . . . . . . . 6\guilsinglright . . . . . . . . . 6\gvertneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

H\H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6hacek . . . . . . . . . . see accents\Hagel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\HalfCircleLeft . . . . . . . . 31\HalfCircleRight . . . . . . . . 31\HalfFilledHut . . . . . . . . . 35\halflength . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

46

\halfnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\HalfSun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\HandCuffLeft . . . . . . . . . . 28\HandCuffLeftUp . . . . . . . . 28\HandCuffRight . . . . . . . . . 28\HandCuffRightUp . . . . . . . . 28\HandLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\HandLeftUp . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\HandPencilLeft . . . . . . . . 28\HandRight . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\HandRightUp . . . . . . . . . . . 28hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Handwash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\hat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\HBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\hbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34hearts (suit) . . . . . . . 21, 22, 32\heartsuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Helvetica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\HERMAPHRODITE . . . . . . . . . 26\Hermaphrodite . . . . . . . . . 26\hexagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Hexasteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\hexstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\HF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Hilbert space . . . see alphabets,

mathHolt, Alexander . . . . . . . . . . 40\hom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\hookb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\hookleftarrow . . . . . . . . . 17\hookrevepsilon . . . . . . . . 11\hookrightarrow . . . . . . . . 17\hslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\HT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Hungarian umlaut . see accents\Hut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\hv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

I\i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6IBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 39\IceMountain . . . . . . . . . . . 35\idotsint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\iff . see \Longleftrightarrow

ifsym . . . . . . . 24, 30, 34–36, 42\iiiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\iiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14\iint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14\Im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21imaginary numbers . . . . . . see

alphabets, math\imath . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21\impliedby see \Longleftarrow

\implies see \Longrightarrow

\in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\inf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31information symbols . . . . . . 31\infty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\injlim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\inplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12integers . . . see alphabets, mathintegrals . . . . . . . 12–14, 37–38\intercal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\interleave . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\inva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\invdiameter . . . . . . . . . . . 33\inve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\invf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invglotstop . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invlegr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invneg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\invr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invscripta . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\invy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\iota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\iotaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\ipagamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\IroningI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\IroningII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\IroningIII . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Irritant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\ismodeledby . . . . . . . . . . . 37

J\j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\JackStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\JackStarBold . . . . . . . . . . 29Jewish star . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\jmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21\Joch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 22\joinrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

K\k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\kappa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\kappaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Knuth, Donald E. . . . 4, 39, 42

symbols by . . . . . . . 31, 33\kreuz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Kutline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

L\L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

\labdentalnas . . . . . . . . . . 11\Ladiesroom . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Lagrangian see alphabets, math\Lambda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\lambda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\lambdabar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\lambdaslash . . . . . . . . . . . 22\lambdaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Lamport, Leslie . . . . . . . 40, 42\land . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

\Langle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\langle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Laplace transform see alphabets,

math\largepencil . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Laserbeam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26LATEX 1, 4, 21, 27, 36–38, 40, 42LATEX2ε 1, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14, 17,

21, 34, 36–42latexsym . 12, 14, 17, 21, 36, 42\latfric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 40

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41laundry symbols . . . . . . . . . 34\Lbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\lbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Lbrack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\lceil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\ldotp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ldots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \leq

\leadsto . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 22\left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\LEFTarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Leftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\leftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\leftarrowtail . . . . . . . . . 17\leftarrowtriangle . . . . . . 17\LEFTCIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\LEFTcircle . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Leftcircle . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\leftharpoondown . . . . . . . . 17\leftharpoonup . . . . . . . . . 17\leftleftarrows . . . . . . . . 17\leftmoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\leftp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\leftpointright . . . . . . . . 28\Leftrightarrow . . . . . . . . 17\leftrightarrow . . . . . . . . 17\leftrightarroweq . . . . . . . 17\leftrightarrows . . . . . . . . 17\leftrightarrowtriangle . . 17\leftrightharpoons . . . . . . 17\leftrightsquigarrow . . . . 17\Leftscissors . . . . . . . . . . 27\leftslice . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\leftsquigarrow . . . . . . . . 16\leftt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\leftthreetimes . . . . . . . . 12\leftthumbsdown . . . . . . . . 28\leftthumbsup . . . . . . . . . . 28\Lefttorque . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

47

\leftturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\legm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\legr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\Leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\leq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\leqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\leqslant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lessapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lessdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lesseqgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lesseqqgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lessgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lesssim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Letter . . . . . . . . . . 25, 35, 36letters . . . . . . . . . see alphabets

non-ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . 5variant Latin . . . . . . . . 19

\LF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lfloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\lg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\lgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\LHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\lhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 22\lhdbend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Libra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\libra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lightning . . . . . . . . 17, 33, 36\lim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\liminf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\limsup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Lineload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26linguistic symbols . . . . . . 9–11\lJoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\llbracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\llceil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\llcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Lleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\llfloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\lll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\llless . . . . . . . . . . see \lll

\llparenthesis . . . . . . . . . 20\lmoustache . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\lnapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lnot . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg

\lnsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18log-like symbols . . . . . . . . . . 18\logof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Longleftarrow . . . . . . . . . 17\longleftarrow . . . . . . . . . 17\Longleftrightarrow . . 17, 34\longleftrightarrow . . . . . 17\Longmapsfrom . . . . . . . . . . 17\longmapsfrom . . . . . . . . . . 17\Longmapsto . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\longmapsto . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

\LongPulseHigh . . . . . . . . . 24\LongPulseLow . . . . . . . . . . 24\Longrightarrow . . . . . . . . 17\longrightarrow . . . . . . . . 17\looparrowleft . . . . . . . . . 17\looparrowright . . . . . . . . 17\Loosebearing . . . . . . . . . . 26\lor . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\LowerDiamond . . . . . . . . . . 30\lozenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Lparen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\lrcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\lrJoin . . . . . . . . . see \Join

\lrtimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Lsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Lsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\ltimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\lvertneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\lz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

M\M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6macron . . . . . . . . . see accentsmajuscules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\makeatletter . . . . . . . . . . 37\makeatother . . . . . . . . . . . 37\MALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\MaleMale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\maltese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\manboldkidney . . . . . . . . . 33\manconcentriccircles . . . 33\manconcentricdiamond . . . 33\mancone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\mancube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\manerrarrow . . . . . . . . . . . 33\manfilledquartercircle . . 33manfnt . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 33, 42\manhpennib . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\manimpossiblecube . . . . . . 33\mankidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\manlhpenkidney . . . . . . . . 33\manpenkidney . . . . . . . . . . 33\manquadrifolium . . . . . . . . 33\manquartercircle . . . . . . . 33\manrotatedquadrifolium . . 33\manrotatedquartercircle . 33\manstar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\mantiltpennib . . . . . . . . . 33\mantriangledown . . . . . . . . 33\mantriangleright . . . . . . . 33\mantriangleup . . . . . . . . . 33\manvpennib . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Mappedfromchar . . . . . . . . 16\mappedfromchar . . . . . . . . 16\Mapsfrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\mapsfrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Mapsfromchar . . . . . . . . . . 22\mapsfromchar . . . . . . . . . . 22\Mapsto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\mapsto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

\Mapstochar . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\MartinVogel . . . . . . . . . . . 34marvosym . 9, 22, 24–27, 31, 34,

36, 42matbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23math alphabets . . . . . . . . . . 23math-mode symbols . . . . . . . 22\mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathbbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathbbmss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathcent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\mathclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\mathds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23mathematical symbols . . . . . 12\mathfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\mathopen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\mathord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\mathpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\mathpzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathrel . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38\mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\mathsterling . . . . . . . . . . 22\max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\measuredangle . . . . . . . . . 21\medbullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\medcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\merge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13METAFONTbook symbols . . . 33\mho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22Microsoft Windows . . . . . . . 40\mid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\midtilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\minuso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13miscellaneous symbols . . 21, 22,

31–35Missing $ inserted . . . . . . 12\Mmappedfromchar . . . . . . . . 16\mmappedfromchar . . . . . . . . 16\Mmapstochar . . . . . . . . . . . 16\mmapstochar . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Mobilefone . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\models . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 37\moo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\MoveDown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

48

\MoveUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\mp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\multimap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\multimapboth . . . . . . . . . . 16\multimapbothvert . . . . . . . 16\multimapdot . . . . . . . . . . . 16\multimapdotboth . . . . . . . . 16\multimapdotbothA . . . . . . . 16\multimapdotbothAvert . . . 16\multimapdotbothB . . . . . . . 16\multimapdotbothBvert . . . 16\multimapdotbothvert . . . . 16\multimapdotinv . . . . . . . . 16\multimapinv . . . . . . . . . . . 16multiple accents per character 38\Mundus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34musical notes . . . . . . 11, 21, 33\muup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\MVAt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\MVEight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\MVFive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\MVFour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\MVNine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\MVOne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\MVSeven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\MVSix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\MVThree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\MVTwo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\MVZero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

N\nabla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\NAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\napproxeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nasymp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\natural . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 33natural numbers see alphabets,

mathnavigation symbols . . . . . . . 34\nbacksim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nbacksimeq . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nBumpeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nbumpeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\ncong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neq

\Nearrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nearrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\neg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\neq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\nequiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Neutral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\newmoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\newtie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\nexists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\NG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\ngeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\ngeqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\ngeqslant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\ngg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\ngtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\ngtrapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\ngtrless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\ngtrsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\nialpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nibeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\NibLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\NibRight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\NibSolidLeft . . . . . . . . . . 28\NibSolidRight . . . . . . . . . 28\nichi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nigamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niiota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nilambda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niomega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nisigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nitheta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\niupsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nLeftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nleftarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nLeftrightarrow . . . . . . . . 17\nleftrightarrow . . . . . . . . 17\nleq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nleqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nleqslant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nlessapprox . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nlessgtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nlesssim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nmid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nnearrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nnwarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\NoBleech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\NoChemicalCleaning . . . . . 34\NoIroning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\NoSun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\notbackslash . . . . . . . . . . 25\notin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\notni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\notowns . . . . . . . . see \notni

\notslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\NoTumbler . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\nparallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nprec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nprecapprox . . . . . . . . . . . 16\npreccurlyeq . . . . . . . . . . 16\npreceq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\npreceqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nprecsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nRightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nrightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nshortmid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nshortparallel . . . . . . . . 15\nsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nsimeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\nsqsubset . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nsqsubseteq . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nsqsupset . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nsqsupseteq . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nSubset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nsubseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nsubseteqq . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nsucc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nsuccapprox . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nsucccurlyeq . . . . . . . . . . 16\nsucceq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nsucceqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nsuccsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nSupset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nsupseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nsupseteqq . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nthickapprox . . . . . . . . . . 16\ntriangleleft . . . . . . . . . 15\ntrianglelefteq . . . . . . . . 15\ntrianglelefteqslant . . . 16\ntriangleright . . . . . . . . 15\ntrianglerighteq . . . . . . . 15\ntrianglerighteqslant . . . 16\ntwoheadleftarrow . . . . . . 16\ntwoheadrightarrow . . . . . 16\nu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18number sets see alphabets, mathnumbers . . . . . . . . . . see digitsnumerals . . . . . . . . . . see digits\nuup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\nvarparallel . . . . . . . . . . 16\nvarparallelinv . . . . . . . . 16\nVDash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nVdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nvDash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nvdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Nwarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nwarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

O\O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\obar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\oblong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\obslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\ocircle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\octagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Octosteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\odot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\odplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\OE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\oe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5ogonek . . . . . . . . . see accents\ogreaterthan . . . . . . . . . . 13\oiiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\oiiintclockwise . . . . . . . . 14\oiiintctrclockwise . . . . . 14\oiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14\oiintclockwise . . . . . . . . 14\oiintctrclockwise . . . . . . 14\oint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\ointclockwise . . . . . . . . . 14

49

\ointctrclockwise . . . . . . . 14old-style digits . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . . 9\olessthan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Omega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\omega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\omegaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\ominus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\openJoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\openo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11\opentimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16operators

binary . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13\oplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 37\opposition . . . . . . . . . . . . 24options

bbgreekl . . . . . . . . . . . . 23mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . 23mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . 23sans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23varg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\OrnamentDiamondSolid . . . 31\oslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\otimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\ovee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\overbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\overleftarrow . . . . . . 20, 21\overleftrightarrow . . . . . 21\overline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\overrightarrow . . . . . 20, 21\overring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\owedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\owns . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ni

P\P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 41\p@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37packages

accents . . . . . . . . . . 38, 42amsfonts 12, 14, 17, 21, 23amsmath . . . . . . . . 14, 18amssymb . 4, 12, 14, 17, 21,23, 42

ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 42ascii . . . . . . . . . . 25, 39, 42bbding . . 27–29, 31, 36, 42bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42bbold . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42dingbat . 27, 28, 31, 36, 42dsfont . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23euscript . . . . . . . . . 23, 42fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6fontenc . . . . . . . . 4–6, 40ifsym . . . 24, 30, 34–36, 42latexsym . 12, 14, 17, 21, 36,42

manfnt . . . . . . . . 31, 33, 42marvosym . 9, 22, 24–27, 31,34, 36, 42

matbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 23mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . 23mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . 12mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . 23, 42pifont . . . . 6, 27–32, 37, 42pxfonts . . 12–14, 16, 17, 19,21–23, 36, 37

stmaryrd . 13, 15–17, 20, 22,36, 40, 42

textcomp . 4–6, 8, 9, 11, 12,20, 22, 33, 36, 40, 42

tipa . . . . . . . . . . . 7–10, 42txfonts . . 12–14, 16, 17, 19,21–23, 36, 37, 42

ulsy . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 42upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . 39url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39wasysym . . 9, 12–14, 17, 21,22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 33, 36, 42

wsuipa . . . 8, 11, 36, 38, 42yfonts . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42zapfchan . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Pakin, Scott . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\PaperLandscape . . . . . . . . 35\PaperPortrait . . . . . . . . . 35\parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\ParallelPort . . . . . . . . . . 25\partial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\PencilLeft . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\PencilLeftDown . . . . . . . . 28\PencilLeftUp . . . . . . . . . . 28\PencilRight . . . . . . . . . . . 28\PencilRightDown . . . . . . . . 28\PencilRightUp . . . . . . . . . 28pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28\pentagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\permil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Perp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\perp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Pfund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\Phi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\phi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\phiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\PhoneHandset . . . . . . . . . . 31phonetic symbols . . . . . . . 9–11\photon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24physical symbols . . . . . . . . . 24\Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Pickup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25pifont . . . . . . . 6, 27–32, 37, 42\Pisces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\pisces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Pisymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\pitchfork . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\piup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\PlusCenterOpen . . . . . . . . 28\PlusOutline . . . . . . . . . . . 28

plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\PlusThinCenterOpen . . . . . 28\Pluto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\pluto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Pointinghand . . . . . . . . . . 31\polishhook . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30PostScript . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 37\pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 41\Pr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\prec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\precapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\preccurlyeq . . . . . . . . . . . 15\preceq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\preceqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\precnapprox . . . . . . . . . . . 15\precneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\precnsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\precsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21prime numbers . see alphabets,

math\Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\prod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\projlim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18pronunciation symbols . . . . see

phonetic symbols\propto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\psiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19pulse diagram symbols . . . . . 24\PulseHigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\PulseLow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24punctuation . . . . . . . . . . 6, 21pxfonts 12–14, 16, 17, 19, 21–23,

36, 37

Q\quarternote . . . . . . . . . . . 33quaternions see alphabets, math\quotedblbase . . . . . . . . . . . 6\quotesinglbase . . . . . . . . . 6

R\r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . 26\Rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\RainCloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\RaisingEdge . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Rangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\rangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19rational numbers see alphabets,

math\Rbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\rbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Rbrack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\rceil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21real numbers see alphabets, math

50

\recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\RectangleBold . . . . . . . . . 31rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\RectangleThin . . . . . . . . . 31\Rectpipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Rectsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26registered trademark . . . . . see

\textregistered

relational symbols . . . . . . . . 14binary . . . . . . . . . . 15–16negated binary . . . . 15, 16

\restoresymbol . . . . . . . . . 36\restriction . . . . . . . . . . see

\upharpoonright

\revddots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\reve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\reveject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\revepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\reversedvideodbend . . . . . 31\revglotstop . . . . . . . . . . . 11\Rewind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\RewindToIndex . . . . . . . . . 34\RewindToStart . . . . . . . . . 34\rfloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\rgroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\RHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\rhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 22\rho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\rhoup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\RIGHTarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Rightarrow . . . . . . . 17, 34, 36\rightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\rightarrowtail . . . . . . . . 17\rightarrowtriangle . . . . . 17\RIGHTCIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . . 33\RIGHTcircle . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Rightcircle . . . . . . . . . . . 33\RightDiamond . . . . . . . . . . 30\rightharpoondown . . . . . . . 17\rightharpoonup . . . . . . . . 17\rightleftarrows . . . . . . . . 17\rightleftharpoons . . . 17, 36\rightmoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\rightp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\rightpointleft . . . . . . . . 28\rightpointright . . . . . . . . 28\rightrightarrows . . . . . . . 17\Rightscissors . . . . . . . . . 27\rightslice . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\rightsquigarrow . . . . . . . . 17\rightt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\rightthreetimes . . . . . . . . 12\rightthumbsdown . . . . . . . . 28\rightthumbsup . . . . . . . . . 28\Righttorque . . . . . . . . . . . 26\rightturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33ring . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\risingdotseq . . . . . . . . . . 15\rJoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\rlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\rmoustache . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\RoundedLsteel . . . . . . . . . 26\RoundedTsteel . . . . . . . . . 26\RoundedTTsteel . . . . . . . . 26\Rparen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\rrbracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\rrceil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\rrfloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Rrightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . 16\rrparenthesis . . . . . . 17, 20\RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Rsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\rtimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

S\S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 41safety-related symbols . . . . . 26\Sagittarius . . . . . . . . . . . 25\sagittarius . . . . . . . . . . . 24sans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\satellitedish . . . . . . . . . 31\Saturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\saturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\savesymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Sborder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\scd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\scg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\schwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11scientific symbols . . . . . . . . . 24\ScissorHollowLeft . . . . . . 27\ScissorHollowRight . . . . . 27\ScissorLeft . . . . . . . . . . . 27\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom . 27\ScissorLeftBrokenTop . . . 27\ScissorRight . . . . . . . . . . 27\ScissorRightBrokenBottom 27\ScissorRightBrokenTop . . . 27scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\scn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\Scorpio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\scorpio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\scr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23script letters see alphabets, math\scripta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\scriptg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\scriptv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\scu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\scy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\Searrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\searrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\secstress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\SectioningDiamond . . . . . . 35segmented digits . . . . . . . . . 24\selectfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4\SerialInterface . . . . . . . . 25\SerialPort . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\setminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\sharp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 33\Shilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\shortdownarrow . . . . . . . . 17\ShortFifty . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\ShortForty . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\shortleftarrow . . . . . . . . 17\shortmid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\ShortNinetyFive . . . . . . . . 34\shortparallel . . . . . . . . . 15\ShortPulseHigh . . . . . . . . 24\ShortPulseLow . . . . . . . . . 24\shortrightarrow . . . . . . . . 17\ShortSixty . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\ShortThirty . . . . . . . . . . . 34\shortuparrow . . . . . . . . . . 17\showclock . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\sigmaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\sim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 39\simeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\sin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\SixFlowerAlternate . . . . . 29\SixFlowerAltPetal . . . . . . 29\SixFlowerOpenCenter . . . . 29\SixFlowerPetalDotted . . . 29\SixFlowerPetalRemoved . . . 29\SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal 29\SixStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\SixteenStarLight . . . . . . . 29\slashb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\slashc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\slashd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\slashu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\SmallCircle . . . . . . . . . . . 30\SmallCross . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\SmallDiamondshape . . . . . . 30\smallfrown . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\SmallHBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\SmallLowerDiamond . . . . . . 30\smallpencil . . . . . . . . . . . 27\SmallRightDiamond . . . . . . 30\smallsetminus . . . . . . . . . 12\smallsmile . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\SmallSquare . . . . . . . . . . . 30\SmallTriangleDown . . . . . . 30\SmallTriangleLeft . . . . . . 30\SmallTriangleRight . . . . . 30\SmallTriangleUp . . . . . . . . 30\SmallVBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\smile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Smiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\smiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\SnowCloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Snowflake . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\SnowflakeChevron . . . . . . . 29\SnowflakeChevronBold . . . 29snowflakes . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30\SO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\SOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25spades (suit) . . . . . . . 21, 22, 32\spadesuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Sparkle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\SparkleBold . . . . . . . . . . . 29

51

sparkles . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30special characters . . . . . . . . . 5\SpecialForty . . . . . . . . . . 34\sphericalangle . . . . . . . . 21\SpinDown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\SpinUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\splitvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\sqcap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\sqcapplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\sqcup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\sqcupplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\sqiiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\sqiint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\sqint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\sqrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\sqsubset . . . . . . . . . 14, 15, 22\sqsubseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\sqsupset . . . . . . . . . 14, 15, 22\sqsupseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\Square . . . . . . . . . . 29–31, 36\square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\SquareCastShadowBottomRight

. . . . . . . . . 31\SquareCastShadowTopLeft . 31\SquareCastShadowTopRight 31\Squaredot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Squarepipe . . . . . . . . . . . . 26squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31\SquareShadowA . . . . . . . . . 30\SquareShadowB . . . . . . . . . 30\SquareShadowBottomRight . 31\SquareShadowC . . . . . . . . . 30\SquareShadowTopLeft . . . . 31\SquareShadowTopRight . . . 31\SquareSolid . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Squaresteel . . . . . . . . . . . 26\squarewithdots . . . . . . . . 31\SS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\ssearrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\sslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\sswarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 38Star of David . . . . . . . . . . . 29stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 29, 30stmaryrd . 13, 15–17, 20, 22, 36,

40, 42\StoneMan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Stopsign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\StopWatchEnd . . . . . . . . . . 35\StopWatchStart . . . . . . . . 35\stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\strictfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\strictif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\strictiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\StrokeFive . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\StrokeFour . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\StrokeOne . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\StrokeThree . . . . . . . . . . . 35\StrokeTwo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\STX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\SUB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\subseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\subseteqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\subsetneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\subsetneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\subsetplus . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\subsetpluseq . . . . . . . . . . 15\succ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\succapprox . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\succcurlyeq . . . . . . . . . . . 15\succeq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\succeqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\succnapprox . . . . . . . . . . . 15\succneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\succnsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\succsim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Summit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\SummitSign . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 34, 36\sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\SunCloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\SunshineOpenCircled . . . . 31\sup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Supset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\supset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\supseteq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\supseteqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\supsetneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\supsetneqq . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\supsetplus . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\supsetpluseq . . . . . . . . . . 15\surd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Swarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\swarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\syllabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Symbol font . . . . . . . . . . . . 37symbols

alpine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35APL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25astrological . . . . . . 24, 25astronomical . . . . . . . . 24biological . . . . . . . . . . . 26body text . . . . . . . . . . . . 5clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35communication . . . . . . . 25computer hardware . . . . 25contradiction . . . . . . . . 22currency . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9dangerous bend . . . . . . 31dictionary . . see symbols,phonetic

electrical . . . . . . . . . . . 24engineering . . . . . . 24, 26genealogical . . . . . . . . . 33general . . . . . . . . . . . . 33information . . . . . . . . . 31Knuth’s . . . . . . . . . 31, 33laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . 34linguistic . . . . . . . . . 9–11log-like . . . . . . . . . . . . 18math-mode . . . . . . . . . 22mathematical . . . . . . . . 12

METAFONTbook . . . . . 33miscellaneous 21, 22, 31–35navigation . . . . . . . . . . 34phonetic . . . . . . . . . 9–11physical . . . . . . . . . . . . 24pulse diagram . . . . . . . 24relational . . . . . . . . . . . 14safety-related . . . . . . . . 26scientific . . . . . . . . . . . 24technological . . . . . . . . 24TEXbook . . . . . . . . 31, 33variable-sized . . . . . 12–14weather . . . . . . . . . . . . 34zodiacal . . . . . . . . . 24, 25

\SYN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

T\T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\taild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailinvr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\taill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\tailz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\talloblong . . . . . . . . . . . . 13tally markers . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\tanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Taschenuhr . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\tau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Taurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\taurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\tauup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19technological symbols . . . . . 24\Telefon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Tent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\tesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11TEXbook, The . . . . . . . . 37, 38

symbols from . . . . . 31, 33\textacutedbl . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textacutemacron . . . . . . . . . 7\textacutewedge . . . . . . . . . 7\textadvancing . . . . . . . . . . 7\textasciiacute . . . . . . 8, 41\textasciibreve . . . . . . . . . 8\textasciicaron . . . . . . . . . 8\textasciicircum . . . . . . 5, 39\textasciidieresis . . . . 8, 41\textasciigrave . . . . . . . . . 8\textasciimacron . . . 8, 40, 41\textasciitilde . . . . . . 5, 39\textasteriskcentered . 5, 11\textbabygamma . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbackslash . . . . . . . 5, 39\textbaht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textbar . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 39\textbarb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

52

\textbard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbardbl . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textbardotlessj . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarglotstop . . . . . . . . 10\textbari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbarl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbarrevglotstop . . . . . 10\textbaru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbeltl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbigcircle . . . . . . . . . 11\textblank . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\textbottomtiebar . . . . . . . . 7\textbraceleft . . . . . . . . . . 5\textbraceright . . . . . . . . . 5\textbrevemacron . . . . . . . . . 7\textbrokenbar . . . . . . 11, 41\textbullet . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11\textbullseye . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcelsius . . . . . . . . . . . 22\textceltpal . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcent . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 41\textcentoldstyle . . . . . . . . 8\textchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcircled . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\textcircledP . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcircumacute . . . . . . . . . 7\textcircumdot . . . . . . . . . . 7\textcloseepsilon . . . . . . . 10\textcloseomega . . . . . . . . 10\textcloserevepsilon . . . . 10\textcolonmonetary . . . . . . . 8\textcommatailz . . . . . . . . 10textcomp 4–6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 20, 22,

33, 36, 40, 42\textcopyleft . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcopyright . . . . . 5, 9, 41\textcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrinvglotstop . . . . . . 10\textcrlambda . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrtwo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctdctzlig . . . . . . . . . 10\textctesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcttctclig . . . . . . . . . 10\textctyogh . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcurrency . . . . . . . . 8, 41\textdagger . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11\textdaggerdbl . . . . . . . 5, 11\textdbend . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\textdblhyphen . . . . . . . . . 11

\textdblhyphenchar . . . . . . 11\textdctzlig . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textdegree . . . . . . . . . 22, 41\textdied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\textdiscount . . . . . . . . . . 11\textdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\textdivorced . . . . . . . . . . 33\textdollar . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8\textdollaroldstyle . . . . . . 8\textdong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textdotacute . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textdotbreve . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textdoublebaresh . . . . . . . 10\textdoublebarpipe . . . . . . 10\textdoublebarslash . . . . . 10\textdoublegrave . . . . . . . . . 7\textdoublepipe . . . . . . . . 10\textdoublevbaraccent . . . . 7\textdoublevertline . . . . . 10\textdownarrow . . . . . . . . . 22\textdownstep . . . . . . . . . . 10\textdyoghlig . . . . . . . . . . 10\textdzlig . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texteightoldstyle . . . . . . . 9\textellipsis . . . . . . . . . . . 5\textemdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\textendash . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\textepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textestimated . . . . . . . . . 11\texteuro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textexclamdown . . . . . . . . . 5\textfishhookr . . . . . . . . . 10\textfiveoldstyle . . . . . . . . 9\textflorin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textfouroldstyle . . . . . . . . 9\textfractionsolidus . . . . 22\textfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\textg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textgamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textglobfall . . . . . . . . . . 10\textglobrise . . . . . . . . . . 10\textglotstop . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textgravecircum . . . . . . . . . 7\textgravedbl . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textgravedot . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textgravemid . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textgreater . . . . . . . . . 5, 39\textguarani . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\texthalflength . . . . . . . . . 9\texthardsign . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthooktop . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtbardotlessj . . . . . . . 9\texthtc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texththeng . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtscg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\texthtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthvlig . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textifsym . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\textinterrobang . . . . . . . . 11\textinterrobangdown . . . . 11\textinvglotstop . . . . . . . . 10\textinvscr . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textinvsubbridge . . . . . . . . 7\textiota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlambda . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlangle . . . . . . . . . 20, 39\textlbrackdbl . . . . . . . . . 20\textleaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\textleftarrow . . . . . . . . . 22\textlengthmark . . . . . . . . 10\textless . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 39\textlhdbend . . . . . . . . . . . 31\textlhookt . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlhti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlhtlongi . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textlnot . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 41\textlonglegr . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlowering . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textlptr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlquill . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\textltailm . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textltailn . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textltilde . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlyoghlig . . . . . . . . . . 10\textmarried . . . . . . . . . . . 33\textmho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\textmidacute . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\textmu . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 41\textmusicalnote . . . . . . . . 11\textnaira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textnineoldstyle . . . . . . . . 9\textnrleg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textnumero . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textObardotlessj . . . . . . . 10\textohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\textOlyoghlig . . . . . . . . . 10\textomega . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textonehalf . . . . . . . . 22, 41\textoneoldstyle . . . . . . . . . 9\textonequarter . . . . . 22, 41\textonesuperior . . . . . 22, 41\textopenbullet . . . . . . . . 11\textopencorner . . . . . . . . 10\textopeno . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textordfeminine . . . 5, 11, 41\textordmasculine . . 5, 11, 41\textovercross . . . . . . . . . . 7\textoverw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textpalhook . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textparagraph . . . . . . . 5, 11\textperiodcentered 5, 11, 41\textpertenthousand . . . . . 11\textperthousand . . . . . . . . 11\textpeso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textpilcrow . . . . . . . . . . . 11

53

\textpipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textpm . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 41\textpolhook . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textprimstress . . . . . . . . 10\textquestiondown . . . . . . . . 5\textquotedbl . . . . . . . . 6, 39\textquotedblleft . . . . . . . . 5\textquotedblright . . . . . . . 5\textquoteleft . . . . . . . . . . 5\textquoteright . . . . . . . . . 5\textquotesingle . . . . . . . . 11\textquotestraightbase . . . 11\textquotestraightdblbase 11\textraiseglotstop . . . . . . 10\textraisevibyi . . . . . . . . 10\textraising . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textramshorns . . . . . . . . . 10\textrangle . . . . . . . . . 20, 39\textrbrackdbl . . . . . . . . . 20\textrecipe . . . . . . . . . 11, 36\textrectangle . . . . . . . . . 10\textreferencemark . . . . . . 11\textregistered . . . . 5, 9, 41\textretracting . . . . . . . . . 7\textrevapostrophe . . . . . . 10\textreve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrevepsilon . . . . . . . . 10\textreversedvideodbend . . 31\textrevglotstop . . . . . . . . 10\textrevyogh . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrhookrevepsilon . . . . 10\textrhookschwa . . . . . . . . 10\textrhoticity . . . . . . . . . 10\textrightarrow . . . . . . . . 22\textringmacron . . . . . . . . . 7\textroundcap . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textrptr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrquill . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\textrtaild . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrtaill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtails . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailz . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrthook . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textsca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textsce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textschwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textsci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscoelig . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscomega . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscripta . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscriptv . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\textscy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textseagull . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsecstress . . . . . . . . . 10\textsection . . . . . . . . . 5, 11\textservicemark . . . . . . . . . 9\textsevenoldstyle . . . . . . . 9\textsixoldstyle . . . . . . . . . 9\textsoftsign . . . . . . . . . . 10\textsterling . . . . . . . . . 5, 8\textstretchc . . . . . . . . . . 10\textsubarch . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsubbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsubbridge . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsubdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsublhalfring . . . . . . . . 7\textsubplus . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsubrhalfring . . . . . . . . 7\textsubring . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsubsquare . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsubtilde . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsubumlaut . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsubw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsubwedge . . . . . . . . . . . 7\textsuperimposetilde . . . . 7\textsurd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\textswab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\textsyllabic . . . . . . . . . . . 7\texttctclig . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textteshlig . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texttheta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textthorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textthreeoldstyle . . . . . . . 9\textthreequarters . . . 22, 41\textthreequartersemdash . 11\textthreesuperior . . . 22, 41\texttildedot . . . . . . . . . . . 7\texttildelow . . . . . . . . . . . 8\texttimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\texttoptiebar . . . . . . . . . . 7\texttrademark . . . . . . . . 5, 9\texttslig . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturna . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturncelig . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnlonglegr . . . . . . . 10\textturnm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnmrleg . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnrrtail . . . . . . . . 10\textturnscripta . . . . . . . . 10\textturnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnv . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnw . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturny . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texttwelveudash . . . . . . . . 11\texttwooldstyle . . . . . . . . . 9\texttwosuperior . . . . . 22, 41\textunderscore . . . . . . . . . 5\textuparrow . . . . . . . . . . . 22\textupsilon . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textupstep . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textvbaraccent . . . . . . . . . 8

\textvertline . . . . . . . . . . 10\textvibyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textvibyy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textvisiblespace . . . . . . . . 5\textwon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textwynn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textyen . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 41\textyogh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textzerooldstyle . . . . . . . . 9\TH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\therefore . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Thermo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Theta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\theta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\thetaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\thickapprox . . . . . . . . . . . 15\thicksim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\ThinFog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Thorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\thorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11tilde . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\tilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 38\tildel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11tildes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12tipa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–10, 42\to . . . . . . . . see \rightarrow

\ToBottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ToTop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\TriangleDown . . . . . 30, 31, 36\triangledown . . . . . . . . . . 21\TriangleLeft . . . . . . . . . . 30\triangleleft . . . . . . . . . . 12\trianglelefteq . . . . . . . . 15\trianglelefteqslant . . . . 15\triangleq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\TriangleRight . . . . . . . . . 30\triangleright . . . . . . . . . 12\trianglerighteq . . . . . . . . 15\trianglerighteqslant . . . 15triangles . . . . . . . . . . 21, 30, 31\TriangleUp . . . . . . . 30, 31, 36\Tsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\TTsteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Tumbler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\TwelweStar . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\twoheadleftarrow . . . . . . . 17\twoheadrightarrow . . . . . . 17\twonotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33txfonts 12–14, 16, 17, 19, 21–23,

36, 37, 42

U\U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\ulcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20ulsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 42

54

umlaut . . . . . . . . . see accents\underaccent . . . . . . . . . . . 38\underarch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\underbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\underdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\underleftarrow . . . . . . . . 21\underleftrightarrow . . . . 21\underline . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\underrightarrow . . . . . . . . 21\underring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\undertilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\underwedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8unity . . . . see alphabets, math\unlhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 22\unrhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 22\UParrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Uparrow . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 19\uparrow . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 19\Updownarrow . . . . . . . . 17, 19\updownarrow . . . . . . . . 17, 19\upharpoonleft . . . . . . . . . 17\upharpoonright . . . . . . . . 17\uplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\upp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39upright Greek letters . . . . . . 19\Upsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\upsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\upsilonup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\upt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\upuparrows . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Uranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\uranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\urcorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

V\v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\varangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\varbigcirc . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\VarClock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\varclubsuit . . . . . . . . . . . 22\varcurlyvee . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varcurlywedge . . . . . . . . . 13\vardiamondsuit . . . . . . . . 22\varepsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varepsilonup . . . . . . . . . . 19\VarFlag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35varg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\varg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\varheartsuit . . . . . . . . . . 22\varhexagon . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\varhexstar . . . . . . . . . . . . 29variable-sized symbols . . 12–14\VarIceMountain . . . . . . . . 35\varinjlim . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varkappa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varliminf . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varlimsup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varmathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\VarMountain . . . . . . . . . . . 35\varnothing . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varoast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varobar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varobslash . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varocircle . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varodot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varogreaterthan . . . . . . . . 13\varoiiintclockwise . . . . . 14\varoiiintctrclockwise . . . 14\varoiintclockwise . . . . . . 14\varoiintctrclockwise . . . 14\varoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varointclockwise . . . . . . . 14\varointctrclockwise . . . . 14\varolessthan . . . . . . . . . . 13\varominus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varoplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varoslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varotimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varovee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varowedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\varparallel . . . . . . . . . . . 16\varparallelinv . . . . . . . . 16\varphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varphiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\varpi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varpiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\varprod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\varprojlim . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varpropto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\varrho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varrhoup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\varsigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varsigmaup . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\varspadesuit . . . . . . . . . . 22\varsubsetneq . . . . . . . . . . 15\varsubsetneqq . . . . . . . . . 15\VarSummit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\varsupsetneq . . . . . . . . . . 15\varsupsetneqq . . . . . . . . . 15\VarTaschenuhr . . . . . . . . . 35\vartheta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varthetaup . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\vartimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\vartriangle . . . . . . . . . . . 21\vartriangleleft . . . . . . . . 15\vartriangleright . . . . . . . 15\varv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\varw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\vary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\VBar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Vdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\vDash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\vdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\vdots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\vec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Vectorarrow . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Vectorarrowhigh . . . . . . . . 22\vee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\veebar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\Vermessung . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\vernal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\VHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Virgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\virgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\VT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\VvDash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Vvdash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

W\WashCotton . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\WashSynthetics . . . . . . . . 34\WashWool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\wasylozenge . . . . . . . . . . . 33\wasypropto . . . . . . . . . . . . 22wasysym 9, 12–14, 17, 21, 22, 24,

25, 29, 30, 33, 36, 42\wasytherefore . . . . . . . . . 33\WeakRain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\WeakRainCloud . . . . . . . . . 34weather symbols . . . . . . . . . 34\Wecker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Wheelchair . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\widehat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\widetilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\Womanface . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\wp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\wr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Writinghand . . . . . . . . . . . 31wsuipa . . . . . . . 8, 11, 36, 38, 42

X\XBox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Xi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\xi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\xiup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 29, 31\XSolid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\XSolidBold . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\XSolidBrush . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Y\Ydown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13yfonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42\Yinyang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Yleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\yogh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\Yright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Yup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

ZZapf Chancery . . . . . . . . . . 23Zapf Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . 27zapfchan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Zborder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\zeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\zetaup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25zodiacal symbols . . . . . . 24, 25

55

the comprehensive latex symbol list - ccrma

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