The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Verification Regime- Relevance to Nuclear Security Patrick Grenard

Special Assistant to the Executive Secretary

Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization

The CTBT is an international treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, by anyone,

anywhere

Opened for Signature on 24 September 1996

The Treaty has been signed by 183 States of which 162 have ratified

Entry-into-Force: 44 States with significant nuclear capabilities must ratify

As of March 2014, three of these States have not signed: India, Pakistan and

DPRK (North Korea)

And a further five have not ratified: China, Egypt, Israel, Iran and the United States

CTBT: Comprehensive

Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

International Monitoring System 377 Facilities

Seismic Primary Array

Seismic Primary 3-comp Station

Seismic Auxiliary Array

Seismic Auxiliary 3-comp Station

Hydroacoustic (hydrophone) Station

Hydroacoustic (T-phase) Station

Infrasound Station

Radionuclide

Station

Radionuclide Lab

Seismic Primary Array

Seismic Primary 3-comp Station

Seismic Auxiliary Array

Seismic Auxiliary 3-comp Station

Hydroacoustic (hydrophone) Station

Hydroacoustic (T-phase) Station

Infrasound Station

Radionuclide

Station

Radionuclide Lab

Seismic Primary Array

Seismic Primary 3-comp Station

Seismic Auxiliary Array

Seismic Auxiliary 3-comp Station

Hydroacoustic (hydrophone) Station

Hydroacoustic (T-phase) Station

Infrasound Station

Radionuclide

Station

Radionuclide Lab

OSI Exercises and Field Tests

Regularly Conducted

Demonstrated effectiveness of the International

Monitoring System

• Xenon 131m and xenon 133 • Detected at Takasaki, Japan, and

Ussuriysk, Russia • Estimated date of fission coincides

with 12 February 2013 • DPRK site identified as possible

source using ATM

Error Ellipses for 2006, 2009 and 2013 DPRK Announced Nuclear Tests

Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011

Magnitude 9 earthquake and 9800 Aftershocks

Plot shows arrival angle versus time, measured at Wake Island hydroacoustic station, during reception of T-phase from main event. Epicentre is at 316 degrees, variation from 312 to 317 degrees

Particulate detections at the IMS Network

After Fukushima Accident This picture show time development of detections for each day after the accident. Level 5 = multiple fission products detected, Level 4 = one fission products detected, Level 3 = fission products typical for the station detected Level 1 and 2 = only natural radioactivity detected

More than 1600 samples contained radiation originating from Fukushima NPP.

CTBTO not involved in emergency preparedness and response activities coordinated by the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies (IACRNE) prior to 11 March 2011.

IACRNE is based on the respective mandate of each organization involved in such emergencies and based on both “post- Chernobyl” conventions namely the “Early Notification Convention” and the “Assistance Convention” IAEA as secretariat of IACRNE (routine conditions) and as “focal point“ (emergency conditions).

CTBTO member of IACRNE since 14.3.2012

Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and

Nuclear Emergencies

(iaea.org)

Developing a verification culture (technical, legal and political)

Sustaining the technological base and expertise

Integrated Capacity Building

Advanced training - Vienna

Regional trainings/workshops to address specific needs

SnT Conferences - Vienna National Data Centres

The CTBT is an inherent part of the set of Treaties which establishes a culture of

nuclear security and CTBTO has already demonstrated its effectiveness.

Article III of the CTBT on National Implementation Measures imposes a strong

obligation to enforce nuclear security.

The CTBTO’s capacity building programme promotes a security culture

The CTBTO infrastructure, experience and expertise can contribute to the

development of nuclear forensics.

CTBT could play a role in a broader approach to NSS process that embraces

emergency preparedness, response and mitigation capabilities

Conclusion