James ArpAndrew Stanley

The Concepts Of Cloning And Cloning Technologies

Scientific Developments of the 18th and 19th Century Cloning The Benefits of Cloning Views of People and Organizations Risks of Cloning Common Misconceptions Relevance

Discussion Topics

Origin of Species – Charles Darwin Natural Selection

Vaccination Rabies – Louis Pasteur Small Pox Vaccine – Edward Jenner

Electricity Light Bulb – Thomas Edison Lightning rod – Benjamin Franklin

Law of Conservation of Mass – Antoine Lavoisier Photosynthesis – Jan Ingenhousz

Scientific Developments During 18th & 19th Century

The creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another

There are three types of cloning technologies Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA cloning Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning

What is Cloning?

The transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element

This technology has existed since the 1970s Bacterial plasmids are often used to generate multiple copies of

the same gene Cloning a gene requires the gene of interest to be isolated from

chromosomal DNA from the DNA fragment

Recombinant DNA Technology

Generates an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently existing animal

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Dolly

Reproductive Cloning

Embryo Cloning Production of human embryos for use in research Harvesting of stem cells

Therapeutic Cloning

In Goethe's Faust, Faust's soul was saved by the Lord, "recognizing the value of Faust's unending striving.“ – (Faust)

Human experimentation Further comprehension of the

human anatomy and genome Cell development

Animal experimentation Less animals required Reduce variability in experiments

Further advancement in cloning technologies Increase efficiency

Potential Benefits in Research

"Life and Death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world” – Frankenstein

Transplants Creation of vital organs

Cures for cancers and disease Filter out diseases through tests Reprogramming cancerous cells

Could prevent miscarriages Less abortions

Prevent transfer of disease from parent to offspring Nerve cell replacement Transgenic Animals

Creation of certain proteins to address bodily deficiencies Drug Factories Xenotransplantation

Potential Benefits in Medicine

"In the end, when Dolly finally emerges from the womb, the most famous little lamb in history, the event is as joyful and wondrous as any other live birth.” – Ed Regis

Solution to infertility Certain traits Not necessarily an entire clone Increase chances of pregnancy

Potential Benefits in Medicine

"All is not lost; the uncontrollable will, and study of revenge, immortal hate, and courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome?” – Satan

Creation of clones specifically programmed for the battlefield Reduces the loss of loved ones

Instill world peace Ongoing war may impose lethargy for brutal force

Potential Benefits in Politics

“If they made both male and female sheep that carried the added gene, they could breed these sheep and have a self-perpetuating flock of living drug factories.” – Ed Regis

Agriculture Livestock

Eliminates artificial insemination with elite semen and embryo transfer

Provide reproduction of an entire genome of an elite speciesDisease resistant Performance specialization

Genetic conservationLess costly

Potential Benefits in the Economy

Expensive Requires biological expertise Highly inefficient

Unviable offspring Low success rate

Threatens genetic diversity Weakening adaptation Interfering with natural evolution

Tampering with “Mother Nature” Alteration of certain traits

Threatens human and animal rights Habituation of malpractices Threatens humanity as a species

Obsoletes the average man

Costs and Risks of Cloning

Cloning is “playing God” Cloning is not a natural process A clone will not have a soul A clone will be emotionally identical Someone could own a clone An unconscious clone would be produced to supply organs Great individuals of the past could be reborn Cloning may harm the embryo

Common Misconceptions

The Catholic Church: John Paul II released a statement condemning the cloning of all life forms. The Vatican also issued a statement that only condemned human cloning, but did not address other forms.

Judaism: The Chief Rabbi of Israel, Meir Law, stated that the cloning of any creature is against Jewish law. However, some believe cloning in order to produce better food and medication would be allowable in Jewish tradition.

Libertarian Party: Steve Dasch, chairman- "Politicians should not have veto power over the creation of new life - especially human life...That’s why the Libertarian Party supports reproductive freedom of choice for Americans-whether they choose to reproduce using the traditional method, or artificial insemination, or in-vitro fertilization, or cloning... if cloning research is banned, millions of people could suffer."

Foundation of Economic Trends: Jeremy Rifkin, president- Proposing a world-wide ban on cloning, he says it should carry a penalty "on par with rape, child abuse, and murder.“

Church of England Board of Social Responsibility: Mary Seller- "The antics of a few cranks and Hitler types" should not impede cloning research. "Cloning. like all science, must be used responsibly. Cloning humans is not desirable. But cloning sheep has its uses."

Clones Rights United Front: Randolfe Wicker, founder- "would be my identical twin, and my identical twin has a right to be born."We’re fighting for research, and we’re defending people’s reproductive rights... I realize my clone

Views of People and Organizations

Alienation and Loneliness/ Duty and Responsibility- Guidance and Protection Tipping the Balance of Nature

Appearances and Reality- Differentiating clone from non-clone

Nature vs. Nurture- Considering Clones as soul-less Teaching morals and ethics

Forbidden knowledge/ Science vs. Nature- Creating life using technology Power comes with Responsibility Religious views Beauty of Nature Meaningful creation of life

Relevance

Cloning may aid the Human Race by: Helping us understand more about ourselves Curing disease Ridding many species of genetic disabilities Prolonging life and possibly preventing violent unwanted

death Giving others the chance to experience life when natural

circumstances wouldn’t allow them to

Conclusion

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