Chapte r 9

The Concepts of life and the living in the Societies of ControP

Maurizia Lazzaralo

We han t.ft I><hind the epoch of d iscipl ino to ent<r that of «"'tro!. Gilh DoIeu," d e!iCriOO:! in. conci.., bot offective w.)' tbi. p.soage from disci· plinary "",ieti .. to the ,oci,,;". of control (l)deuz.e 19901. He provided o. witb tbi. b istoric.1 recomtruction by ..... ing our from tb. dynam ic< of d iffe""" •• nd repetition, tbereby gm<rating new int<rpr<tation. of the birtb . nd de,..,lopnl<nt of capi,.li,m, One of b i. most imrortant tbro·

r<tical innovation. coocern. tbe question of multiplicit)" individ ual, and cia",,, >re nothing but thr ('pmre, inlrgrotion .nd differrmillion of multiplicit)"

It is not onl)' the p henom<nological description of this emlution which interests me here, but the ffiL'thod emplo)'ed, For lklooz<. the com"'ot ive pH""" of both capiulist in<titution. and multipl icity em I>< under<tood only by calling upon the concept of tbe virt OllI and its modaliti .. of actu · a li, .. ion .nd effect""tion. Tn. p .... ge from disciplinary """i"i .. to the "",iet;". of c""trol c.ooOl he under<tood by "arting out from tb~ tram· format ion< of capi,.li.m. We mo" begin io"e.d from the rower o f the multiplicity.

"1>r~i'" gen<r all)' aceepl Fouc.ult'. d.!.Cription of disciplinary soci· <tieo, provided th1t it i. regarded m<rely a,. complement to the Marxian analy.i. of the capiuli" mode of p roduction , lIut though Foucault acknowledged hi. debt to Marx Ihi. tbeory of d iscipline was doubtl ... impireJ by the :\Iarxian description of the organi ... tion of .pac< and time in the facto,y ], he understood t be confinement of workers accord·

ing to. Ver)' different togic. For ~oucault the factory i. but one of t he form. tah" by the actuali·

.. tion of tho paradigm of confinemont, The c.pi .. 1 _ labour rolat;'>o i.

not the fundamenul social r.l .. ion "" to which the en«m ble of othor .ocial relation. i •• Iigned , Th. « hool, the pri",,, .nd the bo.pi .. l, .Iong with !.w, Kienco .nd knowledge _ in .hort. ev<r}~hing that Foucault

Chapter 9

The Concepts of life and the living in the Societies of Contrail

M aurizia Lazzara/o

w. have left I><hind the .poch of d iKipline to .nter tbat of control, Gilles D<!euz< d.,crii>«! In. conci.., bm oif"""ve w.)' ,hi. p."age from diKi­plin>!}' rocieti« '0 'he . ocieti<. of contro l IDeleu,"" 19901. He provided u. wi,h th is hi"oric.1 ""Oll"rucrion hy .etting our from the dynamic> of diife,",,,, • • nd repetition, 'hereby goneratlng now in'erprrtalion. of tho hirth and d"..,lopmen, of capi .. li.m, One of hi. moot important theo· rrtlcal innovation. coocern. 'he qu.stion of nmltiplici')', individ ual •• n.:! d",,,,, .r< IIOIhing nu, lhe ('pm«, im'g"l inn . nd differ.millioll of multip!.ci,)·,

l< i. no' only the phenonl<nolngical d.>c,iption of ,hi. <\'Dlution which in«"". m. herr, hut the mcthod emplo~'.d, fOf o. leuze, 'he caru",u,"y, proc." of bOlh c.pitali" in" i,u"on. and mult iplicity can I>< und.,,,ood only by call ing upon ,h. con"pt of the virtlLll and it< modalit;". of actu_ .Ii.ation . od .ffrctwtion. n .. p."' g' from discipl i ... ,)' .oci«i« '0 the

""'«ie. of control c.nnOl he under"ood hy ,U rtjog ou' from the tran.­form"ioru of c. pi .. li,m. We mu" bej;m in" .. d from ,he power of the multiplicIty.

Jl.j,rxi,,, gener .l1l' a«epl fouc.ul ... Jo..,r ipt ion of di><iplin.ry soci· eti .. , pfOyid.d ,h .. i, i. reg .. dro morely a •• compiement to 'he :\\arxian mall. i. of the capitalist mode of production. lIu, though Fouc.ult ocknowlroged hi. debt to Marx Ih i. throry of d i,,-;plino wa. doubtl .. , impired by the Marxian deKripliol1 of 'he organi ... ion of 'pa« and time in the factoryl, he und.,."ood ,h. confinement of worh" accord· ing to. Vet)' diff,,,,"' logic

For Fou.:,ul, 'he hctoty i. but on. of the form. uhn by ,he .ctu,li­»tion of ,h. par, digm of confinemen', Tho c'pitdl _ bl>our reb,;"n i,

no' t ho fund,menul soci,1 rel .. ion on to whIch the o,,><mblo of other <<>ci.l relation. i •• Iign.d, Th. I«hool. 'he pr i..,n and 'ho l>o'pi .. 1. .Ion~ with lAw, ",,,,ncr . nd knowledg. _ in <hoft, <v",}~hing t hat Foucault

172 Ma urizio lonoroto

den n«~' wh~, can I>< "atoJ I r""o~."bI~1 mu" I>< unde"tood withou, en«ru ining. "ructure _ , up<",ructure relAtion '0 production.

;\brxi" theory co""entr a«. exclu.i ,.., I ~' on e~ploi!3'ion. Other pow" reb,ion. Imen/women, OOctor<ipa'ion" , «.cher<ipupil. and .., on l and other modalities of the exerci", of power (domina' ion , , uhordination , en.b ,'emon'l ar< nogloctoJ for «,«m. ' h ' p< ruin '0 'he ,'cry on,oIogy of , I>< c.«go,)' of work. Thi' catego,)' i. endowed with a PO""" of dialec· ' ical ,ouli<ation, ho,h ,heo"'tical and polit ical. which may I>< critici«<l p rffisely along ' he ,ame hn~. that Tarde cri' imed Hegel : i, i. ""c~"ary ' 0 ·depo!.r i ... · dial"" i .. with the h~lp o f ' he notion of multiplici,y.

In cap iuli.m, i, i. 11 0' , ' ingle drama _ , hal of Spiri, {Hogell or Capital (;I,la rxl _ hut. 'mult iplic i,y of ,oci . 1 dramas' wh ich mmr he tahn into acco unt. To >eire tho dynam ics of capitali. m, we .hou ld not ",fer to the ·immo" ..-, .",ornal and .up<rior· forc~, of ' ho di. lcc,ic (c ,pitallhhourl, hut to ' he 'infinitely mu ltipl ied , infin itesimal and inter· nal' forces {Tarde 1999, 1111, Tho log ic of contr ,d iction. 'he motor of tho ·.ingle drama", i. far ,,~, poor and rrou<tive , Thi. 3"""i,",. wh ich Foucault w ill tah up again after Tarde. i. aimed directly at the Mani" concop,ion of power, in which power i, a lw. y, dep<ndm' on a deep<r econom ic otructlJre,

Tho microphy,"" of pow", replace. tho pyramid.1 a'p<ct of ' he ;\larxi" concoptual isation with an immanence wheroin the v.riou. 'oncloour",' (f.ctory, ochool. hmpi .. 1. <tc.1 .nd diKiplin1rj" tochniquel are afticul.tro with on< ano,her. In relation to thi., Ddemo poin .. ou' that it i. 'he economic <trlJC'ure .nd the hctor~' wh ich pr«uppo>< disci· p linary mechanionl> alread~' a<ting on ,oul, md bodies. not ' he othor wa~' round. Other fore .. and oth~r dynamic< may ' hon be invoked to explain ' he expan.ion of capitali.m. Th ... forc~ •• nd the .. dyn.mic< oh" iomly implr • relation,hip I><t"'ffn up i .. 1 and b boUf, bu , 'hey can not I>< redOKed ' 0 i,.

Th i, i. not '0 de]) ~' ,h. rd~,'a"ce of ' he Marxian an.lr.i. o f , he capit> l_l~hoUf re lation , bu, rather its c laim to red uce <ociety and the mu ltip licity o f power reb,ion> ,h .. co""itute it '0 ' he 'ingle rela t ion of comm and and oWie",e <xerci«d in ,he facto')' Of in the .conom,c re lation. On the contrary, it i. the I.nor whteh must he integrated within

a brooder framewor k, that 0/ !h. disciplin ary oocir!it. and the ir twofold techniques of power, diocipline ,,,d hiopowcr,

Like",i.." tho imp",it ion of conduc" and 'he .ubiection of bodies are no' explicab le by moncu,)' con<trai n" and ,,",onomic imp<rat iv"" ,10,,",. Regimes of .ign •• mach,,,,,. of exp re"K>n and coll"", i.o .. ",m],l.ge. of onu nciation {law. knowledge<. language>, public opinion, <tel act like

172 Ma urizio lonorato

define> a. wh~, c,n I>e " .. ro l r""o~.~bl~1 mm' I>e unde",ood withou, <nterUlning. structure _ ,up<rstructure rel.tlon [0 production.

;l,hr~i " th<ory cone,,",.[ .. <xclu. i, .. ly on e~ploit.tion. Other po",er rebtion. tmenl",omen, OOctoulp.'ion" , te."h<l"pup,l • • nd.., on t and other mod.liti .. of the exerC[i< of power (domin .. ion , .ubordin.'ion, en. I.,'emon'I." nogioctro for re.",n. 'h>t p< [u in '0 the very ontology of t l>e c.tegory of work. Thi. (~tegory i. endowed with . po" .. r of dia lec· t ic.1 ,ot.li"tion. ooth ,heoretiCOlI and polit ical. which may b. ",itlci .. d p"" i .. ly along ,h ... me hn'" that Tarde cri~"i .. d Hegel: it i .... <e.sary to ·depobri ... · di.I",,;« with the h<lp of 'he no"on of muiriplic;'y.

In c'pi!:lli,m, it i, not, . ingle dram. _ th ... of Spir it (Hegell or C.pltal (?l.brxl _ but a 'mult iphc ity of .o<ia l dram.,' which mmt h< !:Iken i",o a .. oun!. To 5<iz~ tl>e dynam ic. o f <:ap[uli, m, we ,hou ld not ",fer to tl>e 'immen"" ",,.,,,.1 and .up<nor fore .. of ,h. di. I""ic (c ' pi!:lllhoour), bu, to 'he 'infinitdy mu ltopl i..! . infin ite .. mal and Inter· nal' forc .. (Tarde 1999, Ill l. Tho logic o f contradiction. ,h. motor of tho ·.ingl< dram . .. i, far '00 poor and ,ealKti.e, Thi. a"e"ion, wh i"h Foucault will !:Ike up again after T .rde. i •• imed directly at the Marxist concept ion of power, in which power i. ,Iw,y. deprnden' on. de<p<r econom,c ilroctnrr,

Tho microphy.ja of POW<I reph o .. tho pyramid.1 a.p<ct of ,I>< Marxi" mncoptu .li ... ion with an imman<"". wheroin ,h. various 'endmur",' If.ctory. school, hoopiul. <tc.1 .nd disciplinaq' t«hniqu« a" ."icula'..! with 0""' m",h<T. In rel.tlon '0 thi' , Delem. point< ou' th>t i,,, ,h. "",onomi( "'uctUl< and the factor)' which pr«uppo ... d[«i· plin.ry mech~ni,m •• Ire.d)· acting on <"ul . ,nd bodi ... no' ,h. other way round. O ther forc< • • nd othor dyn,mK. m.y ,hen be im'oked to explain 'he exp.n.ion "f capitali.m. Th«. fore .. and tl><", dyn.mics oh"iomly imply a relation.hip I>e,wffn upi .. l .nd labour. bu, they c.nnot "" redoced to it.

Th" i. not '0 deny the ,d,,·.nce "f ,h. Marxi.n .nal~·.i. "f the c.piu l_laoom " I,"on, bu, ra,h", it< c l,im to redoc. ""iety and the mul'ip llC[ty 01 power .. b,iom ,l"t com"tu" it '0 'he 'ingle ",l.tion of comm.nd .nd oh-ecl ien<:< exerci",d in ,he I.ctoq· or in the <co nomlC ", I" ioll. 011 the mntruy, it i, the l,,,er whICh must "" inte!7,«d withlll a brrulder ftamrwork, thaI of Ihe di«ipl in>r,. soci .... , and their twofo ld techniqu .. of power, di<cipline and b iopower.

Likew i .. , tho impmition of (ondue" ,nd ' he .ubj«:rion of bodi .. are no' exp lica ble by monet.ry con",.in" and <'<onomic imp<rat iv« ,lOll<. Regim". of ";gn •• machine. of expre",,,n and coll""t i.e • • «mhl.g .. of enunciation II.w. knowkdg ... ian!;Uag«, public opinion, etc. 1 oct like

life and the living in me Sacielie, af Can ffo l 173

the cogs of the .. ""mbb g"'. in the ",me way .. nuchinic .. ""mblag« Ibetori ... pri",n., ",hool,l.

lIy concmtra.ing on one dim,",ion of .he pow" .. h . ion .10,," luploit"ion l, .\ l1rx i.m i, in<>'iubly lro to rrouee .1>< mach ine of exp"" ,ion to ideolog}', One of .he objecti ... of foucault', wri.ing. on d i>cipli­nary soci",i .. i,.o take I ... .., from economi,m an d .h. dialectical cul.ure of d ual i,m,. 'o npo« .he po.erty of exp laining domination, in term, of ideology,

The multipl ic i'}' of .ingulari.i.,. ,heir power of cr."ion and copr,," J uc'ion . aod 'he moda li, i .. of tl><ir com ing ,og«her were no' born wi.h post. Fordi,m. bu, instead tr .. ers< the entiff history o f modernIty. The

POW<f of.he d i>ciplina ry ,oc.,.i .. Iwhether ".., or. dealing wi.h • ..,h­niqu .. of confinement or ><>-called biopoli' ic. 1 .cehniqu .. ) acto. primar. ill' .nd alway •• on. mu l.iplic;.y. Accordingly. dialoe.ical d uali,m. mu" i>< 'hought 01 os c.ptur .. of multiplici.y. For Fouc.u l •• di.ciplin« 'r.n,· form tl>< confu«<l. u«1«, or d.nge",", mul'i",d~, into ord"ed cI." ...

The techn iqu« of confinemen' Idiscipline'l impo.., a nondescr;p' Iqudconq"'1 u . k or conJ uct for the .ake of producing u«/ul effects. provi<k<! .hat 'he multiplicit}, i. not gr ••• in nu mher and the 'p.ce well

J efillfd and limited (ochool, factory. ho.pita] etcl. n ... y con,j" in di,­tribu' ing the mul'iplicit)· acro .. ' pace (by gridJing. confining, ",ri.li.­ingl. ordering it in ,ime (h)' breaking up g ... ur ... . oubd i,iding .ime. programming action.l. and eompo,ing it in 'pace.'im< >0 3< '0 extract from it useful effee" by augm<n'ing the force. which con"i,ut< it.

Th. biopolitica l t<'Chniqueo(pu blic health, politics of.1>< family and so on) ore .xerci",d 1< the m.nago"",n. 01 .1>< lif. of any multipl ic i.y. no ma.ter i" p rm·en.mee. Here, unlike in dis<iplinary in stitution<. the multi · plic ity;. n umerou. (.he popula'ion a. a whole) and the ' pace i. Of><" (the limits of.1>< popu lation . ... Jcl1ned by the "".ion ).

Th. Ddeuzi. n interpr,,"' ion of Fouc.u l. (in<kp<nd<ntly of.1>< i"ue 01 it> faithfulne ... o ~·ouc. u lt·, work l will be .. ry u«ful for u, in ,n,ly,ing

the dyn.m ic> of difference and .. "",i.;on (Deleuze 19S4). Dekuze distin· gu;,he. he.ween power relation. and imti. utio",. Power i, a relat ion betw«n force<, wh ile institut ion,.re age"" of the integr-a.ion .nd str .. i· fic •• ion of forc .... In stituti on, fix fore ... . nd thei, .. latinns in'o pr«;« form. bj' according {h em a reprodllC. jvr function _ The .we. (apita] and the .ar;',", institutions a .. no' , he source of power reb' i"",. thoy deri,-e lrom ,h,m. Thu, Foucault, as interpreted b)' Deleu«. analf'''' dispo,j,j(, of power which deploy them«h-e< accrnding '0 .he modali.i« of int"!;'" t ion . nd dlfferentia.ion, . nd not accOfding ." modali.i .. th .. could he tr.ced to the , ubject/work I"r. digm.

life and the living in the Socielie, of Canlfa l 173

,h. cog> of , h. a,,,,mbh s<>, in ,h. "'''''' w.y •• ol1ch inie ."""mhhSe< 11.e'ori ... pri","" u:hool.l.

By cooc£O,u'iog on ooe dlO"",i",, 01 [M power .. h t ion alone l,xpl","'iOll I, .\b[x i,m i. in"'i"b l}' l«i to reduce ,I .. m.chin. 01 .xp res· .ion '0 ideo log}" One of ,he obj<etiv .. o f Fouc.ult"< writoog. on d i«ip],· o.ry soci<ti« i. to uk< I •• ,"" Ir<>m «onomi,m aod tho di,lectoc.1 culture o f d u.l i.m., to expo'" the pove.,y of expbi n iog domio"iOll. io torm. of ideology,

Th. multiplicit}, of ' lngularitin, thm pow .. of cre.tion and copro· d ucti"" , and the mod.lit i .. of their coming together wero 00' born with po".Fordi.m, hu, in".ad tr .. er .. the entire hi>tory o f modernity. The power of the d l<Clplio. ry <octeti .. Iwhether we are dealiog with t.eh· oique> o f conlioomeot or ",·called biopolit ic.1 tKhnique» acts , primar· ily and .Iway •. 00. mu ltiplic ity. Accordiogly, di.IKti .. 1 duali,m, mu" be thought 01 as .. (>lures 01 mul'iplicity. For Foucault. disci 1'1 in .. t"n,' for m [M confm«i. u .. h. or dangerous m"I'i",d~, Into o,dued cI ......

The techn iques 01 oonlinemoot Idisciplin .. ) impo .. a noodesc'ipt Iqudconql/. I ",k or conduct for the •• ke of producing u .. ful effK". provided th" tho multiplici,y i, not great in oumber and the 'p'ce well

defi""d .nd limited (>ehool. facto,y, ho.pital roc.l. They con,j" in di,· tribut ing the multiplicity aero ... paco Iby gridding. confining. ",ri.li,· ingl. orderiog it io t ime Ih)" bre.king up g«tur .. , oubcii,idmg ,ime. progr>mming Action.], and compo,iog It in 'p ..... i"", ><l a. to extr.ct from i, useful off .... ·<> by . ugm<nting ,he forc .. w hich con"i,ute It.

The biopoit.ic.1 .""hniqo« (public hoal' h. pohtic. 01 the famIly and 1Q

00) ... <>erci",d .. tn., m.nag<m<n[ <>f ,he life of aoy mu ltipl icity. no

mAtter it. p [m·ooa~. H<re. unlike in diSLlp linaf)' ,""itution> • • ho multi · pliciry i. numerou< IIhe popubti<>n .. a wholel.nd the ' pace i. of'<" {,he limits of ,he popu l><ion . re delin.a by ,he "",iool.

Th. Ddeu.zian interpretation 01 Fouc.ul, {In<kpen<kndy of 'M i"ue of It< faithfulo ... '0 Fouca ult·, w<>rkl WIll be ... y u .. fuJ 1m u, io .0.1)"<ing the dyo.m io of dlffereoce Aod repe'i'ion IDeleuu 19S41. Deleuze distin· gui.he.. be","",o power rehtlon. md i",",utioo,. Pow", i • • rebt lOo bet",«n lorce., wh ile mstitu tio o, are . g<n<> of the iotegra,ioo and "'atl· Ii".,ion of forr ... Institution, h foren .nd th.i, rebrilln, in.o p"" i",

form. by .ccording them . r"Productive function. The <131<. (apitol i nd ' he ".,iou, io"itubo", . re 00' ,be ,ource of power rebtinn., they <kri," from 'h<m, Thu, roucauit. a. interp reted b)' Deleme, a lul}">", dispo",,(, of pow<r which deplo"!" themsek ... ccordiog '0 ,he modaliti .. of intog ... t ion . nd diff ... o'ia,i"", and 00[ a"ording '0 modali,i., th.t could be '"eed '0 the , ubi""t/work p.:"adigm.

174 Ma u, izio lonoroto

Power rel.tlon, >re virt ual, un'table, non.loca li .. ble, non·'tratified po«nt i.lit i«. They only define po",ibi);ti., Of prolub iliti« o f inter· action; [hey .re different ial " btion, th., d<tmnine ,,"~ul.,,tles. Th.

actu.li,.,i"" of the .. differ<ntiai robtiom ,nd ',"gul."'i .. by in"itu­t ion, {,tate, capital, etc.) th., ,ubiii", them, ",atifr them, .nd m,h them non' rne"ib l<, i. "muhm<ou,ly .n integr"ion (capture l and a d if· bentiation.

To int<j; .. « me.m to wnn«t ''''gubri t;'., to hom,,!;eni« thorn .nd m.ke them conYerge qUA .",gubritie. toward •• common g011. Int<j;ration i •• n operation that con,i,,, in ,,"cing a general line of iorce which pas"" through forc .. . nd fix« them into form" The in«grat;on 00., nOl funct ion br ab<tl.ctlon . general ,,"[on. fu, ion .. 1 unitication, O[ ,u h,umptlon (to 'peak t il< H<j;<Ii.n-,\1arxist language). lbe actuali"'ti"" of power rebtion, tak., pbce gradUAl ly, '''one hy """e' • • • G.b"el Ta[de thought. It i, an <n",m hle of in"gr.non" filSt local. then glolul. l>eleuz< de>eribe, in«gration .... procedure .im«! at m.king the en",mble of net·

worh and p1tchworh, flow, and .ggr<j;.te" hold together. T afde too u,"' the term 'int<j;' . t i",,· to .mid unde"unding the con"; ·

tution of roci.1 qLUntit;« and .... Iue. {whether «onom", or o therwi .. 1 eith er a,. totali",ion or .... imple generali,.t iOfl or ' Mtraction, Soci.1 type or ><>ei.1 quant ity . re undef"ood .. in«g .. tio", of .mall d,fferenc"" , mall ,'.riation" in 1CcordInce with the mooei of integ[al c.lmlm.

But the . ctu, h,.tion of pow", rebtion. "not only int<j; .. tion , " i, .],0 d ifferenti3. t ion [di((bmc;",ion l:' power rel.,;om .re exercised to the extont th a t there i. a diiference be""«n forc« , In capir.], .m, this d if· fCfent iat ion, instead of being. d ifferent i.,ion of diffe",nce. the unfold· ing of mu ltiplicity, i. a creHion and reprooOKtion of d uali,m" of which the mmt ,mpon. nt . re the du.li.n" of c ia .. Iproiot>ri.nslc ap iu li.t<).nd sex Imen/won",n \.

Binar)" groupi ng<, like >en' and cia,=. must capture, coo,f)" and connol vi [tu .litie., the ro .. ih le ,""."0Il' of molecubr .. ..,m hl.g<'l , the prohabiliti'" of inter>ction "f n<".mon adol"!;",. 1 cooper. """. Cia"". c.rr)" out th ... docti"" of multiplicity to du.li"", .nd to • coi l""","" whole which tou li"" and unifies irrrouc,bl e "ngubr; ti« . The concep[ of working da .. de.ign" .... coll<cti,'e wh,,1e md nO!. d im ibutive whole,

Du.li.m, oi.n .i iO fUfI( t iOll .. . di,pruJlj( of carture . nd cooing of t l>< multipie combination, that hri ng Into pl.y nOl jmt the masculine and t i>< feminine, but also a thous.nd t iny >exes. the thou .... nd tiny po«ibl< becom ing> of ,""uality. These thom:md ..,xc> mu<t I>< discipline<! and coo· i ~od In order to be rebted Nck to the men/women du.li.m . Social d • • ", • • re liter.lly caIV"" out from tho mu ltiphcot)" of . ct[vi" ... cfy"all"ing

life and the living in the Sacielie, af Conrro l 175

p",.ibl. in""crioru in ,he form 01 a duali.m. In [he "'''''' waj; ,be oppo_ .i"on men/women i< carved ou' from ,be heeoming. po .. ib l< of ,b. ,bou , .and ...,xes, cryu.lli,ing ,bern in ,be dua]"m of , he bel<ro<exuai norm.

The com ... Slon of mul'ipliClty in'o clas"" ~nd of the ,homand .<xes in'o het<ro«xU1lity func,ion. bo,h a. tho ",,,,,,,,u,ion of type •• nd the "pre"ion of multiplicity, ,. the con,,",",ion .nd cooing of the norm and ., tho ""utrali .... "on of the vlltu.li,i<> of o,h" I:>ecoming', Tho 'wo moo.li,i .. of ,he enrci« of power {rep .... ion . nd comt[[u, ion l a .. obviou,ly f.r from being contr.dICtory.'

To tr>ce. po" ibk way ou' from 'he <conomi,m .nd 'he du.li,m, of 'he labou, mo"men', Fouuult aifirm, tlu , • «>eiety i. not d.fined by [I<

mode of p rooLK'ion, bu t by th. "~t<m.n" that .xpres. it .nd the ""'­h[li,i« th .. efjec'u~t< ,,_

Doleuz< ~nd Guattari ... "nila .. the FOllC.uld[an "lat ion octw«n the " .. able .nd the vi.ihle Ifinonf.,bl~ ,/ I, vi.ible l to the "I. ,ion octwe<n machines of expresSIon and corpo ... 1 ."emblases which 'h<y 'hem_ .. Iv" e".bli,hed. Thi. rela,ion h<,ween 'he "atable md 'he vi.ihl •• like the on. between corpor€11 .... mblag .. . nd machine. of exp""ion, i. no' reducibl. to tbe ba ...... upel"'ucture relat ion i~larxi.m), .ny more than '0 'ho , igniner-s'gnined .. I .. ion Ilinglli"i", .nd structurali.m).

Th. pmon i, a .p.ce of vi.ib[li,y which mak« . mixture of bodi"". corporeal .,,,,mhlage Ipri""n''' I •• merge ~nd h< ",en. The pen.1 cooe, as a machine of expr<>.ion. denn .. a field of "rahili,y I".temen" '"' ddmquonC}') which c.rri<. out incorporeal tramform..,ions on the body. Thu, the ,..,,,hc" oi the court instan .. neously tran.ionn doi.ndan" in'o ",n'meed persons, The machlnic .,,,,mbuge of hodi<. ho< it, form Itne pri,on ) ~ncl its .ubst.nce Iprisoner» _ The n,.chin. of expr .. "on .1.0 h» it> form Itbe penal coo. ) .nd ," ' ""'tance lde llnquency l.

Th ... latlon.hip h<tween the vi.ib le . nd 'he " ... hle can be ,hought neither in tn. fom, of t il< "ructUf< and ,upe,muctur. nm in the form of "snifi« and ,ignified, .. nee it i, • non_relat ion tb., "f." to an infomul ou"ide, . ,'irma!..n ".."tt.

Wha' i, Collfinffi is th~ Outside

Dele"lf provide, onOfher ,'try jmporUnt indiclUOIl to il<lp m define cli<­ciplinary >O(i«i<>. We know that th< school , the hctmy, tho hospital and the barrack< are di,p<><itif' to confine multipl icity, But mOf. fund...men_ .. lIy, ~kuz< "j"', that which i. eonnn<d i< t/" Quts,j • . Wh .. " connned i. the ,-irtu. I, ,h. p"wer of metAmorpho,i. , I:>ecoming. D,sc[plinary soci­" ... exer",,< thm J>Ower by neu,rali.ing d ,ffereoc. and repetition ,og«h<r

176 Ma u, izio lonoroto

w i,h ,hei, J>O"-" of '-~r"" ion (the differ",c. ,h .. m.h •• diff"e,,«), <uh· mdin .. ing ,hem '0 r<productlon. Th< fUIlC,ion of the 'wning of bodies i. '0 pre,'<n' any hifurcatlon, to e"dic." .ny ",,,,ih ility of ,-ari~';on, any unpredOcubility, from 'elKln, cond uct md hehavior, In ""'''' rn.gniiic~n' I"g<>, Foucault .peak> abou , di>ciplo"", a" power which concerns ',he virtuali,i« of conduc' ,hem",1>' .. \ whOch in ' m-<n« ·., the m""",n' when virtuality i, becommg r<ali'}" (Foocault 1003, 53).

Wi,hou, 1 dou b" d'>c'piinary in<titut ion,.r< producti,'e, Th<y do no' ,"' ric, ,h<m .. I,-.. to r~p .. " ion, ' h<y comt itUI< bodies, ,!alemenl<, sexes and '0 on. Bu,., th~ <am< tim. i, i. n« .... ry to r<cogn;"" b.eyond Fouc.ul" ,h .. 'hoy con!!i,-e a mor< profound ropr .. <ion, no' occame th<y wOllld deny an ahady pre",n' hllman natll .. , hut becau« d'<ci· pli"". and bioJ>Ower «para« out ,he foreo, of ,h. out"de. of 'he virtual. becau .. 'hey "'parat' Oil' ,he forc~. helonging to the dyn. mlC. of the 'd ifference ,h" mak .. 1 difference'.

Disc iplin« and b,oJ>O"-" are mode, of productIon of .ubl<c'i,-"y. bll ' only when 'he infin i'y of mom"", i'y virtually harboured hy 'he ooul (becoming. mon"eri i •• ubj<c!<d ro 'he «prodoction of dllali,m, (menl women, nu, .. r/worxer, etc l.

To confine ti .. Otl"id •• '0 confin~ ,he virtu.1. moan. n<UI .. li.mg ,he J>Ower of in,'en,ion .nd codifying repeti'ion '" a, to drain" of all J>Ower of variat "'n. 'heroby roJucing i, to, ' im ple reproduction, In diociplinar)' "","'i", ", ,,i,ut ion,. whICh ar< ei,he , 'h"", of J>Ower or ,h".. of ,he

labour mov,men'. do notl:now hemming. Thq do ",d""d h.", a past lira· di'ion,l, a pre....,t {adminiltrarion 01 J>Ower .. lo,ions in ,h. here and now i .nd, fu,ure tpmgr ... i. bu, til<l' ia"x becoming., \·" i,,,on., TO. soci.1 ",i· ene .. which leg" 'fTUted ,0. comti,u"on and .c,ion of ,h ... ins",utlOns fune,ion by <quilib"um {J>OlitKai <Lonomy). integ'>lion jDurkh<imi. reproduction ill"urdi e~), contr,d iction (Marxi,mi. ""'ggie for .ur>ivai (Darwinismi or competi'inn, but ,he)' \:now norhing of i>ecoming.

They organi'" and impos< 'he temJ>O"lity of 'he clock _ chronological ,im< _ bu, "'1;1«' ' he t<mJ>O"lity of the event, "'''' a. an '~Cfp'ion to he "eum.l isro, . dangor '0 he .voided, an al",. Y' excep'ional occa.ion to be "iz<d i"",lu'ioni. The ,ime 01 ,he <wnt, 'he .ime 01 "",.nt ion, ,he ,ime of the creation of J>O."hles must he curtailed and fenced in within rigor_ oml)-e", bli,bed procedure. and d.adl;ne,. Antonio Nrgri hl> , hown how con'~'''''n' J>Ower i,.n anom. ly or an eXc<p!ion lor J>Olitical philos-ophy. '00. subordin."ed '0 ,0. p rocedur .. of con"i,uted row<r, Fm hi, p.rt, Tarde h.d ahad}' .bown why <conomK and "",i.1 sci<nc~, exclude any theory 01 in"n,ion and "">lion, and how ,he)' ca""i ,ute ,bem",I,-.. a. the",i .. of "produc"on, .. " .,,11 'he c ... wi,b ,he <,,(,.,Iogy of Sourdi<ll .

life and the living in the Sacielie, af Conrro l 177

Let us uke up again our hYJ'Ot h~.i. on the prol if .... ion of I"",ibl. world, a, ' he on'ology of our pre .. n" ])i"'iplin~ry .""ieti .. ope.ate like I."ibniz', ('.00. 11><y .110w only on. world '0 1"" ""0 .. a lity, From , hi. J'Oint of view, thl)' can be regarded .. productive _ 'hey con"i,u," the monad, fo r the world of di>< iplm,ry ,ocieti .. and ,hi, world" ",cluded in <.ch monod 'hrough the techniques of confinement and b iopow"" lIu! they bruully pre,'.,,, ,i>< mfinity of oth", po"ible world, from p""ing ",to roalit y. Thl)' b lock .nd control becoming and difference.

The ,heon .. of <quilibrium Ipoli,,,,.l l'Conomy and .""iolo!;yl or the ,heori .. of contradic,ion IH<£eI .. ni.m and !>,"rxi.m), .. well a, tho proctic .. 'hI)' .u,hori"" h",-€ the .. me horizon m common, the Id oa ,ha' ' here i, only on< I"",ib le world. Reproduction of J'Ower and ",izme of J'Ower, e-qul librium and contradiction. respond paradoxicall,' '0 the .ame pro blem, to li"< together in •• ingle I"",ible wor ld,

In • truly . "om.h"'g way, th .... prac'ic« _ which <xclude bo,h the ou"ide and becoming _ com-erged in the ,wentieth century in J'Olici .. of phnning, thar is, in the neu'cali .. ,ion and control. a' a roci.1 Kale. of 'he l<>gic of event, of ,he cre .. ion and produ«ion of ,he now. We could 'peak of the triumph of roprodu«ion onr d ifference, in capital"m .. woll a. In "",i.li,m , lIut ,hi. triumph <an only be ,hort-li,d, A, tbe end of the nineteenth contury, the oociology and philoiOph,' of Tarde alre.dy announced the f,ilure of thi' will to conn"" the outside, thi' will to make onl)- or>< d iSCIplined world among the infinity of J'O"ible world, pan into exi"ence. The Weberi.n ' iron Glge' Iu. been broken, the monad. h,,-o fled from the disciplinary ,,-mId by ,",-enting incomJ'O"ib le world. wh ich are actuali",d within the .arne world.

Tho ><ri"" con" ituted by tho mon.d, do not con.erge .ny long .. 'owHd, the .. me disciplinary wor ld, but di"<fgo ho", .nd now. The worl d na. really become difference, bifur .. ""n of bifu"."on. , " In the ,al .. of Ilorg .. where all po>.ibl", co<xi",

Let u. take up . gain the exampl .. mentioned . 1>",-" cia" .. do not manage to contain multiplicity, in the <am< wa)' that hetero",xuality no longer normali ... the thousand .. xeo, Th. mo",tor as modalit), of <ub· joeti,at ion deplo)'. it .. ]! in the here and now, Only rhen is the .. d ,cal ch,nge in the form. of organi .. t ion of power and the modali,,", of ito

exerci .. produced. For J'Owe~ the problem no longer lies in the connnement of the out<icle

and tbe di«ipl ining of wh at<>-" . uh""ti,-iti"l.ub;<ct",j", quelc01Iqu" l lafter h"'ing «p.rated them from to. virtual. from creation). Since ,he ollt<id< and the J'Ow<r of proliferatl"" of d ifference h,,'e tent asunder ,he regime of confiTl<mcn', thl)' can be ""zed only thmugh modulation, It i.

178 Mau, izio lonoroto

no longo, 1 m.tt .. of di..:iplinmg ,hem within. clo..,d 'p.e<, hur of mod· ul.ring th orn in,n open 'pae<. Control i. ,upe,impo>«1 on to discip lino,

The tim. of the " 'ent, of i",'on,ion , of 'he «e.,ion of poulhl ... <an no longo, be ,eg.,d.d a. ,n "ception. hu, mllst inst<ad be .. en a , wha, n""d. to be peliodic.lly Iegulated 1nd captured, Tho .. ",m blage of dif· !<rence ~nd repe'it ion cannot be n.utr.li<ed any mo«. bu , must be con· trolled •• ",ch.

It wa. around ,he e .. nt< of 1968 ,ha' thi. new reality a.",,,.d iudf. ",'en if it Iud beon 'here lor a long ,im e, manifestmg i"ell In diff .. <n, ways throughou, 'he century (in a" ... ",.11 a. in poli'ical and cultural mov.men,, ),

Bu, what i. modul.,ion .. a modal ity of ,h. '-'Hci", 01 power' Wh .. .,. ,h. fo rce. whid modu),'ion (ontrol, and cap'ures?

The DoI<u.ian concept of 'modulat ion' IDeleuze 199Qj' harboUr< con, idenbl. beuri<tic I" ... ihil i,i •• which I would like to exam ine here, Unlike what go" , on in di.c ip linary .o"ierle<, whore on" mo.'" Imearly and progre .. i,·eiy from one 'e""losure ' to ano,h .. Ifrom ,m, school to tho army, from 'he ann yto 'he factory), Del"uzo . how. ,hat in the soci · erie< of control one is n,,'er done wi.h an~·.hing. On" mm'" from .h" school to ,h. ""terpri ... nd from 'he <nterpri"" on" r<turn. to «hool. and so OIL

I would lih to extend 'hi< ""ioioglCal reflection on modula'ion .. a d i, gr,m of the nexibility of production md ,ubj<c'i.it~, by .. izing bold of 'he now wneept. of 1if. and of ,he Ii" ing implOeJ by 'hi< moo.li,y of [he action " f pow ... It i. n<C .... !}· th"n ' 0 <t.rt from [he power exercIsed on hie thiopower). which Fouc,ul! use< '0 define the discipl in' !}'soci"""""

From Disciplinary Societies to tho Societie. of Control

Disciplin"y ><>ci"""" >Ie characl<ri..a hy tho ,><.mbhge of d i«ipJin,!}' power md biopolitical pow",. On this poin' Foucault i. unequivocal, di.· ciplin.!}· I<chniques "ere born a ' the ond of .ho sc,,,,nl<<n[h <entU!}' ,nd 'he blopol itica l techn iques rome fifty years bror. in ucond h.Jf of the <lghr""n centu!}',

Bu, wh .. don ~ouuult mean by hiopo",,,1 Biopower i. a mod,hty of

action WhICh, like diiCip lines, i, oimtd 01 a ",hot .. " multiplicity. Where .. discipl inary [echniqur. tran.form bod.". hiopolilic.1 [ochnologi<> ,r< aimed.[ a mul!iplicity in . , mllCh a. it constitute<. global m.ss, i",'est.d ",i[h ",·<r.1I procn .. , ,h .. >r~ .pecific to lif. _ such a. birth, death, pro·

duc[ion and ill"" ... Diocip lin.ry t<chmqu<s only know the body and [he indIvidual, whi l. b,opow .. targ"'" [he popub[ion, man quo .p<eir. and,

life and the living in the Sacielie, af Conrro l 179

" the lim i', • • Fo""ault "l"' ;n 0"" of hi, COU"", mln qua .piri' or mind. Biopolitic. 'install, hodi .. within overall biological pr<><e",,'.

If w. follow Foucault'. de"'''p'i",,", w. can ... ily identil)' ,he>< 'ech· nologi<> with the poli'ico of the Welf.re SUI<. The ob",« of biopower i. the fertil i,y of 'he 'peeio. Ipoli,ic. of 'he family, binh control. etc.1 bu, .1.., tho oxten'. du .. tion and in'<mity of tho dominan, di", .. " . wi,hin • gi,'en popul .. ion lpoli'i" o f he.lthl. Wi,h the do,'e!opment of in du.",· a1i"'t ;on, new , .. "in. of in",,'en,ion appear, indu<trial accident<. ",h rel ... d to ' he 10 .. of emplo)'ment (;ob l ... n< .. ), '0 old ag< I""iremon'), and '0 on. A bn don .. in of in"r""n';on mentioned by Foucault" ,h.t o f 'he admlni""tlon of te""ory' g<ographic,1 and clin"'t ic elf""". mln' agen""'t of w ... r r.,ourc .. , and"" on.

According to Foucault, ' he p roblem w., no' ,h" of IOven'ing ,mtltu· "on. of a.".unce which, generally 'peaking, ex,,,ed .Ir .. dr, bu, ,,, ><!

up d,ff.ren' and moro effecti .. Ji,posirif. ,han ,hm.e guar.n,,,,,d , pri.

manly by ,he churd, um,1 'he middle of 'he ",,,,,",,,,,"th century' in,ur· ance. ind ividu.1 and coll«,i"" ... ·ing>, .<>cial ><curit)'.

The ob;«ti .. of biopower i, ond eecl 'he management of life. but in th. ",,,,e ,h .. it """h '0 roproduce 'he condi,ion< of exi"eoce of a popul.'ion.

!Io,h di>ciplinary and "'opo litlc.1 ' echnique< reach 'heir high"" lovel of d,,'e!opm<nt .fter ,he "'cond World W,r. wi,h Tay lori.m .nd th" Welfare S"te. Tni < 'p<>g"" co"<>pond. '0 th" reorg.ni ... ion of th" di,· po,itif. of confinement and managemen' of life, impelled by new forc", and .. btion. of power. Y.t, e""r ,ince the ond of the ni",,'een,h century, new '«hniqu .. "f power, """mbhng ",i,h" dimplin .. nor biopow<T, ha .. bE"" in the p ro" ... of g .. ,.,ion. How can we donne 'he .ingulari'y of , ne", r.lauon,. wnoch o.leu," cal l. rd .. ion. of control'

Gabriel Tarde migh' pu, u< on ,1", righ' ",,'h. A, the end of ' he nine· teen,h century, when ' he !IOCieti .. 0/ control begin to elabor .. " their own ,echniques and dispositif', Tarde explain< th,t the '"",ial group of the fu ture i. n<other 'he crowd, the cla«, nor 'he popubtion, bu, the 'puhl;c' lor r .. her publicol. By the public, Tarde undersund. the public of tho media, the pub lic of a n<w, l"pe" " he pu blic i. a d"per..,d crowd ;n whic h th" inAuenee of mind. I"prit' i on one .nother ha. become,n awon a' • di"aoce (Tarde 1989; 1 71.

At the end of 'he nineteenth cen'ury we "nler 'he time of the public., th .. " to .. y. the time in which 'ho fundamental probl"m i, how ' 0 hold 'ogothe r wh ... ,·", ,u bl",,'i,'''''' . whoch act on one ano,her at a di>tanco. III an open 'pace . The ,uho rd""uon of '1'''''' to tin", denn .. , 'pac..,ime bloc which ",,:arnat« i,,,,II, according to Tarde. '" 'he t«hnolog;". 0/

1 flO Ma urizio lonoroto

. pe.d, tr~mmi"ion, con .. gion and prop,gation >t. di, .. ne<. Wh.,ea • • be disciplinary IOcbniqu ... " funddmen .. l1y muctu"d in .p~ce, .b • • ",hniques of control and con"itutlon of tb e publoc .110w on< ' o h ring . ime and it> virtu.lo.i« to ,be foreg round. Th. pub lic" constituted through it< p .... nco in t im<.

T .. d o g"'ped at their birth ,hr .. phenomon, whicb ume to ch.uc· teri ... he "",i",i .. of control .nd their m ... iye deployment, st.rting from

the >e<:ond h.lf o f the tw<nti",h crn.ury onwHd" 111 the emorgence of t h~ co<>pe .. t;on be.ween broin. and ito functioning b}' flo,,~ .nd con· n«toon" network and patchwork; jl l .h. rio< of .h. techno logic.1 Ji, · po.i,i'. of .ction ~t • d i".nc. , which duplic. te and .mpli!),.he power of .. ,ion at • di."n« of mon.d" to leg .. ph , telephone, "nem., tel""i· . ion , the inte rn"'; 131 . h. corresponding PH'ce ... , 0/ . ubj«"".,ion ,nd .ublec"on, the f",motion of publics, .hdt i. to uy. the con"itutlon of. h<ing toge.her that take, ph ce in .ime.

11>< .<>ciet;". of control g<ner>te . heir OW" technologi ... nd pro,,.,,,,,, of .ubi«.ivation. which are noticeably diff<ren. from the .echnologi .. and pr<>C ...... of .uhj"'ti,·dtion of d,><:iplin .. y .<xieti ... The 1.<x;,1 .nd t<'<hnologi<> 11 m.chin. of expre .. ion not only c,nllot be reduced to ,d e­ology. ,. Marxi.m and polit ical <conomy wi.h to do, but It becom« more and more the m.tegic locu. for the control of tho proce .. of comti­""ion o f the soci.1 world. It i. in i, ,nd .hrough i. that the nent . ctu­ali ... i"elf in .. ,mi. and eff.ctu>t" it",1f in hodi~ •.

Th. intograt ion a"d d ifforentlation of now force •• of new pow .. "I.· . ion. , take. rh« through !l<W institu.ion> Ipublic opinion , col1ecti,.., perception and col1"".i," int<i logenc<) .nd new techniquo> lof ""tlon at • di.unc.). III tho ><>eiwes of control, power "I .. iom come to h< ,xp re,,,,d th rough tho .ction at a dist,nce of one mind on another, through the brain'. power to a l f"". and become aff""ted, wh ich i. medi­a. iS«! ,nd . nriched by technology , 'The nI€chmic.1 me.n, d"igned.o carry far an d loud th o .ugg .. ti,·e action of .h. I •• d .. Iword •• writing, p rin'l do not a.s.< th.ir prog"'" rrard. 1(0) , 58).

The institu.ion< of the .<xi",i .. o f control ~re thu. ~haracteri .. d by.he us.< of 'he . oehnologies of .cting at a d ist.ru:e , uther rh.n of mechanic.1 ",;:hnologi .. loocieties of "',""ignty) o r thernlo d yn,mi, te.:hnolog ... Id i",iplin.ry ""'iflies).

Crowds, Chose. and I'ub lics

If the coope"""" h<tween Df1 in> , xp"""" It"lf fir" of all in tbe form of pub l,c opmion , th .. i" .. ludgement> forme<! ,nd held in common, it

life and the living in the Sacielie, af Conrro l 1 B 1

then dnelop. a. the ore.,ion of rer<ep" ,nd conapt' thot ~re .1", f",med and held in common Icollectin rerc<ption and collectin intelli· gene' l, th.nh to the tcchnologi", of televi,ion and the internet . The internet Integ"'" ,nd d ifferent i,te, the ,"!lOU' met,morpho,"" of puhlic opini()fl. rer«p'ion ,nd col lecti,'e mtellige""e,

But let u. con<ide r for a momen' the public; Of the public. (for there are ,e",roll.nd ' he nm'elty the)" introduc< into .-,ion .nd I><ing 'ogeth". The pub lIC 'phere i, the fo,m of .ublcctiv.rion which 1><" exp'"'''' the pl .. tlCi'y .nd funct ion.1 indiffere""e of ' he 'wh~tevor' ,ubi«".i'y (monadl, The "I.,ion of belonging that indi.idual, and publico h,a,-e '0 one another i. not a reh,ion of .xclu,"on .nd ident ity, 'hough an indi· ,'idual can onl)' I><long '0 one cia .. or crowd .. a tin"'. he or ,I>< m.y imte.d I><long, at the "OJ"" ' ime, to different publics (muhi-membership, to use current "", . )Iogical termi nology). l:ude', md)v)d u.l, "",ddling

different po"ihlc world" i. lixe the arti" whom 1'1.'0 w.nted '0 exclude from hi, Republic. He i •• multiple ~nd mimetic m.n. hut w>thin the COfl '

<ti,u".e ,nd ,,-oking dynamic< of ", .... 1 puh lico, Thne pubil« exp"" new .uhjecti"i,i .. and form< of .oc)ahltl""

which were unknown in di«iplinary ",cieti"" Ind",d. " he forma,ion 0/ a puhlic ,uppo,,,. f.r more .d .. ncoo men"l and .oci.1 evolut ion th.n the form>!ion of. crowd or. cI .... · ITarde 1989, 38~9I-

With the emergence of ,hi. "" iet}' of publics. society d raw, Hen clo""r to Tarde', pri"ileged ""'taphor, the brain, In 'he pu blic. in.en"on and im itation a re di"cmlnated in. m.nner which" '.Imo" m"~ntaneou" like 'he prop.gation of. w •• e in a rerf«tly eJ.."c milieu', ,h.nk, '0 technologic. , hat make po",ble 'he .ction at ~ di".nce of one mind on ano,h<f Iq u •• i-photogr.p hi<: reproduc'ion of a cereb",1 .".p,ho, b}' tb e «n,iti ... urf.ce 0/ .nothor hra inl . With the public 'we m,h ,oward thi, "r.nge ideal' of !-OCiabl l"y where brain' 'touch on. o,her at e .. h .nd ..-ery instant through mul"ple con,munica"on," .. i. the <1 .. today with Ihe internet (ibId,; 391,

The di,-i,ion of "",iety into . pluulity of publics 'i . ,urerimpos<d more and more ob"iomly .nd <ffecti ... l)' on it< religio"" economic, ... -thetic .nd poli"cal divi,ions', It doe. not repbce ,hem, In the 'eI."ic milieu' of ' he cOGrer>!ion het",«n b"in. and of intercerehr.1 re l."on" puhlic. deh"".t" ALKlUlIion. and bifurcat ion. which refonnul >!e the rigid and univoc.1 «gmenta'ion. reprnented by d .. ,,,, .nd «>cial group" 'B}' ,ub"itu'ing or .urerimpo.ing , hem«I,,,. on older group· ins" the new ~ increas ingl)" more extended and m."ive _ grouping. which we <all pubil« no' only m.xe the reign of f .. hion follow th., 0/ h.b" . • nd Innov."on th., o f tr.di' ion , the}' .1", rep l.-e 'he cle .. and

1102 Ma urizio lonoroto

pt'"i.rent divi.ion, be",wn the mult iple ".,i<ti .. of hun .. n •• ",ciatiom . nd th.i, interminable conflic .. with a complete and . ari.bl. segm.n .. · t ion twho .. limit> are b lurred) in t h< pr""e .. of pt'rpt'tual fOnewal and mutual pt'netrat ion' (ibid. , 70 t,

Thm, the proc .. ",,, of <o<i.1 ><gmentation become fle~ibl •• or. in De leu," term" deteffitoriali",d , The difficulty of irrugining and g"sp­ing the"" new proc .. "". of . ubtectivatlon afier tbe bre.kdown of oocia l da","" ,urely bound, on the on< hand, to the difficulty of undemand· ing the b w, of comtitutlon and .aria,ion o j the« m""ing and ch.nging 5<gmenta,ions, which .. em d,,'oid of object i,," b,se< , on the o.her, to tbe Marxi« thoorotical t",dltion, wh ich rroue., the modali.i .. of as"", .. · tlon of pu blics '0 ideology.

In. «..-nee·fictlon «ory which w • • , oncei .. d In 1~79. finIShed in 1 S ~4 and . ppt'a rmg for the firs t tim o In 1 896, Ta rde provIde. u. with an effectiv •• ynth .. i, of the panas< from di«;plinar)' .oci rti .. to tbe "",i· <ties of control , ·the an.,chic regIme of co.'Homn,n i. followed h)' tho autocrat ic go.wnmont of op inion. which h .. become omnipotent' rrarde 1000, 35). Tbe politIca l and economic funct ion, of opinion cannot he bcough' b.ck ' 0 ,h . mecha",.m. of Hploitat ion and .ubjec­t ion ,pt'cilic to d isciplinary l<OCieties and the market (,he anarchic regime of co,etoll.ne .. ).

The control of op inion, of I.nguage, of regime. of . ign., of the circu­lation of knowledge, of comumption. and '0 on, rof." to unpr«.dented t<ehniques of power which will be described •• fter Tarde. in rho work of B.khtm in Ihe So.'l€! Runi. of th. 1910. and In tho philo>ophy of 1).louze and Gum." around 1968.

B.kh'In . how. U. how tbe muitipIiClt}, of language>. form, of enunci· ation • • and ",miot ic. within 'h e pre-c.pltalist world (multilinguali.ml are repr<5!-eci .nd 'llbordinated to a langu.ge which, b)' impo'ing it .. lf ., nl1joritarian. be<:om .. the noml1t ive coding of e~pr< .. ion I monolin· gui,m) ILIII:ur1to 1004 , Ch~pr<r 4 1, Deleuz< .nd Gu.ttari d.ocribe t""h· mque> of the comtitutlon of muhipl i<'ity qua ' m.jority' whICh. by I •• elling difference,. produce . mode l that serves .. . ... ndard, in which on. c.n ",e the prototypt' of .h. con<truct;on ~nd me"mement of te l.· mion audiences or of opinion through .u,,'ey •.

n.. (Oncepl of n ploiution. buill on the di.lrctica l capital-boom re lation, i. ab,olutely inadequ.te fo r gra.ping these t«hniqu« for the ",miot;c control of the exp",,;on of multiplicity which .ccompanied • • nd oft.n antKll"'ted. the ad,..,nt of <>pluh.m,

The t«hnique, of subj""tlon in the "",<tIOS of control did not replace th"", of the di«lplmary soci<,,,, •. but were ,upe"m posed upon th.m.

life and the living in the Sacielie, af Conrro l 183

i>ecoming more and more inva.i,", to ' he poin' that to,!.y they constl· 'ute the indi' p<n<>ble pre,uppo,ilion of capi<aliotic accumul.,ion,

IIoth ,h,. exploi'a'ion and acrumuh,ion of capiu l a,. ,imply impo"i. bl. wi,hou, ,h. tr.n,fOlm>tion of Iongui"ic multiploClty in'o 'he ma,o,i­ta,ian modellmonolingui,ml , " i ,hou, 'he impo. i' ion of a monolingu.l 'egime of exp,.",ion, md withou, the con"i,ut ion of ' he .emiotlc power of capital.

Lif. and the living

If the technologie, of .ction at • di"aoce and the m.ch ine. of exp""''''' i>ecomo tho funda"",n .. l mean. fo, the captUle of multipliCIty in an opt'n .pace md if publoc opinion" the fi", new In"i,utlon of multiplicity, wh ich ". the new forc« ,hat are man ifest.d in ' hes< power ,dation,'

It i, only after h,,',ng defined ' he« new fore« that w. will he able '0 return '" tho notion of modula,ion, To undemand all the implications contained In ,hi, notion, we mun inve"ig"e the concept. of life and of ,he li,ing, i>ecause" i, lif" and living heing< which ore, in the final analy . • i" ,h. obiec" of moduht ion.

BiopolitKal techniqu .. a im a' life, ' hey are directed toward. the hYing I><ing insofa, a, i, helong. to tho human 'pe<ie" Th.y "",k to ,esuhte the lif. aff"'t.d by dis<a ,"" unemployment, old age, d.a,h , the lifo '0 whic h ,hey rof .. i. ,h. reproduction of a popu lation. Th. technique, of control ar< . 1,0 addr.ned to life, hut In a noticeably diff ... n, ",n..,. It i. ano,h«concept of hie {and of li,ing beingl wh ich must I>< b,ought in'" phy to und<l<tand 'he power tha, the.e techniqUe< '')' to moduht<.

To do thIS, w. mmt return t(J Nietzsch • . the truo in.p ira'ion I><hond FOlKault'. ,h<'O'f of power. Lih Ta,de, N ietzsche too oft.n u'"'" the r«ul" of , he biology and phy.iol(Jgy of hi. tim< to crit",i« ' he ,h oori .. o f ' he .u bj oct. By ""'ing ou' from the living body an d i" physiology, mol",u!., biolog}' .llow. on. '0 qu",,,on 'he autonomy, independence and uni,), of ,he ",If propounded by th e ph'lo.ophers. Ni<tz1<:he, like Tarde, Ji",o,",rs m "mol«ula,' b iology, in the mul'iplicity of innnite.i· m.1 I><ingo ",hich con"itute bodies linfinite.imal I><ing. which w.n' , feel 10d ' honk l, in thei, rela , ioo< and thoir fo rm of political o'gani.ation, a concep' of .uhim,. iry ,hat differ. from the Kami.n T and ia moo.l<· ti« of .c,ion and .uffer ing"

Again , i, i. by ".rtlOg from biology that Ni<t<sch. can . a r that "I><ing i. Ii"ing' and ,bat "t here are no other being". But wha, mor< general definit ion of ,h. Ii,'mg cuul d I>< drawn from the "udi .. of molecula , b,ology o f th< «<(Jnd h.lf of ,h. nme",.nth «ntury? Momo,} I,h.

1104 Ma urizio lonoroto

power of actu.Ii,.,ion of the "iftual\ i. the i"educlhle pro""rt)' th., both N,et=he and Tarde. in differont wa)~, pbc~ at the bam of th~ir d~fin ition of th~ li,ing. T"de and Nietz.<che alike find thi. definition 01 tho liv ing in the scientific work. 01 the time, in I"rticul>r In Emu Haochl". booh on evolution .

For tho German b,ologiu,1I the infimte. imal element> tpl."itud .. t 01 a body • • 11 th~ organic mon.d., ha,'e • memory, wherea. th is pro""rry lor aptitud <1 i. bck ing in the non.li,ing. Tar<k interp .. " Haeckel". mol · <cui" bIology in tho light of the theory of multiplic ity. Accord Ing '0 him, Haeckel pro.'id ... truly rem .. bhl< ' mon.dological". ,hat i. , ulbn izian int<rpr"'''ion of the doctr i ... o f omlution,

Thi. definition 01 'he living as memory" a con".nt in biology .nd ph)~iol ogy, The definition 01 'he li,ing in contemporary molecular biology i . in no way differ<n, from 'h1! of l-LIechl, "lb~ ",,,,nc< of the li,ing i •• memory, the phy.ical pre ...... u ion of the 1"" in 'he pre><nL By reproducing ,h<m.d,-n, [he form. of life bind the 1"" to the p re..,n, and rKord m .... g .. for the fu,u",' tMarguli •• nd S'g.>n 1001, 64 t.

According [0 Tarde. withou, memory. wi,hou, this fore< t. Jur1!ion th1! con«rvn t, wi,hou, this fertl lo .ucce"ion 'hot contr.ct< 'he hefor< in 'he . fte r, thore would he no .en •• ,ion, no lifo, LlO ,ime. no .ccumula­t ion and thus no glOwth, For Ikrgson, T .. d o'. lim ·disciplo'. without this dur.tion the world would he forced to "art a"" w at evory moment, The ",mid would he a pre«nt re"".,ing it", lf indefinitely, alway. <qual to it«lf, M.tt" it..:if would not he po .. ihl< without this dur .. ion. The cr<· .. ion and ro.l"at ion of the ",n.ibl. pr«uppo« the . cti,-"y of memory and .tton"on, a. w<lI .. their power of actuali.ation and .. ""t it ion.

Any « n.ation. developing itself "'-€f time. "'quit'" • force which con· sen'« th1! which i. no mor< with in that whICh is; . dura""" which con· .. ,,-« the d~.d In the aliv<. Without it, all .. n.atiom would he reduced to mere eXCItation. Tho /orc~. mohil i«d b}' t ho coo"" .. t ion hetw~n brain. and captured by the new in"itutiom tpublic op inion , etc.1 are therefor< th o .. of ITl<mory and attention. The iatter i. defined .. ' Intel · I«tual <ffon' by Ikrg>on and •• 'con.,,,,, of tho brain' by Tard <.

The philo<ophy of diff<ren« i. the fir" to tackl< 'ho new molecular biology .nd the "00 ... on the hrolin. Ikr&,oo ', work wn«m. the living no! onl;' because il direc!I)' coniron!> biology .nd fYOIUllooary theory. bu t more preci",ly becau« of hi. ",,,,.rch on memory. time . nd ito moda li""" of action, the "ift".1 md the actual

Mem()ry, a«ording to ""'rg.on, i. the co~xi "ence 0/ all the Vlrt".1 rememhunc<> l",u.'e";"1 Ithe f.mou. ",-er",d cone of Mall'" a~d Mnnory " <on",tuted by an Infin ity ()f ci[d« whi< h open on to the

life and the living in the Sacielie, af Conrro l 185

infin ite .. the top _ the virtual _ and . re do",d IOward. tbe ""ttom _ tb e actu.ali. To remom""r ",m<tbing d<><. not con.i" in looking for. r<mem· br.ne< in "",mory, " tbough one were rumm. ging through, dr.wer, To remem""r ""met~ing _ lih every . c'imy of mind _ i. '0 .<tu.li", • virtu .l, .nd ,hi •• c'U1li .. ,ion i,. cre.,ion •• n in dividuotion .nd not • • imple rep roduction. Thi' proce>< i. de>cribed by Ilerg!iOn a, ·intellec,u.1 work' .• nd i, i",'ok .. , as in THde , both memor}' .nd ,ttentoon,

s" ,,.,,hout ""nt",,,. "" «n"!KIn. . No,,' ",h .. " """""", 00< <>" .,,""" th .. " i • • n , ffot! to" .,,,,,,, ,he 'P«;oc,,,,,,, "I" o,,,,.m "" ... ''''"'- Bu,,, ,oo.,IJ I>< U"'N ,hat tl>< . flon. '" >" pur< l"y.:hol"ll,cal ~u;'" ."d "","""HOS ltum to. c,"",oo .. ,,", n,""""I,, ..,,,,,,,. ;," J"it<, iT".k 18~.1, H71

Memor}" ,".n,ion ,nd the rela'ions wh."by 'hey are ac,ua ii",d becom~ .ocial ,nd economic fore". 'h3t must "" captured m order '0 contml and exploi, the .. ",mhl,ge of difforen« and fore' i' ion. It i, by ren,.ining fa i'hful to ,hi, intellec,ual teadition tha, Deleu"" can . ffirm 'hat in '. lifo there are nothmg bur virtual,' ILhleuz< 199.\1.

We can now re'um '0 ' he concept o f moduht ion. The capture. control and r'!;uJ.'ion of the action at • di,unce of one mind on anoth.,. take. place 'hrough ,be modu]" ion of Aow. of d"" .. and ""lid, .nd through the force.lmomory .nd .".ntoon) that make ,h .. e Aow. circulate in t ho cooperation betw«n brain,.

In mooub'ion, as ~ modali'y of th o ex"ci", of power, it i, . Iw~}",. qu<ltion of bodi«, hu, now it i, r.t hor the incorporeal d imen"on of bodi .. wh ich i, .. ".h. Th. 1O<i", .. of con'ml if,..e" ' plfi,ua l, r .. hor th.n bodily, memory (contrary to 'he disciplinary "",iori«). Man qua .pirit or mind. who, accord ing to Foucaul" wa< the ohject of biopowor on ly at t he limi'. now com .. to tbe foreground,

Th< .""i<t}, of contro l ex .. ci=- ," power th.nb '0 ' he t«hnologi .. of ' he awon a'. distmco 0' image. ""und and d ... wb,ch fu"",ion lih mach ine< '0 modu late, '0 cry".IIi ... el<ctrom.gnetic w .. · .. junarato 19981 . nd ,·,hration. jrad io, .. Ievi,ionl or to modulate .nd cry".IIi", packets ofhit> lcompute" and d ig,,.l networh). Th..., ino'll. nic w,,· .. d upl;cat< the w.,· .. by which monad. act on one anoth«.

W. a lread}' find indication, of Ihi' ';mati"n or [he fnd of In. nine· t«n,h century. Indooo for Tarde, .ction at • di"ance. the imp.-. .. ion of one nund on another, con«" ... i, ... lf in 'wo w.y • . Fir", m y imp'"'''''''' i. cons<rvoo, rep<,t<d in momor)-,. Second. ""Ofy <xpr< ... d imp r .. ,ion, "th o entire w,,"e of 'he .oul,.o to 're,k, i, prolongod in infinit< .nd indef· m"ely .. olving undul.,,(m'. Tn. .. undulation. man ife .. themsclv«

1 fl6 Ma urizio lonoroto

.ccording to cm.in reg"l .. iti« .nd the technological di,positif' act hy inte,,<ning on th<<< regulari" ...

tf memory and a tton,ion .t< Ii"iog <ngin .. func 'ioning on .norganic en~rgy. ,h" i, to "y, on the .inu.1. ' he techno logIes of action at a di,· "nc< ore artific i. 1 <ngines , . rtlficial memor'" ,hat a.",mbl< them«lv<s w i,h the Ii,ing engin« hl' interf"ing wi,h ,he func'ioning of memory.

Th< machin", for crys.,lIi,ing or modul .. ing t ime are di,po,ilif' cap.hl< of im<"uing in ,h. even'. in ,h. cooper .. ion hetw"",n hrain<, through the modulation of the forc", ~ngag<d ,herein. therehy l>ecoming pr«ond i'i"", for "'<')' proc"". of comtitutlon of what< ... r .uhilXtl. i'y. Con«quen,ly 'h" pro«" comn to re..,m nl. a hannoni"'t ion of wa"e<, a polrphony 1'0 borrow 8.lkhtln', ,xpre,,"m t,

t, i. thm n.«».ry to dlStingui.h lif ... m<ITJ()ry from l if~ .. ,he.." of hloioglCal ch'[1C1"i" i" of the hUmIn 'peei., Id .ath, h"'h , d,«.s< , <tc, t , tn other word" w< mm' d i" ingui.h 'he ' hio' conuined in 'he cal· .go,)' of hiopower from tho bio contai n.d in memory_ tn order not to n.m< <u<h d,ffer<n' thing< with 'he >am< word , one could define tho n.w ",latlon. of power which lake memory and i« conalJls I.tt.nt iont a. ' heir obi<'<" b cking a h<tt« '<fm. a. n(""polltic, -' Noo.politico Ith. on..,m· hie of 'he '«hnique. of controit i. eX<fci.ed on tho b<ain _ II invol,'" ahov • • 11 a ttontlon, md i. aimed >t 'he mntwl of memo,)' and it> .",u. 1 power. Th< modulat ion of m<mory would thLH h< ,h. mo" import.n, func, ion of noo--politic<.

tf disc ip line< mould.d bodi .. by con"i,uting hah", mainly in bodily memory. ,he <DCi<ll<' of control modulate brain. and comtitute hah", mainly in ,plfi,u,1 memory.

\1/. thus h .. ,. the moulding of lhe hod}' emmed hy di«iplin<s(primn.,

""hooi , hClory. <tc t. tho man'g<"",n ' of life org.>ni«d by " "'PO""" IW.Jf.re Stale, poli'i<. of I><alth, <!C.I. and ,h. moduL.'ion of m<mOfY and i« .ittu. 1 powm regulated b}' n""'po li'ics IHe",.n, .ud io-" i.ual and t<km .. ic n<"<worh, con"i,u,ion of puhli< np inion, of percept ion and of coll<.:tin in,.Jligonc< i. SociologICally W~ have ,hi. """"nee, working cI . .. { •• one of 'he moo. litle. of confinernen'i. population, puhlico.

Th<.." of th .. < di.po,itif •. not jUil ,he Ia .. , con"i,u,". Ih< .DCi«}' of control.

Th ... ,hr .. different di.po,itif, of power. I>orn in differ"" I"'riod •• nd «rvi"!; h<terogen<ou. purpose<, do not replace one ,,,,,,her. hut af< in" .. d »",mbled wi,h on •• no,her. Th< Uni,od Sta,« repr=n" tod.}' tho mo.' compl<,. modd 01 a ooci<ty of control int<g,"'ing the three dis· poo,'if' of power. The d i«ip linar}' di.pooi,if. of confin.ment h .. '< nude oxtr. ord mary .tride. ,here. p.rticuJ.rly when" com .. '0 p"""n., The

life and the living in the Sacielie, af Conrro l 1107

'wo million prisoner> rurrently occupymg Ameri,.n pmon. r<pr<><nt. 'oul per<entase of the population th" no d,seiplinary ,oc;ety h •• ev<r managed '0 attain. The b,opoli' ;c.1 dispo,ifi{, for 'he managemen' of life do no' di"'ppe.r, but, on 'he ,ontrary. e~l"nd and .re profoundly tran.­fo rmed , from welhre '0 workfare , from insurane< against "",i.1 ri.h lunemployment , retiremon', di",.><) to interven,ion. in 'he life of indi­,-i du,l. lor<ing ,hem into emplo;ment , into ",,,'itude '0 ,ubordmato work. Th< new dispo. iti{, of noo'poli,i« I'he fir>! of whKh ",,,-er,hele,, dare from the second half of ,be nlOctun,h cen,uryl h,,-. undorgone unpr<<<dented d,,-dopmen' ,hanh '0 informa,i« and telematic., The differe""e be,.,.,.«n them lies in ,h. degr« of ·deterritorial i.ation" .. Doleme wou ld put it. W. <ould "'Y th at noo.pohtK' ",mmand. and r<organi ... the other power r<bt ion. b<ocau<e it opera' .. 11 ,he m",' deterr i,ori.li.ro level {tbe virtua lity of the ac,ion betw«n hrain. l.

It i, n<",rlh.h. 'rue that at a glob. IIe,-el we . re witne"ing a boom in di«:ip linary imtitut ion •. For in".",,<, ooth 'he fa<tory and work ... Marx and the emnomi", under"and i,. are not In retreat hUI. on the mntrary, 10 full dewlopme n" The In tern .. ;onal boor Organization IILO j h .. pointed out thar 146 million cbildron b<tw..,n the ag .. of 5 and 17 foar< are currently work ing. Simib rl ;'. in western countries, the wage regime i, expand ing when mmpared to 'he period 01 Fordi.m, lIut tbi. d"". no' . Iter 'he fa« ,b., tho paradigm .,.,.ithin wbi,h the .. phe­nomen. are in«r;bed h .. changed radl<ally. Tho inablli,y to unde"und this change on the b .. i. of the p .. adigm of 'he work .• uh jocr i, "-<0 mor~ manifest on the politKa l tha n on 'he ,he",,,,i,al I,,'el.

Industrial work i. no longer at ,he centre of capita Ii" \-alori .. ' ion. nor i. i, a mndd of pol i' ;<al and soci.l . ubjocri,-ation valid ior all >o<i.1 for,«.

nor indeed i. it the exdu. ive forc~ able to produce in","u';on. and form. of polotici. atlOl1 in the soci«i .. of control, In we"ern countr;"'. the wage rem.in. ,he domon.n, form in which capitali.m exploits woperation . nd ' he u p" ;'y fo r im-ent ion of wh.tever . ubje<:tlviti .. , 00' it h •• explod", into a mul'ipli,ity of .«ivi,i .. . od statu,"", expre .. iog ,u b,.,,,iviti .. . nd """cta,;;'n. wbich c. onOl be redoud '0 the trad ilional concept of cI ... .

lIut 'he prohlem" ewn more r.d iul. It i. not ju .. a qu."ion of oay;ng tha, ;ndu<tr;al v.-ork i. no longer at 'he centre of upita lt<t ,-alori,arion.

Once we Ju,'. im-entoried . 11 the nfW fom" of .(ti,-ity. ooce w. h,,-e affirm'" that languages. affee". knowledg", .nd life be<ome _ ;n their .ssemblage with ,"product;". ,,-ork _ produc'i,'e , "" .. ill d o no' under· .. and the dynami, 'hat make, poss ihle ,hi, <f .. ,;on .nd its exploitation,

'he d ynam ic of difference .nd repetition. It i . the I"rad igm of the work· .ohi~<t whi<h pre,'ent< ll. from .~tng th .. dynamic.

1 BB Ma urizio lonoroto

The labour Man n,.", and Discipli nary Societie.

To ,upple"",nt ~oucault', "", .. ch on disciplin1f)" ,o,:ieti .. , it would be n", .. ,ar)" to carry out >rudie, of the "I.,ion, th., ,h<>e ><>ei"" .. enter­" ined w i,h 'he inst i,ution, of the labour monmen' , Born and dneloped at ,he I>cginning of the nin«een'h cen'ury against the logic o f di« ipl","" th~ institu,ion. became, in ' he twen,ieth cen'ury, fundament>l cogs in tho prdcti<:e. of confinemen' , Th. ,wen,ieth century wa> the "ag~ for a con,ergence betw«n capitali,m and «>cial"m, in particular on the poli . tico of planning. which rep""n' 'he apogee of ,he disciplin1fJ ,ociet i .. and the fulfi l""'n' of the logi , of reprodu.:tion. The unpr<di" .. bili'J, unce",mty and I"""bil,,}' of vamtion pr .. uppo",d by ,he .,,,,m bl'g< of difference and rope'i' ion , 'og«her with the mon<trom ,ubjectiva'ion thi ... ..,"'blage ,mpl;'., were "'ictiJ codifie-d and noutra l,,,,d at both the economic and uKial lnei<. 11>< ·pre ... "abl"hed harmony ' wa, embod· iro during the Cold War, withou, an)' fundm .. n,.1 diff.renc., in ,ocial· i>! and cap,ulist planning pohci .. ~hh.

There i. no need '0 reca ll that 'he idea of planning i, a ,oc i.lisr .nd L"mniu idea, uk"" up by Rathenau during ,he Weimar Repub lic, which ,hen became the fad for all ",,,ior "ivil serv.n" .fter ' ho Second World W".

If planning i. endo"ed w i,h ' pecificity compared '0 ,be disciplinary soci« i", of 'ho eighto<n,h and nin"' .. n,h «nturies, it i. in the role and funct ion played within it hy work. conc.ivro .. b",h the ,ubstance and measur< of ph nning. Work ",,'ea l.d i,,,,li '0 be ,h. most eifec, i,,,, mean. of roguia'ing the ont irety of «lC;'t)'. In the fac,oro<" i, di«ipline. the new working cI." tthe OS , OUVT;'" ,pi auli,'., or umkill.d worh,,' by pr<. "<n'ing it from m.nife"ing it~lf a. multip lic,ty and cri' ique of ' he w.ge. Un,il the 1970. , m d on Frane< until the 1980., the trade-union .nd poli'ie.1 insti,ution. of the hbour mov.men' fough' 'p,nst 'he em«· gene< of the OS , or umkil lod ope,,'i,',," , .. a now political subj«t I",hieh no longer corr<>ponded '0 the "orking clas ••• under"",.d by .\-bal . nd . gainst ,he ir refu •• 1 of reproducti.e work.

In ,he phnned ,ocirty, tho . cc." of "omen, children .nd the . Iderly to "",ial righ" (wdf.re l ra'''' through ,h. worker. wage' ,,'en the pro· duction .nd reproduction of the norm of heler",e~ u.lj ty p",s.ed through work. no< institu,ion< of pl anning are (omp lrtely '''''<f",d md config. ured by the idea of work, ",hieh .... mbl .. ,ogeth .. discip line, and b,opo",er, confinemen' .nd m.nagem.n, 0/ liie, ,herehy reali. ing the mn 'ou" of ".,,")' a,.n ·iron cage" accord ing '0 I};Hler', exp""ion. Work also be".m ... 'he consti'utlon.1 1""''''' of the now «publOc. born

life and the living ;n the Sacielie, af Conrro l 1 B9

ou' of 'he col l,p", of f.",;,m (the Republic of haly. for example . ;, founded on work, •• ;" con"i,ut ion de.rly " .... I.

So doe. 'hOI mo.n th .. Foucault w,. wrong .nd the ~\arxi," roght ' h work then the foundat ion of.1I <ocia i lOd power rd .. ion,? To .n.wer thi' G",,"ion. i, i, n«:<"'I"}' to highligh, • fundamen .. 1 difference hetw",o pl.nned """ieti", md the d i!M:iplinHY ""ieti .. 'h" exi>ted hefot< the Fir<! World \"\'H, With the ad ... ot of phnning .nd fo rdi,m. wo rk i, no longer the "pontaneou,' ontological power of constitution of the world whid M1tx .pol<e .hou t, In Fordi,m. rhe pow .. of work ...,d it< regul .. ive c.pac ity are hound to the politic,l logic which instituted it a, the .uhmnce and m<1,ur. of .ocirty, Jf work tb.n 'ppc'" as the ground on ,,·hich .ocial « ht"",, "e bu ilt . it i, no longer bee.u« i, i. 'hat wh,ch constitu"" the social world. hu, rather hec. u", the soci.1 and polit ic.1 compromi .. hetw«n trad. untom, !}wne" . nd the st"e con'''tuted it", lf around the id.. of work, The gropolttl<al divi.ioll of the world "sted ,hen 00 the worhri" dyn. mics whi<:h a im at the rep roduct ion, control and neutr.li· urion of any . "emhlage of diff .. ence and repetition bj' in",£r"ing the institution. of rhe hhour mOWOlent into the logic 01 the roprod""tion of power, Economic reproducti,"' and politi<:a l reproduction thu, co,ncided through the iotermedi .. ion of work. \"\'e can rega rd 'he twenti<th cenrury a. the st.ge for the long and i[[<,""ih l. cri.i, of work .od . uhiect in>of .. .. the .. ar •• eon .. the constitun ve powers of ... If and world, If t he

. ubj<'Ctiwork paradigm lu"",ioned .. the ,y"em of regulation .iter the Second World War, it w .. only hec.,... of an ent irdy political !) ... rdeter· mination.

In the ",cond h.lf 01 the twentieth century, the appreh.mion oi 'he proce .. of const"ution of the world 'hrough the concept of praxi. phr. d a cOll«rnttv< or, at best . regul .. ory rol. ,-i.·ii-vi, power .. lotion., If .\ Ian', theory had revolution.!}' eff""" in the cyde of struggles which wrot from 'he d.y. of 1 M~ to the Pari. Commun., • «ntury later it can he ><,<n'o have functtoned ... pow .. lu l nl<an. of integr .. ion.

Tod.y. man)' hal'e forgotten ,hi, no"'o gloriou, pha .. ,n the h ,story o f ' he h hour mo,-eO\ent , n",y glorify fordi,m and its cert.inti .. ~ po,· reriori. which . mounts to a mystiocatton and n<gl"" of hi>tol)'.

The mo,'ements of '68 were not mistaken to regard .. their .d,'" .. ri" . 11 th . {>DCial,,! .nd capiulinl .dm(at'" of the nfu{r:ah .. {ion of the a"emhl'ge of d ,fierence .nd ropetition. The I.o<iali" and capital ist' bur.,,,,,,",, of the planned soc'''y ",ero co[[octly identified •• 'h o gu ard, o f t ho iron e.ge and 01 the impo'ition o f duali,m._ Renu ining with the examples d.,'elope<! aho,'<, the ye" 1965 wa, pr.,,,i,,,l}, • pomt 0/ rupturo and fljght from the logic of cI." and 'he h ........ ~tl1 1 norm,

190 Maur izio lanarato

Long . ftcr the capi .. li". and the "at< abandoned it os the m<am for dl<ciplining .ocicry. the lII>titutlon . of the hoom mow"",nt ha\'~ con· t inuoo to liw within rhe logic of politica l compmmi .. In which work commu«., .. guhting powcr. The p rohl.m i. that the "oom mov<m<nt ha. nothing to put", th o p l.ce of pr.xi •. It can't im.gin. a proe<" of commution of ""orld .nd .. If which i. not centroo around work.

Th. only .ltem,tlve it h .. been .hle to im . gine i. th .. of employment. The pa ... ge from wo rk to <mployment i •• nother .... d chapter in the d«line of the h oour mowment. If work be<:ame the centrepiece of the d,sc,plinary ><""ct ' .... the t ime of thm nh.u<tion (Ford"m), employ. ment comtitu ... one of the prmcipal form. of ,"!;Ubtion in the .ocieti .. of control,

Reference,

o.ku", G_ (1 ~U I. f".'~NIt. r,,,,, M,"u~_ I>'ku". G _ (I ~'IO!. 'Po>!.",';",,,", . u, ... "" .. ,,' ok "",,,,,,1.' on P'''''1'"''t.-.,. r.,i"

Minu"_ 0.1."". G_ 11 ~~S l . ·jmm' ...... ' """ ,"<' , PbJ"'"ph". 41 t'oo<,uk, M_ (20031.1.., r""" .. p'y/''''''q''', r .. " , (' .. l l< m",II><",1 I.",,,,,,,,,. M_ 1199!), 1';J,ufJ,,>Oji... Rom., M,m',"ol< o., bZL"''''. M, 110041, I"" ,,,,,J.,,,,,,, d. <"p""iu""" r., i" I ... Emr<''''"'' J.

P'"'" <n moo iL< 'i<" d .\I.,!\"I~_ L ,00 S'~n. [) , (1001 1. L·U.ro", ..,,,,,,.1. r .,i" ><",1. T.,<k. G_ 1 1S~.lI. Ella" "",;J..nl<" "",,,"oS"!"" . Lwo , ,,"nk_ T"J.. G_ I ! n~l. ['0/""",,, '" I. ","I., r .,;" P""". Un"",,, .. ,,,, do, F,.,.,,_ Tmk . G_ II~'N,' . I. .. L"" ""co,,)'" P.,;" >""h<l, o<,_ T.,,k. G. 12000'" F,"S"".' J 'h,,,,,,,, {.'."> Pm" ."'~u;." T.,<k. G (10031. I .. , T,"",r,,,,,,",,,,,,,, Ju P'''''''''. p"", t " Emr>«"'u" d< P''''' ''

on n",.!/L, 5<ud_

Note,

Ed;,";,l not" Th" <h,~'", 'PF"'" in M_ l.ozz",,,, (lOO4I. I. .. Rh''".,,,,,,, d. «'p""'u,,,,_ T""I.e«l "r Ak,,~ V"""," ,nd J uu ; V.lum.k, ' '' ' '''" "r Alb.rto T".., n"

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1 Th< d iff=n« on P'''p«I''~ ""Wtt" t'""", uk ,00 [)d<u« ,~."d",~ ,h, """'"' ."J <flit",), of " po",.,,, n d", to ,'" p,im-K)' ' hot [I<ku". unl ik, t',,,,,,,ul,. KC<Kd , '" 'h< .. " mM,S", u{ J.,,,, om ,h" "" mbi"ll" 01 F""'''''-

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