the consensus view of memory + a self module + the constructive memory framework (cmf) = the best...
TRANSCRIPT
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the ‘consensus’ view of memory
+a ‘self’ module
+
the constructive memory framework (CMF)= The best functional Account of memory there is…
The End (of lecture 7…)
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Episodic Memory Mechanisms
ConsolidationMechanisms
AttentionalControl
Encoding Storage Retrieval
AttentionalControl
SemanticRecords
PerceptualRecords
Binding
ContextSemanticRecords
PerceptualRecords
Binding
Context
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CMF adheres to the consensus view
ENCODING
Forming multiple individual records of attended information (see also Moscovitch’s model)
Associating (binding) each individual record with the current ‘spatiotemporal context’
Keeping each set of bound records distinct from all the others already in memory (pattern separation)
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CONSOLIDATION
Abstraction of semantic gist
Formation of multiple retrieval pathways
‘Offline’ playback mechanisms during sleep and quiet states
CMF adheres to the consensus view
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CMF adheres to the consensus view
RETRIEVAL
Retrieval ‘focus’
Access to the records of attended information via a retrieval cue (by hippocampal pattern completion)
Inhibition of irrelevant information
Re-activation of episodic content (held in the neocortex)
Monitoring/evaluating retrieval products (prefrontally mediated)
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CMF Neuroanatomy• The hippocampal formation
‘Indexing’ of episodes: exactly how is unknown Necessary both for encoding and retrieval Damage leads to dense retrograde and anterograde amnesia
• The frontal lobes Strategic control over memory: exactly how is again unknown! Damage leads to confabulations, delusions, heightened false
memory, source amnesia
• The entire ‘association’ neocortex Representation of experienced content Damage should lead to loss of specific content of prior episodes
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View of Long-Term Memory
ENCODING RETRIEVAL
Seeing Word
Hearing Word
MTL
MTL
MTL
MTLBut can we get beyond this cartoon state of knowledge, for example adding in the
CMF?
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the End (of lecture 7…)
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How does episodic memory actually work in vivo, and in real-time?
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Maps of the MindMemory and Cognition Lecture 8
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Electrophysiological
Haemodynamic
Cognitive Neuroscience Methods…
of seeing inside the box of tricks…
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Psychophysiology
• Aim is to develop mind reading technologies
• We are most interested in the PPY of Perception and Cognition. In other words, Cognitive Neuroscience
• Can we tell what a person is thinking or experiencing just by looking at their brain activity?
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Phrenology Was Odd…
• There is no known mechanism that would sculpt the contours of the skull according to underlying brain shape – i.e. there is no correlation between local contours of the
skull and the underlying size or shape of the brain
• Their psychological ‘model’ was based on common sense constructs of personality
– I.e. Looking in the wrong place for the wrong thing!
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But not entirely wrong…
• The idea of functional localisation has survived, but in a different form
– Localisation does not respect character traits, like honesty, peevishness
– Localisation may respect, for example, sensory modality, ‘cognitive systems’ (e.g. LTM), along with other psychological mechanisms yet to be elucidated
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Acceptable ‘modern’ principles of functional neuroanatomy
• Functional Segregation Discrete cognitive functions are localised to specific
parts/circuits of the brain (complex tasks are ‘divided and conquered’)
• Functional Integration Coordinated interactions between functionally specialised
areas (e.g. during retrieval from episodic memory, reading, perceptual binding etc)
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Where We At?
• We want to read a person’s mind from the activity of their brain
• Their mind is composed of lots of interacting cognitive processes
• Each distinct process is carried out by networks of brain regions, each region is probably performing specific functions, but they all work together
• So we need a device or a technique that can detect changes in brain activity specific to any cognitive process
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So What Do We Need?
• In an experiment we (think we) engage different functions in different conditions. For every condition we
– Detect rapid changes in neuronal activity (requires a temporal resolution of milliseconds, 1/100ths of a second)
– Locate activity within brain structures that are engaged (may require an anatomical (spatial) resolution of millimeters or better)
• Currently no such technique exists. Instead we rely on converging data from many techniques
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Electrophysiological Techniques EEG
non-invasive recordings from an array of scalp electrodes
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Averaging EEG produces ERPs
• Portions of the EEG time-locked to an event are averaged together, extracting the neural signature for the ‘event’.
10uV+
-
TIME (sec)0 21
DOG
AIR
SHOE
AVERAGE
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What do ERP waveforms tell us?
CONDITION A
CONDITION B
0 1 2
TIME (seconds)
5uV+
-
ONSET OF EVENT
INFORMATION ABOUT THE NEURAL BASIS OF PROCESSING IS PROVIDED BY THE DIFFERENCE IN ACTIVITY
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Functional Inferences Based Upon Electrophysiology
Timing Upper limit on time it takes for neural
processing to differ Time course of a process (onset,
duration, offset)
Level at which a process is engaged
Engagement of multiple processes at different times or in different conditions
Early Topography
Late Topography
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Another Electrophysiological Technique
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Electrophysiological Techniques
Principle advantages non-invasive high temporal resolution direct reflection of neuronal activity easy to produce event-related potentials by
selective averaging of EEG epochs. topographic mapping Cheap (for EEG but not MEG)
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The Brain’s Plumbing
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Haemodynamic Techniques
Oxygen and glucose are supplied by the blood as ‘fuel’ (energy) for the brain The brain does not store fuel, so Blood supply changes as needs arise Changes are regionally specific - following the local dynamics of neuronal activity
within a region
Haemodynamic techniques localise brain activity by detecting these regional changes in cerebral blood supply
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Samples the entire brain volume homogeneously
Has an effective anatomical resolution of about 10mm or so in group studies
An ‘indirect’ measure of neuronal activityDue to radiation dose, only a limited number of
scans can be taken from each subject
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Put head into a strong magnetic field Water protons align themselves with respect to the field alignment is then perturbed by radio-frequency pulses non-invasive and fast (few seconds) protons ‘relax’ back into alignment, giving off a signal relaxation signals can reveal
tissue type physiological state (e.g. blood oxygenation) 3D position in the magnetic field
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Our starting point …• Electrophysiological and Haemodynamic techniques
Have different temporal and spatial resolutions Measure different physiological signals Constrain experimental design and functional inferences in
different ways May provide complementary information when functional
maps from each technique can be formally co-registered
ERP PET
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Consensus View of Long-Term Memory
ENCODING RETRIEVAL
Seeing Word
Hearing Word
MTL
MTL
MTL
MTLBut can we get beyond this cartoon state of knowledge, for example adding in the
CMF?
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Focussed Search
Retrieve / Inhibit Monitor
Stimuli
0Time - 1 3 4 65 7 92 8
Retrieval success!!Retrieval failure
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cueonset
Ecphory/inhibition
MonitoringRetrieval Perception/attention
Patterncompletion/
Binding
‘selective attention’
Stimuli
Time 0.1 0.2 0.40.3 0.5 0.70 0.6
CMF{retrieval}
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Stimuli
Time 0.1 0.2 0.40.3 0.5 0.70 0.6
Ecphory?
Monitoring?
Implicit Memory?
Familiarity?