THE CONSTITUTIONChapter

2

2.1ROOTS OF THE

CONSTITUTION

Mercantilism

Strict import/export controls

Widely ignored

Costly French and Indian War

New taxes on sugar and paper items

Sugar Act

Stamp Act

"No taxation without representation"

TRADE AND TAXATION2.1

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Why was Samuel Adams important? 2.1

Stamp Act Congress formed to address

grievances

Boston Massacre, 1770

Committees of Correspondence build

public opinion against Britain.

Boston Tea Party

Coercive Acts of 1774 (Intolerable Acts)

Quartering of British troops

FIRST STEPS TOWARD INDEPENDENCE

2.1

What really happened at the Boston Massacre? 2.1

New York Historical Society

First Continental Congress

September, 1774

56 delegates

Declaration of Rights and Resolves

THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

2.1

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Second Continental Congress

May, 1775

Olive Branch Petition (July 5, 1775)

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

2.1

Committee of Five

Thomas Jefferson

Principal author

John Locke

Social contract theory

Life, liberty, and property

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

2.1

2.2

THE FIRST ATTEMPT AT

GOVERNMENT: THE

ARTICLES OF

CONFEDERATION

PROBLEMS UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

No power to tax

No power to regulate commerce

No executive to implement laws

No judicial system

No coercive power over states

2.2

SHAYS'S REBELLION

Farmers protest farm foreclosures

Shays and followers shut down court

No state militia to quell the uprising

2.2

What was the result of Shays's Rebellion? 2.2

North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy

2.3

THE MIRACLE AT

PHILADELPHIA:

WRITING THE U.S.

CONSTITUTION

All wealthy white males

Most young

Some slave owners

Relatively educated

Social motives

Maintain social order which benefited them

Economic motives

Maintain property rights which benefited

them

CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTIVES OF THE FRAMERS

2.3

Virginia Plan

Large states

Powerful central government

Representation based on population

New Jersey Plan

Small states

Weak central government

Representation by state

THE VIRGINIA AND NEW JERSEY PLANS

2.3

The Great Compromise

Bicameral legislature

Number of representatives based on

population

Representatives directly elected

States given equal votes in Senate

Senators elected by state legislatures

Division of power between national and

state governments

CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES

2.3

The Issue of Slavery

No limits for 20 years

The Three-Fifths Compromise

Representation determined by counting

slaves as three-fifths of a person

Gave southern states more representatives

CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES

2.3

One-person executive

4-year term

Electoral College

Impeachment

UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

2.3

2.4THE U.S. CONSTITUTION

Federalism

Power divided between national and state

governments

National government considered supreme

Power derived from the people

THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

2.4

Separation of Powers

Executive branch

Legislative branch

Judicial branch

Checks and Balances

Each branch has powers to check the other

two branches.

THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION

2.4

What are the separation of powers and checks and balances under the U.S. Constitution?

2.4

trekandphoto/Fotolia

Rob Hill/FotoliaVacclav/Fotolia

Article I: Legislative branch

Enumerated powers

Necessary and proper clause

Also called the Elastic clause

Implied powers

STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION

2.4

Article II: Executive branch

commander in chief

authority to make treaties and federal

appointments

execute the laws faithfully

STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION

2.4

Why does the president deliver a State of

the Union Address?2.4

Virginia Mayo/ AP Images

Article III: Judiciary branch

Articles IV through VII

Full faith and credit

Supremacy clause

Amendment process

STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION

2.4

2.5RATIFYING THE

CONSTITUTION

Federalists favored strong national

government.

Anti-Federalists favored strong state

governments.

Ratification process was contentious

FEDERALISTS VERSUS ANTI-FEDERALISTS

2.5

85 essays by Federalists

Alexander Hamilton (51)

James Madison(26)

John Jay(3)

Appeared in New York newspapers

Theoretical, scholarly

Anti-Federalists responded with critique of

Constitution

THE FEDERALIST PAPERS2.5

Delaware first state

Small states before others

New Hampshire 9th state

New York and Virginia

WINNING SUPPORT FOR THE CONSTITUTION

2.5

Condition of ratification

Sought by Anti-Federalists to protect civil

liberties

First ten amendments to Constitution

THE BILL OF RIGHTS2.5

2.6

TOWARD REFORM:

METHODS OF AMENDING

THE CONSTITUTION

Proposal

Two-thirds members of both houses

Two-thirds of state legislatures

Never used

Ratification

Vote in state legislature

Vote in ratifying convention

FORMAL METHODS OF AMENDING

THE CONSTITUTION2.6

How can the U.S. Constitution be amended? 2.6

Which is the only constitutional amendment to be repealed?

2.6

Kean Collection/Archive Photos/Getty Images

Judicial interpretation

Supreme Court can decide if laws are

unconstitutional.

Social and cultural change

Legislation can alter balance of power

between government and states.

Technological change

Media is redefining free speech.

INFORMAL METHODS OF

AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION2.6