THE CONTEMPORARY AGE

UNIT 12

PROGRESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY

AGE

Transport

Housing

Education

Communication

Medicine

Industry

Internal combustion

engine

Steam engine

Running water

flats

Free education

for all

radio

post

newspaperemail

television

Mobile phone

s

machines robots

Steam engines

factories

computers

X-ray machine

Public health service

Spain in the nineteenth century The invasion led by Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1808, led to the Spanish War of Independence.

During the war, representatives of the Spanish Parliament met in Cádiz, to discuss a Constitution, which was

approved in 1812. The Constitution of Cádiz.

In 1814, Spain defeated France.

King Fernando VII returned to Spain, he abolished the Constitution de Cádiz, as a result, there were many

conflicts in Spain.

Colonies in the Americas took advantage of this instability to become independent from Spain.

The instability in Spain continued, and the First Spanish Republic was declared in 1873.

This republic only lasted one year and in 1874, Alfonso XII, became king of Spain.

SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

During the early nineteenth century, many economic changes took place throughout Europe.The most important invention was the steam engine.This meant that : - people could travel further and faster on railways and in ships.

- goods such as textiles could be mass-produced in factories.

Upper class

• Nobles • Rich factory

owners• Bankers

Middle class

• Merchants • Doctors • Lawyers

Lower class

• Agricultural workers (country)

• Factory workers (towns and cities)

TWENTIETH CENTURY• EARLY• Alfonso XII was given control of government in

1902

During his reign, Spain lost its last colonies in the Americas.

• In 1923 there was a military takeover and General Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship until 1930.

• In 1931 was declared the Second Spanish Republic and another Constitution approved.

Reforms:

- It divided and distributed land to the agricultural workers.

- It built new state schools.- It declared the first Statutes of Autonomy.

• On 18th July 1936, General Francisco Franco led a military takeover against the Republic. This was followed by a civil war.

• Spain divided into the Republicans and the Nationalists.

- The Republicans supported the democratically elected Republic.

- The Nationalists supported General Franco and the military takeover.

- The war officially ended on 1st April 1939.

• LATE• When the Civil War ended, General Franco

established a dictatorship which lasted until his death in 1975.

- Republican laws and reforms in the Constitution were abolished.

- Spain´s economy began to improve in the final decades of the dictatorship.

• In 1975 the transition from a dictatorship to a democracy began.

- Juan Carlos I became king.

- In 1977 the first democratic elections were held Adolfo Suárez was elected President.

- In 1978, the Spanish Constitution was approved.

- In 1983 the final Statutes of Autonomy were approved.