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The Craft of Scientific Presentations [Feynman] developed into an accomplished and inspiring teacher and lecturer, who gave virtuoso performances full of showmanship, humor, with his own inimitable brilliance, style, and manner. Jagdish Mehra

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Page 1: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

The Craft of ScientificPresentations

[Feynman] developed into an accomplished and inspiring teacher and lecturer, who gave virtuoso performances full of showmanship, humor, with his own inimitable brilliance, style, and manner.

Jagdish Mehra

Page 2: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Because presentations are expensive, one should consider whether a presentation is truly needed

Cost in salaries of audience

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Because presentations are expensive, one should consider whether a presentation is truly needed

Cost in salaries of audience

Cost in time for presentation

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Because presentations are expensive, one should consider whether a presentation is truly needed

Cost in salaries of audience

Cost in time for presentation

Cost in time to prepare presentation

Page 5: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Presentations have several advantages over documents

Work can come alive for audience Work

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Presenter can read audience and react

AB

C

C

D

Presentations have several advantages over documents

Work can come alive for audience Work

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Presenter can read audience and react

AB

C

C

D

Presenter receives instant reaction

! ? ! ?

Presentations have several advantages over documents

Work can come alive for audience Work

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Speaker has limited chance to catch errors

? ? ?

Presentations also have several disadvantages

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Speaker has limited chance to catch errors

? ? ?

Audience cannot reread text

has oneaudience

chanceto hear

Presentations also have several disadvantages

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Speaker has limited chance to catch errors

? ? ?

Audience cannot reread text

has oneaudience

chanceto hear

Audience cannot look up background material

Presentations also have several disadvantages

Page 11: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Presentations can be viewed from three stylistic perspectives

Structure andSpeech

Delivery

Archives, Cal-Tech

Visual Aids

Page 12: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

audience

purpose occasion

You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints

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audience

purpose occasion

You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints

who are they?what do they know?

why are they here?what biases do they have?

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audience

purpose occasion

You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints

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audience

purpose occasion

You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints

to inform

to persuade

to inspire

to teach

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audience

purpose occasion

You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints

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audience

purpose occasion

You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints

formality

size

time

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Beginning

Ending

Middle

As with documents, the structure of presentations should have clear beginnings, middles, and ends

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Beginnings prepare the audiencefor the work to be presented

Defines work

Work = A + B

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Beginnings prepare the audiencefor the work to be presented

Defines work

Work = A + B

Shows importance

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Beginnings prepare the audiencefor the work to be presented

Defines work

Work = A + B

Shows importance

Gives background

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Beginnings prepare the audiencefor the work to be presented

Defines work

Work = A + B

Maps presentation

A

B

CD

Shows importance

Gives background

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The middle presents the workin a logical order

post-combustionmethods

combustionmethods

pre-combustion methods

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pre-combustionmethods

combustionmethods

In the middle, you make smooth transitions between major points

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pre-combustionmethods

combustionmethods

post-combustionmethods

combustionmethods

In the middle, you make smooth transitions between major points

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The ending summarizes main points and places those results in the context of the big picture

point 1point 2point 3point 4

point 5point 6point 7point 8

point 1point 7

Summary

Big Picture

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Presentations can be viewed from three stylistic perspectives

Structure andSpeech

Delivery

Archives, Cal-Tech

Visual Aids

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One type of visual aid that deserves reflection is the presentation slide

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Audiences remember more when youuse well-designed slides

10 20 30 40 50 60

Recall (%)

Hearand See

See

Hear

Page 30: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Audiences remember more when youuse well-designed slides

10 20 30 40 50 60

Recall (%)

Hearand See

See

Hear

Page 31: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Audiences remember more when youuse well-designed slides

10 20 30 40 50 60

Recall (%)

Hearand See

See

Hear

Page 32: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Audiences remember more when youuse well-designed slides

10 20 30 40 50 60

Recall (%)

Hearand See

See

Hear

Page 33: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

What information to include?

Excluded

Included

What format to choose?

No matter what type of projection you use,you must make certain decisions

Page 34: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Choose a format that is easily read

Arial

BOOK ANTIQUA

Choose legible type

Choose a helpful layoutwordswordswordswords

wordswordswords

words

Page 35: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Choose a format that is easily read

Arial

BOOK ANTIQUA

Choose legible type

Choose a helpful layoutwordswordswordswords

wordswordswords

words

Page 36: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Choose a format that is easily read

Arial

BOOK ANTIQUA

Choose legible type

Choose a helpful layoutwordswordswordswords

wordswordswords

words

Page 37: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Color can distinguisha presentation

Page 38: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Color affects how fastthe audience can read

Page 39: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Color affects how fastthe audience can read

The color combination that is read most quickly is black on yellow.

Page 40: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Color affects how fastthe audience can read

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Color affects how fastthe audience can read

What is important is that the combination has contrast—the one on this slide fails to do so.

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Color affects how fastthe audience can read

Page 43: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Color affects how fastthe audience can read

Combinations of red, green, and brown are difficult for many people to read

Page 44: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Color affects the emotionsof the audience

Page 45: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Color affects the emotionsof the audience

Avoid having a hot color such as red or orange as your background color.

Page 46: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Headline

Body

Recommended here is a sentence-headline design that quickly orients the audience

The sentence headline succinctly statesthe main assertion of the slide

Body supportswith words

Body supportswith images

compressor

combustor

turbine

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Secondary flows enter the primary flow through film-cooling holes and dilution jets

Turbine Vanes

SecondaryFlow

PrimaryFlow

SecondaryFlow

Dilution Jet

Combustor Simulator

Film-Cooling Holes

Page 48: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

What information to include?

Excluded

Included

What format to choose?

No matter what type of projection you use,you must make certain decisions

Page 49: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Include slides that accent important details

Page 50: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Include slides that accent important details

Images

Neptune has three moons

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Include slides that accent important details

Results Four warmestyears of century

1988198719831981

The world is warming

Images

Neptune has three moons

Page 52: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Include slides that show organization

BeginningTitle Mapping

Middle

Middle 1Middle 2

EndingConclusion

Page 53: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Cynthia SchmidtMechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Texas

Methods to ReduceSulfur Dioxide EmissionsFrom Coal-Fueled

Page 54: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Three classes of methods exist for reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide

post-combustionmethods

combustionmethods

pre-combustion methods

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90% removal capability

low capital cost—able to use in existing equipment

high operating cost

ability to use different grades of coal

separator

airinlet

cleanedexhaust

grid

The most effective combustion methodis an atmospheric fluidized bed

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Percentage Reduction of SO2

coal cleaning

coal switching

fluidized bed

absorption

adsorption

25 50 75

40%40%

80%

90%

95%

80%

In summary, by using these methods, coal utilities can greatly reduce SO2 emissions

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Percentage Reduction of SO2

coal cleaning

coal switching

fluidized bed

absorption

adsorption

25 50 75

40%40%

80%

90%

95%

80%

In summary, by using these methods, coal utilities can greatly reduce SO2 emissions

Questions?

Page 58: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Exclude details that the audiencedoes not need or cannot remember

Page 59: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Avoid filler information

Roentgen discovered x-raysin 1895. He found that a cathode-ray tube producedfluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen.

Exclude details that the audiencedoes not need or cannot remember

Page 60: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Avoid filler information

Roentgen discovered x-raysin 1895. He found that a cathode-ray tube producedfluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen.

Avoid long lists• Corrosion• Acid rain• Toxic materials• Pulsed combustion• Energetic materials• Pyrogenic materials• Smog

Exclude details that the audiencedoes not need or cannot remember

Page 61: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Avoid complex images

DEAR-ATOR

HOTWELL

RGFAB

Avoid filler information

Roentgen discovered x-raysin 1895. He found that a cathode-ray tube producedfluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen.

Avoid long lists• Corrosion• Acid rain• Toxic materials• Pulsed combustion• Energetic materials• Pyrogenic materials• Smog

Exclude details that the audiencedoes not need or cannot remember

Page 62: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Presentations can be viewed from three stylistic perspectives

Structure andSpeech

Delivery

Archives, Cal-Tech

Visual Aids

Page 63: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Delivery is the speaker’s interaction with the audience

Voice

AIP

Page 64: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

Delivery is the speaker’s interaction with the audience

Voice

AIP Movement

Cal-Tech

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Delivery is the speaker’s interaction with the audience

Cal-Tech

Stage Presence

Voice

AIP Movement

Cal-Tech

Page 66: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

You have several choices for how you deliver your speech

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You have several choices for how you deliver your speech

Memorizing the Speech

+ allows eye contact- difficult for long speeches- room for precision errors- no room for improvising

Page 68: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

You have several choices for how you deliver your speech

Memorizing the Speech

+ allows eye contact- difficult for long speeches- room for precision errors- no room for improvising

Reading From a Text + ensures precision- does not sound natural- no room for improvising- hinders eye contact

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You have several choices for how you deliver your speech

Memorizing the Speech

+ allows eye contact- difficult for long speeches- room for precision errors- no room for improvising

Reading From a Text + ensures precision- does not sound natural- no room for improvising- hinders eye contact

Winging It + sounds natural- has much room for error

Page 70: The Craft of Scientific Presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen. Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember. Avoid filler

You have several choices for how you deliver your speech

Memorizing the Speech

+ allows eye contact- difficult for long speeches- room for precision errors- no room for improvising

Reading From a Text + ensures precision- does not sound natural- no room for improvising- hinders eye contact

Winging It + sounds natural- has much room for error

Speaking From Slides

+ insures organization+ allows eye contact+ allows improvising- some room for error

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In summary, you can improve by practicing and by critiquing the presentations of others

Cal-Tech

Linus Pauling

Chien-Shiung Wu

AIP

Richard Feynman

Cal-Tech