the craft of scientific presentations · fluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen....
TRANSCRIPT
The Craft of ScientificPresentations
[Feynman] developed into an accomplished and inspiring teacher and lecturer, who gave virtuoso performances full of showmanship, humor, with his own inimitable brilliance, style, and manner.
Jagdish Mehra
Because presentations are expensive, one should consider whether a presentation is truly needed
Cost in salaries of audience
Because presentations are expensive, one should consider whether a presentation is truly needed
Cost in salaries of audience
Cost in time for presentation
Because presentations are expensive, one should consider whether a presentation is truly needed
Cost in salaries of audience
Cost in time for presentation
Cost in time to prepare presentation
Presentations have several advantages over documents
Work can come alive for audience Work
Presenter can read audience and react
AB
C
C
D
Presentations have several advantages over documents
Work can come alive for audience Work
Presenter can read audience and react
AB
C
C
D
Presenter receives instant reaction
! ? ! ?
Presentations have several advantages over documents
Work can come alive for audience Work
Speaker has limited chance to catch errors
? ? ?
Presentations also have several disadvantages
Speaker has limited chance to catch errors
? ? ?
Audience cannot reread text
has oneaudience
chanceto hear
Presentations also have several disadvantages
Speaker has limited chance to catch errors
? ? ?
Audience cannot reread text
has oneaudience
chanceto hear
Audience cannot look up background material
Presentations also have several disadvantages
Presentations can be viewed from three stylistic perspectives
Structure andSpeech
Delivery
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Visual Aids
audience
purpose occasion
You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints
audience
purpose occasion
You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints
who are they?what do they know?
why are they here?what biases do they have?
audience
purpose occasion
You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints
audience
purpose occasion
You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints
to inform
to persuade
to inspire
to teach
audience
purpose occasion
You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints
audience
purpose occasion
You begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints
formality
size
time
Beginning
Ending
Middle
As with documents, the structure of presentations should have clear beginnings, middles, and ends
Beginnings prepare the audiencefor the work to be presented
Defines work
Work = A + B
Beginnings prepare the audiencefor the work to be presented
Defines work
Work = A + B
Shows importance
Beginnings prepare the audiencefor the work to be presented
Defines work
Work = A + B
Shows importance
Gives background
Beginnings prepare the audiencefor the work to be presented
Defines work
Work = A + B
Maps presentation
A
B
CD
Shows importance
Gives background
The middle presents the workin a logical order
post-combustionmethods
combustionmethods
pre-combustion methods
pre-combustionmethods
combustionmethods
In the middle, you make smooth transitions between major points
pre-combustionmethods
combustionmethods
post-combustionmethods
combustionmethods
In the middle, you make smooth transitions between major points
The ending summarizes main points and places those results in the context of the big picture
point 1point 2point 3point 4
point 5point 6point 7point 8
point 1point 7
Summary
Big Picture
Presentations can be viewed from three stylistic perspectives
Structure andSpeech
Delivery
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Visual Aids
One type of visual aid that deserves reflection is the presentation slide
Audiences remember more when youuse well-designed slides
10 20 30 40 50 60
Recall (%)
Hearand See
See
Hear
Audiences remember more when youuse well-designed slides
10 20 30 40 50 60
Recall (%)
Hearand See
See
Hear
Audiences remember more when youuse well-designed slides
10 20 30 40 50 60
Recall (%)
Hearand See
See
Hear
Audiences remember more when youuse well-designed slides
10 20 30 40 50 60
Recall (%)
Hearand See
See
Hear
What information to include?
Excluded
Included
What format to choose?
No matter what type of projection you use,you must make certain decisions
Choose a format that is easily read
Arial
BOOK ANTIQUA
Choose legible type
Choose a helpful layoutwordswordswordswords
wordswordswords
words
Choose a format that is easily read
Arial
BOOK ANTIQUA
Choose legible type
Choose a helpful layoutwordswordswordswords
wordswordswords
words
Choose a format that is easily read
Arial
BOOK ANTIQUA
Choose legible type
Choose a helpful layoutwordswordswordswords
wordswordswords
words
Color can distinguisha presentation
Color affects how fastthe audience can read
Color affects how fastthe audience can read
The color combination that is read most quickly is black on yellow.
Color affects how fastthe audience can read
Color affects how fastthe audience can read
What is important is that the combination has contrast—the one on this slide fails to do so.
Color affects how fastthe audience can read
Color affects how fastthe audience can read
Combinations of red, green, and brown are difficult for many people to read
Color affects the emotionsof the audience
Color affects the emotionsof the audience
Avoid having a hot color such as red or orange as your background color.
Headline
Body
Recommended here is a sentence-headline design that quickly orients the audience
The sentence headline succinctly statesthe main assertion of the slide
Body supportswith words
Body supportswith images
compressor
combustor
turbine
Secondary flows enter the primary flow through film-cooling holes and dilution jets
Turbine Vanes
SecondaryFlow
PrimaryFlow
SecondaryFlow
Dilution Jet
Combustor Simulator
Film-Cooling Holes
What information to include?
Excluded
Included
What format to choose?
No matter what type of projection you use,you must make certain decisions
Include slides that accent important details
Include slides that accent important details
Images
Neptune has three moons
Include slides that accent important details
Results Four warmestyears of century
1988198719831981
The world is warming
Images
Neptune has three moons
Include slides that show organization
BeginningTitle Mapping
Middle
Middle 1Middle 2
EndingConclusion
Cynthia SchmidtMechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Texas
Methods to ReduceSulfur Dioxide EmissionsFrom Coal-Fueled
Three classes of methods exist for reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide
post-combustionmethods
combustionmethods
pre-combustion methods
90% removal capability
low capital cost—able to use in existing equipment
high operating cost
ability to use different grades of coal
separator
airinlet
cleanedexhaust
grid
The most effective combustion methodis an atmospheric fluidized bed
Percentage Reduction of SO2
coal cleaning
coal switching
fluidized bed
absorption
adsorption
25 50 75
40%40%
80%
90%
95%
80%
In summary, by using these methods, coal utilities can greatly reduce SO2 emissions
Percentage Reduction of SO2
coal cleaning
coal switching
fluidized bed
absorption
adsorption
25 50 75
40%40%
80%
90%
95%
80%
In summary, by using these methods, coal utilities can greatly reduce SO2 emissions
Questions?
Exclude details that the audiencedoes not need or cannot remember
Avoid filler information
Roentgen discovered x-raysin 1895. He found that a cathode-ray tube producedfluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen.
Exclude details that the audiencedoes not need or cannot remember
Avoid filler information
Roentgen discovered x-raysin 1895. He found that a cathode-ray tube producedfluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen.
Avoid long lists• Corrosion• Acid rain• Toxic materials• Pulsed combustion• Energetic materials• Pyrogenic materials• Smog
Exclude details that the audiencedoes not need or cannot remember
Avoid complex images
DEAR-ATOR
HOTWELL
RGFAB
Avoid filler information
Roentgen discovered x-raysin 1895. He found that a cathode-ray tube producedfluorescence in a distant plati-num-barium-cyanide screen.
Avoid long lists• Corrosion• Acid rain• Toxic materials• Pulsed combustion• Energetic materials• Pyrogenic materials• Smog
Exclude details that the audiencedoes not need or cannot remember
Presentations can be viewed from three stylistic perspectives
Structure andSpeech
Delivery
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Visual Aids
Delivery is the speaker’s interaction with the audience
Voice
AIP
Delivery is the speaker’s interaction with the audience
Voice
AIP Movement
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Delivery is the speaker’s interaction with the audience
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Stage Presence
Voice
AIP Movement
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You have several choices for how you deliver your speech
You have several choices for how you deliver your speech
Memorizing the Speech
+ allows eye contact- difficult for long speeches- room for precision errors- no room for improvising
You have several choices for how you deliver your speech
Memorizing the Speech
+ allows eye contact- difficult for long speeches- room for precision errors- no room for improvising
Reading From a Text + ensures precision- does not sound natural- no room for improvising- hinders eye contact
You have several choices for how you deliver your speech
Memorizing the Speech
+ allows eye contact- difficult for long speeches- room for precision errors- no room for improvising
Reading From a Text + ensures precision- does not sound natural- no room for improvising- hinders eye contact
Winging It + sounds natural- has much room for error
You have several choices for how you deliver your speech
Memorizing the Speech
+ allows eye contact- difficult for long speeches- room for precision errors- no room for improvising
Reading From a Text + ensures precision- does not sound natural- no room for improvising- hinders eye contact
Winging It + sounds natural- has much room for error
Speaking From Slides
+ insures organization+ allows eye contact+ allows improvising- some room for error
In summary, you can improve by practicing and by critiquing the presentations of others
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Linus Pauling
Chien-Shiung Wu
AIP
Richard Feynman
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