the creation of a digital soil map for cyprus using

Cyprus Geological Survey

65 years of public service

The creation of a digital soil map for Cyprus using decision-tree classification techniquesZomeni Z., Camera C., Noller J., Zissimos A., Bruggeman A.

Scope of study

•This study will develop a digital soil properties map ofCyprus, at 1:50,000 scale.

•The soil physical properties which the map will provide aretexture, depth, water holding capacity

•Use Correlation and Regression Training for predictivemapping

•Use existing topographical and soils data and integrate newgeological, geochemical, geomorphological,geochronological, ecological and remote sensed data

3. Reiterations of #2 until desired accuracy reached

2. Extrapolation of Rule Sets to Unmapped Areas

Random Forest Runs Ground Truthing

1. Initial Analysis of Existing Mapped Areas

Random Forest Runs GIS Analyses

Random Forest Workflow

Soil Map of Cyprus

methodology• Use known environmental variables, i.e. geology,

geomorphology, topography, climatic parameters• Use existing 1:25.000 soil maps to “train” the software• The software will create decision trees based on rules,

i.e.

• The software will predict soil units in unmapped areas• The output will be field checked

• Rule :• IF elevation <= 1742, and• precipitation <=2465, and• slope is < 6, and• geology = 15, THEN• Soil= 1 (ie Letymbou soil series)

Soil forming factors, from Jenny (1941) to McBratney (2003)

5

•Soil properties•Climate (precipitation, soil moisture, temperature)•Organisms (vegetation, fauna, humans)•Relief (topography, slope, aspect, landscape)•Parent material (e.g, surficial geology, bedrock lithology)•Age (time factor)•N space, spatial position

...clorpt scorpan

scorpan, soil properties

Soil map of Cyprus, 1961, 1:125.000

Legend1.1 Kafkalla - Fairly level

1.2 Kafkalla - Moderately sloping

10.1.1 Silicate raw soils on igneous rocks - Shallow

10.1.2 Silicate raw soils on igneous rocks - Deep

10.1.3 Silicate raw soils on igneous rocks - Under pines

10.2.1 Silicate raw soils on Mamonia rocks - Shallow

10.2.2 Silicate raw soils on Mamonia rocks - Deep

11 Blown sand

12 Urban

2.1 Terra Rossa on kafkalla - Shallow

2.2 Terra Rossa on kafkalla - Immature

2.3 Terra Rossa on kafkalla - Deep

3.1 Terra Rossa on hard limestone - Shallow w. outcrops

3.2 Terra Rossa on hard limestone - Shallow

3.3 Terra Rossa on hard limestone - Deep

4.1 Red earths - Shallow

4.2 Red earths - Deep

4.3 Red earths - Immature

4.4 Red earths - Degraded

5.1 Brown earths - Shallow

5.2 Brown earths - Deep

6.1 Calcareous raw soils - Rocky

6.2 Calcareous raw soils - Shallow

6.3 Calcareous raw soils - Deep

7.1.1 Xerorendzinas on Kythrea beds - Sandstone

7.1.2 Xerorendzinas on Kythrea beds - Shallow

7.1.3 Xerorendzinas on Kythrea beds - Deep

7.2.1 Xerorendzinas on limestones, etc - Shallow

7.2.2 Xerorendzinas on limestones, etc - Deep

7.3 Xerorendzinas on pliocene marls

8 Shallow rendzinas with hard limestone outcrops

9.1 Alluvial soils - Saline and marshy

9.2 Alluvial soils - Non saline

scorpan, Soil properties


LegendBc, Calcaric Cambisols

Bc, Calcaric Cambisols Lithic phase

Be, Eutric Cambisols

Be, Eutric Cambisols Lithic phase

Bv, Vertic Cambisols

Bv, Vertic Cambisols Lithic phase

Em, Mollic Rendzinas Lithic phase

Eo, Ochric Rendzinas

Eo, Ochric Rendzinas Lithic phase

Ic, Calcaric Lithosols

Ic, Calcaric Lithosols Petrocalcic phase

Ie, Eutric Lithosols

Rc, Calcaric Regosols

Rc, Calcaric Regosols Lithic phase

Rc, Calcaric Regosols Shifting sands

Re, Eutric Regosols

Re, Eutric Regosols Lithic phase

So, Orthic Solonetz

Urban, Urban

Vc, Chromic Vertisols

Vp, Pellic Vertisols

Vp, Pellic Vertisols Lithic phase

Vr, Rhodic Vertisols

Vr, Rhodic Vertisols Lithic phase

Vx, Xeric Vertisols

Vx, Xeric Vertisols Lithic phase

Xc, Calcaric Xerosols

Xg, Gypsic Xerosols

Xg, Gypsic Xerosols Lithic phase

Xv, Vertic Xerosols

Zg, Gleyic Solonchaks

scorpan, Soil properties


LegendSalt Lake Deposits

eutric-lithic-LEPTOSOLS and eutric-skeletic-REGOSOLS

eutric-GAMBISOLS and eutric-anthropic-REGOSOLS

lithic-LEPTOSOLS and epipetric-CALCISOLS

calcaric-lithic-LEPTOSOLS and calcaric-leptic-REGOSOLS

epipetric-CALCISOLS and leptic-chromic-LUVISOLS

calcic-LUVISOLS and chromic-vertic-LUVISOLS

skeletic-calcaric-REGOSOLS and calcaric-lithic-LEPTOSOLS

calcaric-rendzic-LEPTOSOLS and calcaric-leptic-CAMBISOLS

calcaric-leptic-REGOSOLS and lithic-LEPTOSOLS

vertic-CAMBISOLS and calcaric-REGOSOLS

calcaric-fluvic-CAMBISOLS and vertic-CAMBISOLS

calcaric-CAMBISOLS and calcaric-REGOSOLS

eutric-chromic-VERTISOLS

calcaric-lithic LEPTOSOLS

gleyic-SOLONCHALKS

skeletic-leptic-REGOSOLS

vertic-leptic-CAMBISOLS and chromic-VERTISOLS

gypsiric-REGOSOLS and leptic-GYPSISOLS

Wetness Index

water loss (red) and water accumulation (blue)

scorpan, climate

• rainfall, 50 cm/year, xeric• January temperatures, 0oC to 25oC• July temperatures, 25oC to 40oC

scorpan, organisms

LegendCorganicCStop_per100Value

High : 11 %

Low : 0

Geochemical Atlas of CyprusCyprus Geological Survey 2011

•5500 sites•2 samples per site

scorpan, organisms

scorpan, organisms, long presence of man

•Agriculture and salinization•landscaping•overgrazing•unsupervised industrialisation•abandoned agricultural land•deforestation

Closed depression

Berm

Cuesta

Drainages

Fan

Flat

Fluvial

Hillslope

Horst

Mesa

Plains

Ridges

Terrace

12

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LakkiPolis

Argaka

Gialia

Kynousa

Makounta

Prodromi Pelathousa

Kato Gialia

Nea Dimmata

Agia Marina Chrysochous

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LakkiPolis

Argaka

Gialia

Kynousa

Makounta

Prodromi Pelathousa

Kato Gialia

Nea Dimmata


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LakkiPolis

Argaka

Gialia

Kynousa

Makounta

Prodromi Pelathousa

Kato Gialia

Nea Dimmata


Elevation Aspect Slope

Landscapeposition

scorpan, relief 30,000 polygons

scorpan, parent material

Holocene AlluviumPleistocene TerracesCalcareous sedimentsOphioliteLimestone

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Akaki

Argaki

Morfou

Potami

Klirou

MasariFyllia

Avlona

Meniko

Deneia

Mandres

Mitsero

Mammari

Nikitas

Orounta

Arediou

Vyzakia

Angolemi

Nikitari

XyliatosMalounta

Katokopia

Kato Moni

Agrokipia

Kato ZodeiaPano Zodeia

Astromeritis

Palaiometocho

Prastio Morfou

Pano KoutrafasKato Koutrafas

Agioi Iliofotoi

Agioi Trimithias

Kokkinotrimithia

Agia Marina Xyliatou

Peristerona Lefkosias

Agios Theodoros Soleas

Agios Ioannis Lefkosias

Agios Georgios Kafkallou

scorpan, parent material and age

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Akaki

Argaki

Morfou

Potami

Klirou

MasariFyllia

Avlona

Meniko

Deneia

Mandres

Mitsero

Mammari

Nikitas

Orounta

Arediou

Vyzakia

Angolemi

Nikitari

XyliatosMalounta

Katokopia

Kato Moni

Agrokipia

Kato ZodeiaPano Zodeia

Astromeritis

Palaiometocho

Prastio Morfou

Pano KoutrafasKato Koutrafas

Agioi Iliofotoi

Agioi Trimithias

Kokkinotrimithia

Agia Marina Xyliatou

Peristerona Lefkosias

Agios Theodoros Soleas

Agios Ioannis Lefkosias

Agios Georgios Kafkallou

OneGeology, 13.600 polygons

Surficial Deposits, 5.800 polygons

Extrapolation beyond the training areas

Training data

Polemi

Pakhna PAPA1PA2PA3PA2-3PAr1PAr2PAr3PA1tPA2tC3(PAr)C3(PA)

Pendayia PP1P2P3PcPl

Peristerona PE1PE2PE3PE4PEi1PEi2PEi3PEi4C2(PEi)C3(PEi)

I II

L

X

V

III

LI

IX

IV

VI

XI

LII LV

VII

XII

XL

XV

XX

LIII LVI

VIII

XIII

XLI

LIV

LIX

XVIXIV

XXIXIX

LVII

XLII

XLV

XXIIXVII

XXXXXV

LVIII

XLIII

XLVI

XXIIIXVIII

XLIV XLIX

XXIV

XXXIXXIXXXVI

XLVII

XXXIIXXVII

XXXV

XLVIII

XXVIII XXXIII

XXXIV XXXIXXXXVI XXXVII XXXVIII

The method involves compiling a dataset of values for all these variables at random points

and then ground truthing

Easting Northing Elevation (m)

Precipitation (mm)

Slope(%) Geology Soil

x1 y1 637 246 4 15 1x2 y2 621 246 10 15 2x3 y3 716 257 4 15 1x4 y4 704 247 27 15 4x5 y5 715 248 5 15 1x6 y6 728 246 3 15 1

geology 15 = Troodos pillow lavas

Regosol on umber deposit in Asgata

Ap

Btk

CRtk

umber

Terrace wall

Soil formation behind terrace wall in Asgata on basalt

Soil toposequence in Vasa on diabase

Coastal soils in Tochni

Orchard and destroyed check dam in Agios Theodoros

Small test area west of Lefkosia

Error associated with increasing number of decision trees

different type of soils (dashed lines) mean error (black line)

observed

CL.ptp-LV.cr.c

a

CM.eu-RG.ah.e

u

CM.fv.ca-CM.vr

CM.vr-RG.ca

LP.li.ca-

RG.le.ca

LP.li.eu-

RG.le.eu

LV.cc-LV.vr.c

r

RG.ca.sk-

LP.li.capr

edic

ted

CL.ptp-LV.cr.ca

0.950 0.000 0.004 0.021 0.021 0.000 0.004 0.000

CM.eu-RG.ah.eu

0.000 0.942 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.053 0.000 0.005

CM.fv.ca-CM.vr

0.009 0.000 0.882 0.091 0.018 0.000 0.000 0.000

CM.vr-RG.ca

0.017 0.000 0.009 0.916 0.049 0.000 0.007 0.002

LP.li.ca-RG.le.ca

0.014 0.000 0.002 0.029 0.946 0.001 0.000 0.006

LP.li.eu-RG.le.eu

0.000 0.026 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.958 0.000 0.011

LV.cc-LV.vr.cr

0.032 0.000 0.000 0.043 0.004 0.000 0.921 0.000

RG.ca.sk-LP.li.ca

0.000 0.002 0.000 0.005 0.016 0.011 0.000 0.966

Predicted and observed soil series in a mapped area for testing method

conclusions

• decision‐tree classification techniques can be usedsuccessfully to predict soil properties inunmapped areas

• Detailed physiographic and geological data isneeded for maximizing accuracy

• Final project results will be presented inSeptember of 2014

the creation of a digital soil map for cyprus using

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