The CrusadesThe Crusades

Call to FightCall to Fight Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, asked Pope to help in Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, asked Pope to help in

fighting the Seljuk Turks fighting the Seljuk Turks (Muslim)(Muslim) Pope Urban II took opportunity to showcase papal Pope Urban II took opportunity to showcase papal

leadershipleadership Cause: take back holy lands from MuslimsCause: take back holy lands from Muslims Urban II challenged Christians to take up weapons Urban II challenged Christians to take up weapons

and join in a holy warand join in a holy war Pope promised fighters “remission of sins”Pope promised fighters “remission of sins” Over next 300 years, a number of such Crusades Over next 300 years, a number of such Crusades

were launched.were launched.

Reasons for Joiningfor Joining People joined crusading

bands for a variety of reasons– Religious fervor,

adventure, chance to fight, gain territory, riches, possibility of a title

– Pope and kings saw it as an opportunity to free Europe from young nobles who disturbed the peace and wasted lives and energy fighting one another

First CrusadeFirst Crusade 1096-10991096-1099 Attempt to recapture the holy city of JerusalemAttempt to recapture the holy city of Jerusalem Crusaders wore red crosses on their tunicsCrusaders wore red crosses on their tunics

– Most Crusaders were French, but Bohemians, Germans, English, Most Crusaders were French, but Bohemians, Germans, English, Scots, Italians, and Spaniards came as well.Scots, Italians, and Spaniards came as well.

Battle cry—”God wills it!”Battle cry—”God wills it!”– Pope assured those who died would have a place in HeavenPope assured those who died would have a place in Heaven

Crusaders were ill-prepared Crusaders were ill-prepared – Couldn’t agree on a leaderCouldn’t agree on a leader– No grand strategyNo grand strategy– Knew nothing about climate, geography, or culture of regionKnew nothing about climate, geography, or culture of region– Lack of food and water, disease was common, not prepared for Lack of food and water, disease was common, not prepared for

heat of Middle Eastheat of Middle East

Depiction of First CrusadeDepiction of First Crusade

Second CrusadeSecond Crusade 1147-11491147-1149 Response to the city Response to the city

of Edessa being of Edessa being captured by Muslims captured by Muslims (Christians want to (Christians want to take the city back)take the city back)

This crusade was a This crusade was a failure (Defeated in failure (Defeated in Edessa and Edessa and Jerusalem was taken Jerusalem was taken by Muslim leader by Muslim leader Saladin)Saladin)

Third CrusadeThird Crusade 1189-11921189-1192 Came about when Jerusalem fell to Came about when Jerusalem fell to

Muslims in 1187 to SaladinMuslims in 1187 to Saladin 3 important rulers agreed to lead 3 important rulers agreed to lead

forcesforces– Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of GermanyEmperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany– Richard I the Lionhearted of EnglandRichard I the Lionhearted of England– Phillip II Augustus, King of FrancePhillip II Augustus, King of France

Third CrusadeThird Crusade Not successfulNot successful Barbarossa drowned Barbarossa drowned

and his army fell and his army fell apartapart

Richard and Phillip Richard and Phillip had some success had some success along the coast, but along the coast, but failed miserably failed miserably inlandinland

Phillip goes back Phillip goes back home after arguing home after arguing with Richardwith Richard

Richard and Richard and Saladin both Saladin both brilliant warriors.brilliant warriors.

Richard manages Richard manages to negotiate a to negotiate a settlement with settlement with Saladin to allow Saladin to allow Christian pilgrims Christian pilgrims free access to free access to JerusalemJerusalem

Fourth CrusadeFourth Crusade 1202-12041202-1204 Saladin died in 1193 and Pope Innocent initiates Saladin died in 1193 and Pope Innocent initiates

another Crusade led by Venetian leadersanother Crusade led by Venetian leaders Suppose to be headed to holy land, but see Suppose to be headed to holy land, but see

opportunity to take Byzantium and eliminate opportunity to take Byzantium and eliminate their trade competitiontheir trade competition

Christians crusaders attack the Christian cityChristians crusaders attack the Christian city– Loot ConstantinopleLoot Constantinople– Religious spirit of the first Crusade faded and the Religious spirit of the first Crusade faded and the

search for personal gain grew.search for personal gain grew.

Effect on EuropeEffect on Europe Benefited Italian port cities of Venice, Benefited Italian port cities of Venice,

Pisa, and GenoaPisa, and Genoa First widespread attacks on JewsFirst widespread attacks on Jews

– Believed Jews were responsible for the Believed Jews were responsible for the “murder of Christ”“murder of Christ”

Lessened power of Pope and noblesLessened power of Pope and nobles

Other CrusadesOther Crusades Children’s Crusades of 1212Children’s Crusades of 1212

– 12 year old Stephen of France leads 30,000 kids under the 12 year old Stephen of France leads 30,000 kids under the age of 18age of 18 Armed with only belief that God would give them Jerusalem.Armed with only belief that God would give them Jerusalem. On march south to Mediterranean, many died from cold and On march south to Mediterranean, many died from cold and

starvationstarvation Rest drowned at sea or sold into slavery.Rest drowned at sea or sold into slavery.

– Nicholas of Germany leads 20,000 kids and young adults.Nicholas of Germany leads 20,000 kids and young adults. Began marching to Rome – thousands died in cold and treacherous Began marching to Rome – thousands died in cold and treacherous

AlpsAlps Those who did survive the trip to Italy met the Pope but were told Those who did survive the trip to Italy met the Pope but were told

to go home and wait until they were older.to go home and wait until they were older. About 2,000 survived the return trip back to Germany.About 2,000 survived the return trip back to Germany.

Other CrusadesOther Crusades

ReconquistaReconquista Christians fight to drive Muslims Christians fight to drive Muslims

(Moors) out of Spain from 1100 to (Moors) out of Spain from 1100 to 14921492

Long effort by the Spanish to drive Long effort by the Spanish to drive Muslims out of SpainMuslims out of Spain

Other CrusadesOther CrusadesSpain had INQUISITIONSpain had INQUISITIONUnifying agent – country under ChristianityUnifying agent – country under ChristianityIncrease power of Christian leaders Isabella and Ferdinand Increase power of Christian leaders Isabella and Ferdinand in Spainin SpainInquisition was a court held by the Church to suppress Inquisition was a court held by the Church to suppress heresy – expel non-Christiansheresy – expel non-Christians

– Different religious beliefsDifferent religious beliefs Heretics –people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings Heretics –people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings

of the Churchof the Church– Forced conversionForced conversion

If did convert, inquisitors still suspected them of heresy If did convert, inquisitors still suspected them of heresy – Torture usedTorture used

A person suspected might be questioned for weeks or event tortured, once A person suspected might be questioned for weeks or event tortured, once confess, often burned at the stake.confess, often burned at the stake.

Funny Takes on the Spanish Funny Takes on the Spanish InquisitionInquisition

Monty PythonMonty Python Mel BrooksMel Brooks

Effects of CrusadesEffects of Crusades Power of Church Power of Church Increased status of Women Increased status of Women Expanded trade between Europe and Expanded trade between Europe and

Southwest AsiaSouthwest Asia Failures of later Crusades weakens Pope Failures of later Crusades weakens Pope

and nobles – increases king’s powerand nobles – increases king’s power Lasting bitterness between Christians Lasting bitterness between Christians

and Muslimsand Muslims